小麦品种多样性对白粉病及产量和蛋白质的影响

 对品种多样性控制小麦白粉病的效果以及对产量和蛋白质的影响进行了研究,为利用品种多样性控制白粉病提供理论依据和技术支持。采用SSR技术分析5个小麦品种的亲缘关系;2008年和2009年按组合所含品种数为2、3、4和5个进行组合,在田间种植混种组合和单播小区,人工接种白粉菌,比较各小区中小麦白粉病的AUDPC值、产量和蛋白质变化。结果表明,5个品种亲缘关系相对较近;2个品种混合时以抗感搭配较好,随着抗病品种比例增加控病效果增强;2008年混合种植中有防治效果的组合占54.55%,相对防效为10.02%~47.58%,2009年有防治效果的组合占23.08%,相对防效在1.85% 到18.96 % 之间;在适当的组合中,如京冬8号/轮选987、京双16/京411/京冬8号对小麦白粉病有控制效果,混种不会影响产量和蛋白质含量;当有大量能克服本地品种抗性的外来菌源时混合种植的控病效果降低。品种多样性可以用做防治小麦白粉病的一项措施。     

地面高光谱和低空遥感监测小麦白粉病初探

利用手持式高光谱仪和基于数字技术的低空遥感系统，对不同严重度小麦白粉病冠层光谱反射率进行了测定，同时调查病情指数，分析不同时期地面平台光谱反射率与病情指数及低空遥感平台反射率与病情指数（disease index，DI）、归一化植被指数（normalized difference vegetable index，NDVI）相关性。结果表明，地面光谱测量冠层光谱反射率和低空遥感数字图像反射率与小麦白粉病病情指数在灌浆期有显著的相关关系，就地面测量结果而言，近红外波段的相关性高于绿光波段，相关系数分别为0．79和0．54；低空遥感数字图像红、绿、蓝三波段中，相关性依次降低，相关系数分别为0．79、0．75和0．62；而且低空遥感图像与归一化植被指数也存在较好的相关关系，蓝、红、绿波段，相关系数依次为0．70、0．68和0．54。这表明利用遥感非破坏性监测小麦白粉痛有着良好的应用前景，对于小麦白粉病发生面积监测有重要意义。     

小麦品种混种对白粉病的调控及其对部分产量性状及蛋白质含量的影响

对品种混合种植控制小麦白粉病的效果以及对小麦穗重、千粒重、蛋白质等指标的影响进行了研究,为混合种植控制白粉病提供理论依据和品种组合。在对37个小麦品种进行SSR多样性分析的基础上,选用8个生产品种（后备品种）,按品种数3、4、5、6、8进行组合,在田间以随机区组设计种植混播组合和单播小区,人工接种白粉菌,比较各小区中小麦白粉病的AUDPC值、穗重、千粒重和粗蛋白差异。结果表明,8个品种亲缘关系较远;4品种混种时AUDPC最小,穗重最重。26个品种混种组合中有防治效果的组合占到73.08%,相对防效为1.23%~56.65%;混种未对穗重和粗蛋白含量造成负面影响。品种多样性种植可以用做调控小麦白粉病的一项措施。     

土壤盐分对小麦籽粒蛋白质含量及产量性状的影响

分析了栽培在4块含盐量不同的土壤中的4个春小麦品种（系）的籽粒蛋白质含量及产量性状与土壤盐分含量及各盐离子含量的关系。结果表明：随土壤全盐含量的提高，各品种籽粒的蛋白质含量都有显著提高，千粒重和产量有所下降，各品种的产量在土壤全盐含量小于0.3％时下降不明显，只有当各时期土壤平均含盐量达到0.36％时才会显著下降；籽粒蛋白质含量与其产量的负相关不显著，说明低浓度的土壤盐分对春小麦蛋白质含量的影响要大于对产量的影响，籽粒蛋白质与产量的矛盾不是绝对的，大多数土壤盐离子含量与春小麦籽粒蛋白质含量间存在着正相关关系，而与产量和千粒重呈负相关。对籽粒蛋白质影响最大的离子是：Na^ 、K^ 和SO4^2-，对产量影响最大的离子是Mg^2＋和Cl^-；SO4^2-，Ca^2 ，K^ 和Na^ 对千粒重有显著的影响。     

小麦白粉病危害产量损失估计的研究

 小麦白粉病(Erysiphe graminis DC.f.sp.tritici E.Marchal)在西欧一直是重要的病害之一。我国从七十年代以后逐渐呈上升趋势。     

