玉米、玉米蛋白粉、菜籽粕和玉米干酒糟可溶物的猪消化能值测定

平均体重 50.9kg生长猪 ,采用全收粪法, 6× 6拉丁方试验设计,测定玉米、玉米蛋白粉、玉米干酒糟可溶物（ DDGS）和菜籽粕的表观消化能及其能量消化率。试验结果玉米、玉米蛋白粉（ CP:52％）、玉米蛋白粉（ CP:47.4％）、玉米蛋白粉（ CP:32％）、玉米干酒糟可溶物（ DDGS）和菜籽粕的表观消化能分别为 13 43MJ/kg、 15 52MJ/kg、 16 11MJ/kg、 16 32MJ/kg、 12 01MJ/kg和 10 21MJ/kg;其能量消化率分别为 81.79％、 78.81％、 81.03％、 87.68％、 59.58％和 57.84％。     

用玉米蛋白粉作为狗饲料的可消化性和代谢能

巴西科学家进行两项研究测定了用玉米蛋白粉作为犬饲料的可消化性和代谢能。玉米蛋白粉饲料(MGF)是一种湿磨玉米的副产品,虽然被普遍用作狗食,但其可消化性和能量值尚未测定。研究1测定表明,MGF干物质(DM)的全消化道表观消化     

玉米干酒糟及其可溶物(DDGS)营养价值评定和评定技术的研究

试验选用 6头平均体重为 5 0 .9± 2 .73kg的生长猪 ,应用套算法 (the difference method) ,采用全消化道收粪技术 ,试验按 6× 6拉丁方设计 ,测定 4种玉米干酒糟及其可溶物 (corn distillers dried grains with solubles,DDGS)的氮 (N)、中性洗涤纤维 (NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维 (ADF)、干物质 (DM)、总能 (GE)和消化能 (DE)及其表观消化率。 4种 DDGS(CP30 %、CP2 7%、CP2 6 %和 CP2 5 % )的表观消化能分别为 35 80、345 6、35 6 8和 35 2 3kcal/ kg;氮表观消化率为 6 6 .0 %～ 76 .0 % ;中性洗涤纤维表观消化率为 6 0 .6 %～ 76 .6 % (P<0 .0 5 ) ;酸性洗涤纤维表观消化率 91.0 %～ 94 .8% (P<0 .0 5 ) ;总能表观消化率为 6 1.0 %～6 7.7% ;干物质表观消化率为 75 .4 %～ 79.5 % (P<0 .0 5 )。DDGS的总能和中性洗涤纤维消化率相关系数为 0 .6 8;粗蛋白质和酸性洗涤纤维消化率相关系数为 0 .73。加工工艺影响 DDGS的养分表观消化率。采用套算法测定 DDGS的养分消化率 ,要求待测试验日粮中的被测养分含量满足动物对该养分的最低需要量。     

科技动态

干玉米酒糟蛋白,又称DDGS(英文名CornDistillers Dried Grains with Solubles的缩写)是玉米酒糟连同所含液体部分采用专门设备和工艺加工而成。由于DDGS含有30％左右的蛋白质,14％以上的粗脂肪,3.68兆卡/千克消化能(猪)和2.49兆卡/千克代谢能(鸡),所以是畜禽良好的蛋白质饲料和能量饲料。     

猪对玉米干酒糟消化与利用的研究

本试验用全收粪法,评定了中国市场上玉米干酒糟(CornDistillerDriedDrains,DDG)蛋白饲料营养价值。6头生长猪平均体重50.9±1.74kg,采用6×6拉丁方试验设计,测定不同种类玉米干酒糟消化能、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)以及粗蛋白(CP)消化率。试验结果:DDG(河北A)、DDG(河北B)、DDG(河南)和DDG(天津)猪消化能分别为3.25Mcal/kg、3.56Mcal/kg、3.18Mcal/kg和3.43Mcal/kg;NDF消化率分别为68.55%、64.82%、52.359%、67.64%;ADF消化率分别为92.83%、93.67%、80.50%、93.0%;CP消化率分别为80.0%、84.0%、77.67%、74.50%。DDG消化能与NDF消化率呈线性正相关(R2=0.58,P=0.004)。     

科技进展

甘露聚糖酶和玉米干酒糟及可溶物对生长育肥猪生长性能、营养物质消化率和肌肉特性的影响设计了4个试验研究玉米干酒糟及可溶物(DDGS)配合甘露聚糖酶对生长育肥猪生产性能,能量和营养物质全消化道表观消化率(ATTD),血液代谢指标和肌肉特性的影响。     

