粗饲料组合对奶牛饲粮养分消化率、能量和氮的利用的影响

本试验旨在研究粗饲料组合对奶牛饲粮养分消化率、能量和氮的利用的影响。试验采用单因素随机区组设计,将 １６头体重、年龄、胎次相近的,处于干奶期的健康荷斯坦奶牛分为 ４组,每组 ４头。以常用的粗饲料设计 Ａ（玉米青贮 ＋玉米秸秆）、Ｂ（玉米青贮 ＋羊草）、Ｃ（玉米青贮 ＋玉米秸秆 ＋羊草）、Ｄ（玉米青贮 ＋苜蓿草 ＋羊草）４种粗饲料组合的饲粮。结果表明：饲粮Ｄ干物质、有机物和中性洗涤纤维的消化率最高,显著高于其他各饲粮（Ｐ＜０．０５）,其次为饲粮Ｂ和饲粮 Ｃ,饲粮 Ａ最低,显著低于其他各饲粮（Ｐ＜０．０５）,各饲粮的酸性洗涤纤维消化率差异不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５）。粗饲料组合显著影响饲粮摄入总能、能量消化率和能量代谢率（Ｐ＜０．０５）,饲粮 Ｄ甲烷能占摄入总能比显著低于其他 ３种饲粮（Ｐ＜０．０５）。各饲粮的粪氮、尿氮占摄入总氮比差异不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５）,饲粮 Ｄ的氮消化率显著高于饲粮 Ｂ与饲粮 Ｃ（Ｐ＜０．０５）,且饲粮 Ｂ显著高于饲粮 Ａ（Ｐ＜０．０５）;饲粮 Ｂ、饲粮 Ｄ的氮利用率显著高于饲粮 Ａ（Ｐ＜０．０５）。由此可见,玉米青贮 ＋苜蓿草 ＋羊草型饲粮的养分消化率、能量和氮的利用均优于其他各饲粮,羊草与玉米秸秆之间存在正组合效应,两者搭配使用可提高玉米秸秆的消化率,优化能量和氮的利用。     

Effect of Dietary Fibre on Digestibility and Energy Metabolism in Pregnant Sows

This study was undertaken to provide information on the effect of two levels of dietary fibre (DF) [184 vs. 407 g DF kg^-1 dry matter (DM)] on the digestibility of nutrients and energy metabolism in pregnant sows during different stages of pregnancy. The amount of DF in the high-fibre diet was supplied by dried sugar beet pulp (20%) and oats, wheat bran and grass pellets. The intake of metabolizable energy (ME) was similar for both the low-fibre and the highfibre diet, with an average daily intake of 30.74 MJ. Digestibility of DM, organic matter, protein, fat and energy was significantly decreased by a high DF level, but no effect of the diets was observed on the stage of pregnancy. A high fibre level significantly increased the digestibility of DF, indicating that fibre from sugar beet pulp is more fermentable than fibre from cereals. Protein utilization increased during the pregnancy, but at a very low level, indicating that the protein level in diets for pregnant sows could be lower. Inclusion of extra DF in the diet significantly increased the amount of energy excreted as CH₄. Heat production was affected by diet, although not significantly (28.77 vs. 29.72 MJ day^-1 in the low-fibre and highfibre diets, respectively). The utilization of ME for energy retention was lower for the high-fibre diet as a result of increased hind-gut fermentation. There was similar relation between the net energy of the standard and the high-fibre diet either calculated using the official Danish feed evaluation (0.77) or experimental estimated value (0.81).     

The effect of graded inclusions of waxy starch hull-less barley and a multi-component exogenous carbohydrase on the growth performance,nutrient digestibility and intestinal morphometry of broiler chickens

ABSTRACT

1. A 21-d experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of graded inclusions of waxy starch hull-less (WSHL) barley and a multi-component exogenous carbohydrase on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility and intestinal morphometry of broiler chickens. Five levels of WSHL barley inclusion (0, 65, 130, 195 and 260 g/kg) in a wheat-based diet, and two levels of enzyme supplementation (0 and 150 g/tonne of feed) were evaluated in a 5 × 2 factorial arrangement of 10 dietary treatments. All diets were equivalent in metabolisable energy and digestible amino acid content. A total of 400, one-d-old male broilers (five cages/treatment; eight birds/cage) were used in the experiment.

2. Regardless of enzyme supplementation, feed intake declined (P < 0.001) with increasing inclusion of WSHL barley. Increasing levels of WSHL barley (P < 0.001) and supplemental enzyme (P < 0.01) increased gain to feed ratio.

3. Birds fed diets with 0 g/kg WSHL barley showed the lowest (P < 0.001 to 0.01) digestibility for all nutrients except starch. Only starch digestibility was improved (P < 0.05) by enzyme supplementation. The nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolisable energy improved with increasing inclusion of WSHL barley (P < 0.001) and supplemental enzyme (P < 0.001). Increasing inclusion of WSHL barley increased the relative weight of gizzard (P < 0.001) and reduced jejunal digesta viscosity (P < 0.01). Supplemental enzyme (P < 0.001) reduced digesta viscosity.