小麦条锈病高光谱近地与高空遥感监测比较研究

 小麦条锈病是我国小麦生产中的重要病害,对该病防治的关键是做好监测工作。本研究利用ASD手持野外光谱仪[ASD FieldSpec HandHeld FR(325~1 075 nm)]和热气球在近地与高空研究了发病小麦冠层的高光谱遥感数据特征,获得了近地和对应高空2个不同平台光谱数据。经比较分析,发现高空数据与近地数据之间存在明显而有规律的变异关系,即高空获得的光谱反射率在可见光谱区域明显大于近地获得的光谱反射率。进一步对差异最显著的绿峰580 nm和黄边610 nm处数据进行回归分析,获得了高空光谱反射率值与近地光谱反射率值之间的回归模型,为进一步研究利用高平台遥感监测小麦条锈病奠定了一定的理论基础。     

小麦白粉病产量损失及防治指标的初步研究

在自然发病条件下，抽穗扬花期，小麦白粉病病情指数与染病小麦千粒重下降率有极显著正相关，ｙ＝－１．０３１７＋３．８５５７ｌｎｘ±２．７４１７。抽穗期无论病指高低，后期病害流行速率相近。此时应用粉锈宁防治，防治指标为：病情指数１．８３。     

潜育期小麦条锈菌的高光谱定性识别

小麦条锈病的发生流行严重影响小麦的生产安全,其早期的监测预警对病害发生的防控具有重要作用。本研究利用Hand Held 2地物光谱仪获取不同浓度小麦条锈菌胁迫下的潜育期小麦冠层高光谱数据,基于定性偏最小二乘(discriminant partial least squares,DPLS)、人工神经网络(artificial neural networks,ANN)和支持向量机(support vector machine,SVM)3种方法建立识别潜育期小麦条锈菌的模型,并分析接菌间隔日、建模比及光谱特征的差异对模型效果的影响。结果显示,在全波段(325~1 075 nm)建模,SVM识别效果优于ANN,而ANN优于DPLS,其中以一阶导数为光谱特征所建模型识别效果最优,在不同建模比下其识别准确率均可达到100.00%。     

山西省小麦新品种抗白粉病鉴定及其利用

１９９１～１９９４年采用人工接种和自然诱发相结合的方法对８７１份小麦新品种（品系）进行苗期和成株期抗白粉性鉴定，筛选出中麦２号、农大０１５、京４１１、京８３７、吉华６号、晋麦３０号、鲁麦１４、晋麦３２、冀麦３０等９份农艺性状突出，抗病性好的品种（系）。这些材料抗病性稳定，有的已供育种部门作杂交亲本利用，有的已大面积推广应用。     

综合遥感与气象信息的小麦白粉病监测方法

<正>小麦白粉病是小麦生产过程中的主要病害之一,常在小麦生育后期爆发,造成严重的减产和品质降低。对该病的准确监测是植保工作的一个重点,对病害的有效防治具有重要意义~([1,2])。近年来,遥感数据的空间连续观察能力及其包含的丰富信息引起作物病害监测领域的广泛关     

基于随机森林模型的小麦白粉病遥感监测方法

正小麦白粉病是危害我国小麦生产的主要病害,及时高精度地监测其发生发展状况对有效制定病害防控策略十分重要。基于目测手查的传统病害调查方式,耗时费力且无法实时监测。随着空间遥感技术的发展,利用遥感开展病害监测已成为及时获取作物病害信息的重要方式。目前作物病害监测方法大致分为统计模型和物理模型,前者灵活易用、操作简单;后者能定量分析病害发生情况,但输入变量较     

Effects of powdery mildew and weather on winter wheat yield. 2. Effects of mildew epidemics

Wheat yield losses caused by powdery mildew were computed based on effects of the disease on leaf photosynthesis. Powdery mildew was introduced in a crop model of wheat by quantification of five parameters, taking the vertical and horizontal distribution of mildew in the crop into account. The most important parameters were those of the mildew intensity, the distribution of mildew in the crop, and the effect of mildew on assimilation at light saturation. Measured mildew epidemics in field experiments in three different years, were used to compute yield losses. Computed losses were compared to measured losses. On average, computed yield loss approached measured, but measured yield loss was underestimated, especially in early mildew epidemics due to the computation of partitioning and reallocation of assimilates. Other processes which may cause an underestimation are described. The use of crop models as a method to upgrade disease management systems is discussed.Samenvatting Opbrengstderving van wintertarwe werd berekend aan de hand van het effect dat meeldauw heeft op de blad-fotosynthese. Een rekenmodel voor de gewasgroei van tarwe werd uitgebreid met meeldauw. Met inachtneming van de vertikale en horizontale verdeling van meeldauw in het gewas, werd meeldauw in het model gekwantificeerd door vijf parameters. De belangrijkste parameters waren die van de meeldauwintensiteit, de verdeling van meeldauw in het gewas en het effect van meeldauw op de assimilatie bij een overvloed aan licht. Epidemieën van meeldauw, gemeten in veldproeven in drie verschillende jaren, werden gebruikt om opbrengstdervingen te berekenen. Gemiddeld kwam deze redelijk overeen met de in de veldproeven gemeten opbrengstderving. De gemeten opbrengstderving werd echter onderschat, vooral bij vroege epidemieën van meeldauw door de wijze waarop de (her)verdeling van assimilaten wordt berekend. Andere mechanismen, die een onderschatting van opbrengstderving kunnen veroorzaken worden besproken. Of deze modellen als methode gebruikt kunnen worden om systemen voor de geleide bestrijding van ziekten te verbeteren wordt bediscussieerd.     

