兽医公共卫生发展趋势

1兽医公共卫生的政策要求2012年5月2日,国务院常务会议讨论通过了《国家中长期动物疫病防治规划(2012~2020年)》。规划指出,动物疫病防治工作关系国家食物安全和公共卫生安全。要坚持预防为主方针,按照政府主导、社会参与的原则,实施分病种、分     

禽流感和公共卫生

随着养禽业的蓬勃发展，禽流感对国家经济带来的潜在影响备受关注，对禽流感病毒的研究日益受到重视，目前我国农业部已将禽流感列为甲类监测传染病。越来越多的研究资料表明，作为流感病毒的一个重要组成部分，禽流感病毒与人类健康的关系一直非常密切。     

猪流感与公共卫生

猪流感(Swine influenza,SI)是目前危害全世界养猪业的重要呼吸道传染病之一.导致猪发病的致病毒株主要有H1N1、H1N2、H3N1、H3N2、H2N3、H5N1和H9N2等亚型流感病毒,特别是从猪体分离H5N1和H9N2亚型流感病毒对禽流感的控制及人类公共卫生有重要意义.针对目前流行的甲型H1N1疫情,对猪流感病毒的分子生物学、临床症状、病理变化及公共卫生意义等方面进行了综述,以期对其有一个较为全面的了解.     

家禽与公共卫生

导言 地球上,对禽肉和猪肉的消费趋势日益增长。在一些国家里,诸如家兔一类的小动物正成为重要的肉食来源。 紧随着猪肉之后,禽肉是世界上最大众化的动物性食品。禽肉营养丰富,有益健康,老少皆宜;可制作的产品种类繁多,食用方便,再加上禽肉价廉物美,这一切都赋予禽肉以独特地位,使它超乎牛肉和猪肉之上。除此之外,禽肉还幸免于来自宗教团体的责难和反对。 表1～表4显示了世界各大洲以及部分国家家禽生产数量和禽肉消费情况。     

家禽与公共卫生

1　前言地球上对禽肉和猪肉的消费趋势日益增长。在一些国家诸如家兔一类的小动物正成为重要的肉食来源。随猪肉之后 ,禽肉是世界上最大众化的动物性食品。禽肉营养丰富 ,有益健康 ,老少皆宜 ;食用方便 ,加上价廉物美 ,这一切都赋予禽肉以独特地位 ,使它超乎牛肉和猪肉之上。此外 ,禽肉还幸免于来自宗教团体的责难和反对。表 1、2显示了世界各大洲以及部分国家家禽生产数量和禽肉消费情况。表 1　 1 999年部分国家及地区禽肉生产情况 (千吨 )　国　家产量　地　区产量美国 136 6 8非洲 2 42 7英国 1191北 -中美洲 170 31法国 116 0南美洲 79…     

消毒的公共卫生意义

消毒是指采用物理的、化学的和生物的方法，将病原微生物消灭于外环境中，使其无害化，切断其传播途径，阻断传染病的散播，达到保护人类和动物健康的目的。在集约化养殖业迅速发展的今天，消毒成为畜禽生产过程中必不可少的环节之一。了解和掌握消毒的知识和技能是畜牧兽医工作者和畜禽场、屠宰加工业管理人员必须具备的素质，是保障养殖业健康发展的基石。     

禽流感及其公共卫生意义

禽流感是由A型流感病毒引起的一种禽的严重呼吸道传染病。本文评述了近年来禽流感的流行特点及其公共卫生意义,认为禽流感极有可能演变成为一种真正意义上的人畜共患病,建议切实做好该病的防制工作。     

东南亚国家联盟兽医公共卫生体系

东南亚国家联盟（ASEAN）是由十个地域相近的国家组成的经济政治组织，其成员主要包括：印度尼西亚、泰国、菲律宾、新加坡、文莱、缅甸、柬埔寨、马来西亚、老挝和越南。     

Public health advocate

With antimicrobial resistance mounting, an important public health goal is to preserve therapeutic effectiveness of remaining antimicrobials. To that end, fewer antimicrobials should be used in human medicine and in agriculture. Public health initiatives to reduce antimicrobial overuse could benefit from concurrent collection of agricultural usage data; they could aid scientific understanding of the resistance problem and confirm the efficacy of interventions. Data collection in this context should be a priority. However, usage data are nonessential to achieving the public health goal. U.S. regulation of agricultural antimicrobials today is very reliant on risk assessment. While more data can be useful for use in risk assessment, microbial risk assessment itself may not be well suited to the purpose of reducing antimicrobial overuse. Among other recognized shortcomings, current microbial risk assessment models typically fail to account for the essential ecological nature of antimicrobial resistance. This makes it inadequate for fully characterizing the human health or ecological risks of animal antimicrobials. European success at phasing out unnecessary antimicrobial usage in agriculture, on the other hand, has derived from decisions based on public health concerns and political will, and not on the collection of usage data or on the successful completion of a risk assessment.     

Principles of Public Trust Thinking

Public trust thinking (PTT) offers a philosophical orientation toward natural resources and a means of addressing persistent and emerging challenges in environmental conservation. It has inspired laws and policies around the world and is receiving increasing attention among scholars and natural resource practitioners. Nevertheless, attempts to develop and implement PTT are hampered by lack of clarity: no clear single statement of principles that unite PTT’s diverse expressions exists. We address this need by synthesizing PTT literature across academic disciplines. We identify four areas that are in need of development and offer five principles that characterize PTT: (1) Human well-being is dependent on benefits provided by ecosystems; (2) Certain resources are not suitable for exclusive private ownership; (3) All beneficiaries are equal; (4) Future generations should be considered in current resource management decisions; and (5) Trustees are bound by fiduciary obligations and are publicly accountable.