北方地区大型钟楼式驴舍环境的监测与评价

试验对北方地区某大型钟楼式驴舍全年舍内外的环境指标进行了测定,旨在了解其变化范围,评价其是否适宜驴的健康生产,以便为北方地区驴舍的设计和日常管理提供理论依据。结果表明,本试验所监测的驴舍,夏季舍内温度范围17.99～28.19℃,冬季舍内温度范围-7.34～-0.20℃,过渡季节舍内温度范围2.62～14.26℃;春季舍内湿度范围18.17%～37.64%,夏秋两季舍内湿度范围38.64%～67.17%,冬季舍内湿度范围54.21%～63.62%;夏季舍内风速为0.18～0.61 m/s,冬季舍内风速为0.05～0.08 m/s,过渡季节舍内风速为0.12～0.30 m/s;舍内热辐射测量值极弱;有害气体和粉尘的含量也相对较低。综合测定结果得出,试验所监测的钟楼式驴舍环境较适合北方地区驴的养殖,但建议针对极端天气适当采取相应措施以避免驴产生冷热应激。     

2种暖棚肉鸡舍环境状况评价

目前,在我国北方地区,塑料拱形暖棚舍养鸡应用较为普遍,种养结合式暖棚舍养鸡模式应用较少,为了对这2种棚舍饲养肉仔鸡的冬季环境状况做出评价,推广科学的养殖方式,本试验选用了2 700只艾维因肉仔鸡分别饲养于此2种棚舍内(饲养舍内密度相同),并分别测定2种棚舍内的空气温热环境指标和有害气体浓度。结果表明:拱形暖棚舍和种养结合棚舍都有良好的保温作用。种养结合棚舍内的气温、气湿和气流3种卫生指标均符合肉仔鸡的生长发育要求,舍内氨气、硫化氢、二氧化碳气体浓度极显著低于拱形暖棚舍(P<0.01),在我国北方地区具有推广价值;而塑料拱形暖棚舍内的温度、湿度较为合适,但气流速度过低,氨气、二氧化碳含量超标,生产上需做好通风换气和日常的饲养管理工作,才可满足肉仔鸡在寒冷季节的生长发育要求。     

开放式肉牛育肥舍冬季环境的测试与分析

为了解开放式肉牛育肥舍冬季存在的环境问题并探讨问题产生的原因,试验对其冬季的主要温热环境和空气质量指标进行了测定与分析。结果表明:开放式肉牛育肥舍在黑龙江省冬季存在温度低、湿度大、空气质量差等问题,需要提高外围护结构的保温隔热能力、完善通风换气系统的设计并加强日常的环境管理。     

夏季不同类型牛舍内环境的比较研究

为了给肉牛生产中牛舍类型的选择及牛舍环境的控制提供参考,试验以棚式牛舍、半开放式牛舍、有窗牛舍为研究对象,对舍内温度、湿度、二氧化碳、氮气和风速等进行了测定,并对不同类型牛舍内上述环境指标测定结果进行了比较分析。结果表明:半开放式牛舍内相对湿度和二氧化碳浓度极显著高于棚式牛舍和有窗牛舍(P0.01);温湿指数及氨气浓度高低依次为半开放舍有窗舍棚舍,且半开放舍与棚舍间的差异达到极显著水平(P0.01);3种牛舍内的温度和风速指标未达到显著差异(P0.05)。     

北方地区大型钟楼式奶牛舍空气环境的评价

试验对北方地区某大型钟楼式奶牛舍一年内不同季节舍内、外的空气环境指标,包括温热环境指标、CO₂和NH₃含量、空气中的粉尘和微生物含量进行测定,旨在了解其变化规律,评价其是否满足奶牛健康生产的要求,以便为北方地区奶牛舍的设计和日常管理提供理论依据。结果表明,所测指标随季节或时间均呈现出一定的变化规律;所监测奶牛舍夏季舍内风速低于标准,中午（14∶00）舍内温度超过27 ℃,温湿指数（THI）>69,奶牛在夏季产生轻度的热应激;除此以外,在不同时间、不同位点监测的其他各项空气环境指标均符合奶牛的饲养标准。综合测定结果,试验所监测的钟楼式奶牛舍较适合北方地区的奶牛养殖,但建议增加防暑降温措施,以减少奶牛在夏季产生的热应激。     