小麦白粉病反应型和产孢量的关系

利用小麦的6个品种及小麦白粉菌的3个小种研究了小麦苗期白粉病反应型与产孢量之间的关系。分别用累积单斑产孢量(LBSY)、累积单位面积产孢量(LASY)与反应型组建了反应型-产孢量关系模型:Y_1=exp(1.7178×lnX 0.0256X-2.484)(LBSY法);Y_2=exp(1.5168×lnX 0.052X-2.309)(LASY法)(X为反应型,Y为产孢系数)。通过LBSY方法获得反应型0,1,2,3~-,3,3~ ,4~-,4所对应的产孢系数分别为0,0.09,0.29,0.49,0.60,0.71,0.96,1。     

利用移动式孢子捕捉器捕获的孢子量估计小麦白粉病田间病情

 Experiments were conducted by using RAM Air Sampler for Use with Moving Vehicle to estimate field disease severity of wheat powdery mildew during 2002-2005. Results showed that there was significant correlation between field disease index and trapped spore number. Therefore, two models relating field disease index to spore number trapped were constructed using data from 2002 and 2005, or 2003 and 2004, respectively. These two models can be used to estimate field disease indexes of wheat powdery mildew in different years when disease severity is different.     

小麦白粉病与温度的定量关系研究

温度对小麦白粉病影响试验的结果表明,此病害适宜发生的温度为15～20℃,低于10℃或高于25℃对该病有明显抑制作用。当温度高于26℃时,试验显示随着温度的升高,终止小麦白粉病病程的时间缩短,据此建立了不同温度(x)与相应终止病程的时间(y)的关系模型为y=21 900e^{-0.303 5x}(χ²=1.65<χ²_0.05,7=14.07)。同时,根据高温区病害的严重度(y)与温度(x)的试验数据,建立了其关系模型为:y=-3.00x+76.60(r²=0.922 1^**),由此计算获得了连续10 d(一个病程时间)温度为25.53℃即可终止此病害的病程。该试验结果将为小麦白粉病的越夏区划提供基础数据。     

Residual effects of triadimefon in soil on powdery mildew and yield of spring barley

Residual triadimefon (or a breakdown product), from a spray application (2 kg/ha) to field soil in 1978, significantly decreased powdery mildew on spring barley throughout two subsequent growing seasons, with consequent yield increases of 42% in 1980 and 18% in 1981.
In other field experiments triadimefon applied to soil at rates >0.06 kg/ha decreased mildew in barley growing in the soil 11 months later. In these experiments triadimefon, but not benomyl, imazalil or prochloraz (all at 0.5 kg/ha) significantly decreased mildew up to harvest and increased yield by 22%.
Triadimefon incorporated into a loam soil and a peat-based compost at rates >0.1 ng/g significantly decreased mildew on barley grown in pots under glasshouse conditions. Plants grown in the treated compost at the same time but in isolated pots supplied with filtered moistened air and capillary watering required more triadimefon (>100 ng/g) in soil for significant mildew control.
Despite strong adsorption of triadimefon to soil (Kd 19.4), an active substance appears to remain available for uptake and translocation by barley plants over long periods. The sensitivity of barley mildew to extremely small residues of triadimefon is discussed in relation to the siting of field experiments on mildew control. The implications for widespread commercial use of formulations containing triadimefon are discussed in relation to disease control practice in cereal growing systems.     

Host frequency and density effects on powdery mildew and yield in mixtures of barley cultivars

The effects of frequency and density of susceptible plants on barley powdery mildew epidemics were studied in a combined set of addition and replacement series of field trials. In the addition series, plant densities in pure stands of three cultivars, Rambo, Rodos and Grosso (susceptible, moderately resistant and immune, respectively) were varied six-fold. In the replacement series, the three possible two-way mixtures were analysed at different frequencies but at a density corresponding to the maximum pure stand density. Disease and yield were assessed on a per-plant basis. In the pure stands, tillering reduced the range of densities from six-fold to between three- and four-fold, while in the mixtures, frequencies changed only slightly over time, indicating that competitive interactions among the cultivars were roughly equal. Yield per plant decreased logarithmically with increasing density as expected. However, yield per seed head was not correlated with the final number of heads per plot, indicating low competition among heads even at the highest density. Disease in susceptible pure stands increased strongly with decreasing density in 1994 and to a lesser degree in 1995. These differences could have been caused by differences in plant nutritional status and consequent epidemiological effects. Disease reduction on the susceptible cultivars in mixtures varied between 33% and 71% among years. Depending on the length and strength of the epidemic, the effects of host density and frequency on disease severity varied substantially among years.