英语语篇教学与实践效果分析

语篇中的情景图式直接影响着阅读的效果和理解的深度,并制约着学生的语言运用能力。语篇策略以获取最大限度有利于语篇接受者的语篇组织形式为目的,作出选择的主位或主题一致性语篇建构的策略。因此,在实践中围绕语篇的图示结构分析教学模式,重新建构语篇的言语和意义,进而提出相应的情景模式就显得至关重要。     

试析概要写作中的语篇意识

“语言即语篇”的语言观，强调语言教学以语篇为单位来组织，把语篇能力的培养作为外语教学的新目标。文章从语篇人手，以概要写作为研究视角，分析语篇意识对概要写作的影响。并结合学生概要写作实例，探讨学生在概要写作中存在的问题及其原因，旨在增强教师和学生的语篇意识，进而加强语篇教学，提高学生语言使用能力。     

《猪病防治》课程项目化教学模式教学设计与体会

《猪病防治》课程项目化教学是以项目为载体,以工作任务为驱动,将猪病防治理论与实践有机结合,使学生在完成任务的过程中掌握知识和技能.学习中通过将工作任务转化为学习任务,即达到了在完成学习任务的同时完成了工作任务.此种教学模式下的教、学方法完全不同于传统方法,教师更多完成的设计与实施,学生更多完成的是自学、实践与评价.     

英语专业学生语篇语调特点的调查和分析

以Brazil等人的语篇语调模式为理论框架,调查分析了英语专业学生在朗读与会话语篇中的语调特点及形成这些特点的原因。研究发现中国学生在语调组的划分、句重音的选择及语调选择等方面都与以英语为母语者存在较大的分歧,而造成这些分歧的最主要的原因是输入相对贫瘠的外语语言环境和把语调选择与句子的语法类型相对应的教学理念所导致的中国学生对语调的交际和语篇功能的意识缺乏。基于此,文章对语音语调课的教学提出了尝试性的建议,即：在以英语为外语的语言环境中,语音语调课的教学应采用语篇途径以提升学生对语调的语篇功能的意识,从而避免因此而可能造成的跨语言交际的失误。     

语篇与语篇类型

英语精读课文承载大量的知识,在日常英语教学中,词汇和语法不应是教学的重点,而应该是语篇。了解语篇和语篇类型,学生才能从课文中学到更多,真正掌握英语语言的本质。本文旨在讨论英语语篇的定义和语篇类型的划分,从而使英语学习者更好地掌握篇章语言学的相关基础知识,理解所学的语篇。     

以学生思维训练为主体的计算机语言类课程的教学

本文根据笔者多年的教学经验、计算机语言类课程的特点、学生学习和认知特点,对计算机语言类课程的教学模式进行了实践性的探索。提出以学生为主体、以教师为主导、以思维能力训练为主线的计算机语言类教学模式。该教学模式意在有效的让学生动脑、动口、动手,提升学生计算机语言类课程的知识的运用能力和编程能力。     

语篇分析在大学英语阅读教学中的运用

语篇分析是指"对比句子或语段更大的语言单位所作的语言分析。"语篇分析在大学英语阅读教学中起到十分重要的作用,不仅能提高学生的阅读理解能力,还能帮助提高学生的语言交际能力。本文将从语篇分析的理论出发,结合笔者的教学经验,提出将语篇分析理论与大学英语阅读教学实践相结合的可行性方法,以期对今后的大学英语教学起到借鉴作用。     

浅论主位结构与英语阅读教学

主位和述位系统是功能语法中语篇功能的重要组成部分。主位结构理论有助于了解和掌握有关中心内容的信息在语篇中的分布情况。主位结构的研究成果为英语阅读教学提供了有益的启示。因此,在英语阅读教学中,教师向学生传授一些这方面的知识是有必要的,它可以帮助学生在阅读时克服盲目性和困惑性,也有益于学生把握语篇发展的结构线索、脉络主题,从而提高阅读理解水平。     

建构主义理论视野下的大学英语翻转课堂研究

传统的教学模式以教师为中心,学生是被动的信息接收者,而建构主义理论强调以学生为中心,教师的作用是援助者。在此背景下,翻转课堂教学模式应运而生。翻转课堂通过变革教学流程实现了知识传授的提前与知识内化的优化,真正实现了学生为主的个性化教学。笔者以近三年的翻转课堂教学实践为例,设计出了一套翻转课堂的教学模型并付诸于实践,提出了翻转课堂的优势,发现了障碍并提出了解决意见。     

《兽医微生物学》研究型教学模式的探讨

研究型教学是指教师以课程内容和学生的知识为基础,以学生为中心,从学生个体出发,以人为本,调动学生的主观能动性,引导学生创造性的运用知识,自主的发现问题、分析问题和解决问题,在讨论中学习知识、培养能力和锻炼创新思维的新型教学模式[1-4].该教学模式已在全国各高等院校广泛推广.《兽医微生物学》是公认的动物医学专业的核心专业基础课,学好该门课程可以提高学生对动物医学专业的兴趣,同时为其他专业课程的学习奠定牢固基础.传统讲授式的教学模式有利于知识的系统学习,但是忽略了学生对科学现象的探索过程,学生只能被动地接受知识,并不了解理论知识是在何种情况下被发现和研究的.还忽略了对学生提出问题,分析问题,解决问题能力的锻炼,更缺少创新能力的培养[2,3].     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -