胡萝卜真空渗透脱水工艺试验

为获得真空条件下胡萝卜渗透脱水的最佳工艺条件,通过试验探讨了切片厚度、真空度、渗透液浓度、温度等因素对胡萝卜真空渗透脱水特性的影响。结果表明：真空条件能有效提高果蔬渗透脱水效率;失水率、固形物增加率均随着切片厚度的减小,真空度的提高,渗透液浓度、温度的增大而增大;当真空度达到10 kPa（绝对压力）附近时,固形物增加率增幅明显快于失水率。胡萝卜脉冲真空渗透脱水较优的工艺参数为：切片厚度4 mm、真空度30 kPa、渗透液浓度60%、温度40℃,采用该组参数渗透脱水240 min质量损失率可达40.1%。研究结果可为胡萝卜等蔬菜的干制加工预处理提供技术依据。     

草鱼肉块渗透脱水规律研究

为了研究草鱼渗透脱水的一般规律,考察了温度(5～30℃),时间(2～24 h),NaCl浓度(5%～15%),麦芽糊精浓度(0.6～1.2 g/g)以及黄原胶添加量(0～0.004 g/g)等对草鱼渗透脱水过程中鱼块失水量、糖吸收量和盐吸收量的影响。并从理论上详细解释了整个传质过程。试验结果表明：随着时间和温度的增加,失水量、糖吸收量和盐吸收量都增大。NaCl浓度增加,失水量、盐吸收量增大,糖吸收量无显著变化。麦芽糊精浓度增加,盐吸收量显著降低,糖吸收量和失水量一定程度上增大。黄原胶的添加,增大了溶液黏度,三者都减小。     

NaCl对玉米平衡含水率影响的实验研究

根据谷物的吸附原理，利用静态调整环境湿度法，测定了分别加入浓度为0、0.5%、1.0%、2.0% NaCl溶液的玉米在20℃、30℃和40℃三个温度下的平衡含水率曲线；分析了NaCl溶液浓度、温度和平衡相对湿度对平衡含水率的影响，并用修正Henderson模型、修正Oswin模型及Chung-Pfost模型三个数学模型对加入各种浓度NaCl溶液玉米的平衡含水率曲线进行了拟合研究，得到了描述加入各种浓度NaCl溶液玉米的平衡含水率的数学模型。     

适宜涂膜预处理提高扇贝柱渗透脱水效率

溶质在渗透脱水过程中过多渗入组织不利于渗透脱水进程,同时对营养、感官特性与外观形态等均会产生不利影响。为了抑制渗透脱水过程中溶质过多渗入扇贝柱,提高渗透脱水效率,研究了壳聚糖、低甲氧基果胶与海藻酸钠等3种不同成膜预处理对扇贝柱渗透脱水过程中传质特性影响。采用Peleg模型拟合扇贝柱渗透脱水过程中传质和动力学参数;采用Fick’s第二扩散定律评估水分扩散系数（Dew）和溶质扩散系数（Des）以及渗透脱水效率（Dew/Des）。扇贝柱渗透脱水过程受到成膜材料种类、渗透溶液温度和氯化钠质量分数影响显著（P<0.05）。成膜预处理扇贝柱的水分损失和氯化钠渗入的初始速率与平衡速率均低于（P<0.05）未经涂膜的对照组。有效扩散系数随着渗透脱水温度的升高而增加,水分和氯化钠有效扩散系数范围分别为1.224×10-9～2.466×10-9 m2/s和1.152×10-9～1.894×10-9 m2/s。成膜预处理可在维持较高失水率的同时有效地控制高温渗透脱水过程中氯化钠的渗入。海藻酸钠与低甲氧基果胶成膜预处理后扇贝柱的脱水效率（Dew/Des）高于（P<0.05）对照组。然而,对于壳聚糖成膜预处理,当氯化钠液质量分数高于30%或者质量分数为20%且温度为25℃时,扇贝柱脱水效率高于（P<0.05）对照组。扇贝柱渗透脱水过程中,为了调控固形物增加和提高渗透脱水效率,成膜预处理是一种行之有效的方法,具有广阔的应用前景。     