饲料中常见霉菌毒素的污染报告

从市场采集猪配合饲料、鸡鸭配合饲料、玉米及其加工副产品、小麦及其加工副产品、豆粕、棉籽粕和米糠共292个样品,同时测定其呕吐毒素、黄曲霉毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮含量。结果表明,玉米及其加工副产品和小麦及其加工副产品中呕吐毒素含量较高,最高污染水平分别达5 296.3、3 566.2μg/kg,猪配合饲料呕吐毒素含量超标率7.9%;玉米及其加工副产品和棉籽粕黄曲霉毒素B1含量较高,最高污染水平分别达300、3 992.5μg/kg,猪配合饲料、鸡鸭配合饲料、玉米及其加工副产品和棉籽粕中黄曲霉毒素B1超标率分别为5.4%、8.5%、4.4%和33.3%;玉米及其加工副产品和小麦及其加工副产品中玉米赤霉烯酮含量较高,最高污染水平分别达1 686.3、1 378.9μg/kg,猪配合饲料玉米赤霉烯酮含量超标率达5.1%;饲料原料和饲料产品中存在呕吐毒素、黄曲霉毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮的共同污染问题,猪配合饲料和鸡鸭配合饲料中3种霉菌毒素的共同污染率分别达35.1%和42.9%。     

指示剂法和套算法计算饲料养分消化率公式的推导和应用

饲料养分（包括总能）消化能的测定和计算是饲料营养价值评定的基础工作。测定饲料养分消化率的体内消化试验法有全收粪法和指示剂法。如果进行一次试验即可测出饲料养分的消化率，则称这种测定方法为直接法。但对不能或不宜单一饲喂的饲料，其养分消化率的测定需要采用间接法（或套算法)。已有文献中对指示剂法和套算法计算饲料养分消化率的公式缺乏推导。本文拟对指示剂法和套算法计算饲料养分消化率的公式进行推导，以便正确运用这些公式进行饲料养分消化率的计算。1指示剂法计算饲料养分消化率公式的推导及应用指示剂法是利用动物消化道…     

玉米蛋白粉营养价值评定及其评定技术的研究

试验选用6头平均体重(50.9±2.73)kg生长猪,应用套算法(The Difference Method),采用全消化道收粪技术,按6×6拉丁方试验设计,测定玉米蛋白粉的氮(N)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)、干物质(DM)、总能(GE)和消化能(DE)及其表观消化率,待测原料包括4种不同粗蛋白质含量的玉米蛋白粉(CP 63%、CP 52%、CP 47.5%和CP 32%,CGM).4种玉米蛋白粉(CP 63%、CP 52%、CP 47.5%和CP 32%)的表观消化能分别为4234、4029、4023和4244 kcal/kg,氮表观消化率分别为92.3%～96.3%;总能表观消化率分别为79.7%～89.7%;干物质表观消化率分别为82.7%～88.0%(P＜0.05).加工工艺影响玉米蛋白粉的养分表观消化率.采用套算法测定玉米蛋白粉的养分消化率,要求待测试验日粮中的被测养分含量满足动物对该养分的最低需要量.     

白酒糟酿酒酵母培养物营养成分分析及其在猪饲料中的应用价值评估

为评估白酒糟酿酒酵母培养物在猪饲料中的应用价值,本试验在测定白酒糟酿酒酵母培养物中水分、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、粗灰分、粗纤维、氨基酸含量等营养成分的基础上,采用全收粪法测定猪对白酒糟酿酒酵母培养物中营养物质的全消化道表观消化率,并通过安装T型瘘管测定猪对白酒糟酿酒酵母培养物中氨基酸的回肠末端表观消化率。结果表明:白酒糟酿酒酵母培养物的水分、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、粗灰分、粗纤维含量分别为8.34%、31.12%、5.00%、13.46%和11.00%,总能为19.53 MJ/kg,霉菌毒素含量远低于国家标准。猪对白酒糟酿酒酵母培养物中干物质、总能、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、粗纤维和粗灰分的全消化道表观消化率分别为48.79%、38.33%、54.15%、82.94%、23.17%和20.29%,消化能为11.75 MJ/kg;猪对白酒糟酿酒酵母培养物中必需氨基酸和非必需氨基酸的回肠末端表观消化率的平均值分别为72.38%和69.37%,其中赖氨酸、甲硫氨酸的回肠末端表观消化率均超过80%。由此得出,白酒糟酿酒酵母培养物中氨基酸的吸收和利用率较高,可应用于猪饲料生产。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.