规模化驴场空气中细菌数量与种类的调查与分析

[目的]分析规模化驴场空气环境中细菌数量与种类,指导驴场防御和控制细菌性疾病的方向。[方法]从不同开放模式的驴舍用自然沉降法收集其内部空气中细菌样本及场区周边不同距离的空气细菌样本,使用平皿法对采集的细菌进行培养、计数、鉴别。[结果]驴场内空气中细菌总数的范围8.39×10~3~3.43×10~4CFU/m~3,保育驴舍（封闭式驴舍）的细菌总数高于分娩驴舍（半开放式驴舍）及种公驴舍（开放式驴舍）,其中种公驴舍细菌总数最低。驴场对周边空气环境的污染范围为200 m。主要优势菌落是葡萄球菌、链球菌、大肠杆菌、绿脓杆菌等。[结论]规模化驴场空气环境中的细菌种类繁多,驴舍内细菌数量与其开放方式有关,且细菌数量随距驴场距离的增加而减少。     

猪舍内适宜空气环境的调控

1温、湿度猪的生产力,只有在一定的外界温度下才能得到充分发挥。温度过高或过低,都会使生产力下降,成本升高,甚至使猪的健康和生命受到影响。现在普遍应用的猪舍有封闭舍、半开放舍和开放舍、棚舍组装式和环境控制式。不同类型的猪舍适用于不同地区、季节和条件。封闭舍造价较高,上有屋顶遮盖,四周有墙壁保护,通风换气依赖于门、窗和通风管,所     

羊舍的常见类型

<正>1)根据羊舍四周墙壁封闭的严密程度,羊舍可划分为封闭舍、开放与半开放舍和棚舍3种类型。封闭舍四周墙壁完整,保温性能好,适合较寒冷的地区采用;开放与半开放舍,三面有墙,开放舍一面无长墙,半开放舍一面有半截长墙,保温性能较差,通风采光好,适合于温暖地区,是我国较普遍采用的类型;棚舍只有屋顶而没有墙壁,防太阳辐射强,适合于炎热地区。2)根据羊舍屋顶的形式,羊舍可分为单坡式、双坡式、拱式、钟楼式、双折式等类型。单坡式羊舍跨     

防暑保温新材料圈舍对奶牛生产性能的影响

本研究对采用新型材料建设的半开放式保温牛舍与普通圈舍的采光系数、入射角、透光角、舍内外的温度、湿度及CO2、NH3、H2S等主要环境指标进行定期定点监测。结果表明,采用新型材料建设的半开放式保温牛舍的采光系数明显大于普通牛舍,且通风换气效果佳,在夏季温湿度适宜,防暑降温效果好,空气质量得以改善。试验组奶牛较对照组受胎率、产仔成活率、繁活率分别提高9、5、13个百分点,患病率降低2.5个百分点,产奶量和经济收入分别增加1 202.5kg和0.36万元。在甘肃天水利用轻钢彩钢板等新材料建设的钟楼式半开放式结构牛舍具有采光性能好、舍内温湿度适宜、通风良好、环境干燥等特点,是一种更适合奶牛生产的新型牛舍。     

鸡舍环境控制探讨

禽舍是家禽的重要外界环境因素,禽舍的设计、建筑与舍的环境控制,应考虑家禽的采食、饮水、排粪等,还应考虑各地区的气候。我区鸡舍有封闭式的有窗舍、开放式的棚舍及窖洞式鸡舍3种类型。封闭式舍适合大、中型鸡场,这种鸡舍便于集中饲养管理、机械送料和除粪,同时利于鸡舍内环境控制。但这种舍造价高,技术管理要求严格、夏季舍内温度可高达30～32℃,冬季最低舍温     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.