相对湿度对胡萝卜热风干燥过程中热质传递特性的影响

为了揭示胡萝卜热风干燥过程中阶段降湿的促干机制,该研究在干燥温度60℃、风速3.0 m/s条件下,研究了相对湿度(20%、30%、40%、50%)及第一阶段相对湿度50%保持不同时间(10、30、60、90 min),然后第二阶段相对湿度恒定为20%至干燥结束,干燥过程中对流传热系数、对流传质系数和物料表面微观孔隙结构的变化规律。研究结果表明:20%、30%、40%和50%相对湿度下,干燥初始时刻对流传热系数分别为42.9、64.7、135.1和178.9W/(m2·℃),提高相对湿度能够显著提高预热阶段的对流传热系数(P0.05),相对湿度越高,物料升温速率越快。物料吸收总热量、水分蒸发消耗热量占比均随着相对湿度的升高而逐渐降低;物料升温消耗热量占比随着相对湿度的升高而逐渐增大。相对湿度为20%时,对流传质系数为1.01×10-6～2.54×10-6m/s;相对湿度为50%时,对流传质系数为0.26×10-6～1.12×10-6 m/s;降低相对湿度,能够显著的提高对流传质系数。相对湿度50%保持30min后降为20%干燥条件下,当干燥时间大于1.5 h后,对流传质系数大于相对湿度50%分别保持10、60和90 min干燥条件下的对流传质系数,此条件下干燥时间也最短。相对湿度50%干燥条件下有利于保持胡萝卜表面的多孔结构,而相对湿度20%干燥条件下,胡萝卜表面因干燥速率过快而导致水分迁移孔道发生收缩堵塞的现象。阶段降湿提高胡萝卜干燥效率的机制在于:干燥升速阶段,高相对湿度提高了对流传热系数,使得物料迅速升至较高温度;且利于维持物料表面多孔结构,有助于内部水分的扩散迁移;干燥恒速和降速阶段,低相对湿度提高了对流传质系数。研究结果可为求解干燥过程中的对流传热系数和对流传质系数提供理论依据,揭示阶段降湿的促干机理,并为阶段降湿干燥方式在农产品的干燥加工应用提供技术支持。     

辣木叶蛋白超声辅助盐提取工艺初步研究

以辣木叶粉为原料,采用超声盐提的方法提取辣木蛋白质,以超声时间、提取液浓度、提取温度、提取液p H作为考查因素,通过单因素试验和组合试验来研究其辣木蛋白质得率的影响。结果表明:影响粗蛋白得率的因素依次为p H提取液浓度超声时间提取温度;最佳提取工艺条件为超声破碎30 min,提取温度60℃,提取液为0.7%氯化钠溶液,p H 11.0,粗蛋白得率为10.28%。     

超高压处理对砀山梨汁中过氧化物酶活性的影响

该文研究了超高压处理对砀山梨汁中过氧化物酶活性的影响。试验压力为0.1～500 MPa，温度为20～60℃。此外，考察了不同pH值(3～7)和保压时间(2～34 min)超高压处理对酶活性的影响。试验结果表明：在处理温度为50℃、保压时间为10 min和梨汁pH 5的条件下，300 MPa以下压力范围内高压处理酶被激活，其活性增加；大于300 MPa时酶的活性随压力增大而下降。高压处理时，温度低于40℃对酶的活性影响不大；有效影响高压处理的最小温度为40℃。保压时间超过10 min后时间延长对酶的活性影响     

超声波辅助提取北五味子黄酮类化合物的研究

探讨北五味子黄酮类化合物的提取方法。以北五味子为原料,研究不同溶剂结合超声波辅助提取北五味子中黄酮类化合物的工艺条件,通过单因素试验及正交试验,结果表明,最佳提取条件为:提取剂乙醇浓度60%、温度60℃、时间30min、料液比1:40。     

温度对钼蓝比色法测定植物样品中硅的影响

钼蓝比色法是常用的测硅方法,但其测定结果受温度影响很大。本试验以硅的标准植物样—灌木枝叶为试材,样品在瓷坩埚中灰化后,用氢氟酸浸提,采用钼蓝比色法在811nm波长下测定硅的含量。显色温度设为15℃、25℃、30℃、35℃,显色时间分别为10min、20min、40min、60min和120min,研究不同温度和显色时间对硅测定结果的影响。结果表明,温度显著影响显色反应的速度,15℃显色20min时,测定值才接近标准值,高于15℃显色时间加快,显色10min测定值即达到标准值。温度同样影响显色稳定时间,在30℃和35℃放置40min时测定值已显著低于标准值,相反在15℃和25℃时,即使保持2小时对硅的测定仍没影响,且测定结果准确性较高。结果表明在本实验条件下,可以在25℃下进行大批量植物样品的测定。     

超声波辅助提取北五味子黄酮类化合物的研究

探讨北五味子黄酮类化合物的提取方法。以北五味子为原料,研究不同溶剂结合超声波辅助提取北五味子中黄酮类化合物的工艺条件,通过单因素试验及正交试验,结果表明,最佳提取条件为：提取剂乙醇浓度60%、温度60℃、时间30min、料液比1：40。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.     

Responses of native legume desert trees used for reforestation in the Sonoran Desert to plant growth-promoting microorganisms in screen house

Three slow-growing legume trees used for desert reforestation and urban gardening in the Sonoran Desert of Northwestern Mexico and the Southwestern USA were evaluated whether their growth can be promoted by inoculation with plant growth-promoting bacteria (Azospirillum brasilense and Bacillus pumilus), unidentified arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (mainly Glomus sp.), and supplementation with common compost under regular screenhouse cultivation common to these trees in nurseries. Mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata) and yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla) had different positive responses to several of the parameters tested while blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida) did not respond. Survival of all tree species was over 80% and survival of mesquite was almost 100% after 10 months of cultivation. Inoculation with growth-promoting microorganisms induced significant effects on the leaf gas exchange of these trees, measured as transpiration and diffusive resistance, when these trees were cultivated without water restrictions.