4. All levels of WSHL barley inclusion improved digestibility of dry matter, nitrogen and fat, whilst energy utilisation improved at inclusions of 130 g/kg WSHL and above, probably due to lowered digesta viscosity and better development of the gizzard. Gain to feed ratio, starch digestibility, energy utilisation and jejunal digesta viscosity can benefit from carbohydrase supplementation in wheat-based diets, regardless of barley inclusion level.     

Effects of increasing dried distillers’ grains with solubles and non-starch polysaccharide degrading enzyme inclusion on growth performance and energy digestibility in broilers

Two experiments were conducted to examine the effects of non-starch polysaccharide degrading enzyme on broiler performance and ileal nutrient digestibility in diets containing dried distillers’ grains with solubles, as well as evaluate non-starch polysaccharide degrading enzyme inclusion in low energy diets with dried distillers’ grains with solubles on performance and carcass yield. Experiment 1 was a 4 (dried distillers’ grains with solubles level of 0, 5, 10, and 15%) x 2 (with and without enzyme) factorial design in battery-reared broilers for 21 d; body weights and feed intake were determined weekly. On day 22, ileal contents were collected to determine digestibility of energy and nitrogen. The second experiment was a 48 d floor pen trial utilizing three dietary treatments: positive control, negative control (positive control, negative control less 132 kcal/kg ME), and a negative control + non-starch polysaccharide degrading enzyme inclusion. Diets included dried distillers’ grains with solubles at 2.5 to 10%. In Experiment 1, BW decreased (P < 0.05) with 15% dried distillers’ grains with solubles inclusion as compared to the control. The FCR was also increased (P < 0.05) with 15% dried distillers’ grains with solubles inclusion as compared to all other diets through 14 d. Inclusion of dried distillers’ grains with solubles reduced (P < 0.05) ileal digestible energy at 10 and 15% inclusion and inclusion of non-starch polysaccharide degrading enzyme increased (P < 0.05) ileal digestible energy. Increased energy and nitrogen digestibility coefficients (P < 0.05) were observed at all dried distillers’ grains with solubles inclusion levels with non-starch polysaccharide degrading enzyme inclusion except for the 10% inclusion rate. In Experiment 2, non-starch polysaccharide degrading enzyme in the negative control diet increased BW compared to the negative control at all observed time points at each phase (P < 0.05). Additionally, non-starch polysaccharide degrading enzyme in the negative control diet reduced mortality corrected FCR through the grower phase. Non-starch polysaccharide degrading enzyme inclusion in the negative control diet resulted in comparable live weights, carcass weights, breast filets, and tenders to the positive control diet; however, fat pad was reduced compared to the positive control (P < 0.05). These data confirm that elevated levels of dried distillers’ grains with solubles in starter diets can negatively impact digestibility and performance of broilers and the inclusion of an non-starch polysaccharide degrading enzyme can increase nutrient digestibility and improve broiler performance in low energy dried distillers’ grains with solubles containing diets.     

Effects of different fermented soy protein and apparent ileal digestible lysine levels on weaning pigs fed fermented soy protein‐amended diets

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of different fermented soybean proteins and the apparent ileal digestible lysine levels on weaning pigs fed fermented soy protein (FSP)‐amended diets. In Exp. 1, 70 crossed piglets (6.25 ± 0.40 kg) were used in a 5‐week trial to evaluate two different FSP. In Exp. 2, 20 weaning barrows (6.15 ± 0.45 kg) were used in a metabolism trial to determine the effects of the apparent ileal digestible (1.2, 1.3, 1.4 and 1.5%) lysine levels in weaning pigs fed FSP (5%) diet. In Exp. 1, pigs fed the diet containing Lactobacillus spp. FSP showed higher nitrogen (N) digestibility (P < 0.05), lower blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine levels (P < 0.05) than those fed the Aspergillus oryzae FSP diet. In Exp. 2, increasing dietary lysine levels increased the average daily gain, apparent dry matter, N digestibility, N retention and essential amino acids in the current study (P < 0.05), with the 1.5% showing the highest value. In conclusion, pigs fed Lactobacillus spp. FSP had a higher N digestibility than those fed A. oryzae FSP. The optimal apparent ileal digestibility lysine level in fermented soy protein diets (3550 kcal/kg metabolizable energy) for maximizing growth performance and N utilization in the first 7 days (6.25 kg) was 1.5%.     

豆秸加工方式和用量对辽宁绒山羊日粮营养物质消化代谢的影响

试验选用24只2.5岁,体况良好,体重相近(36.02±1.62)kg的辽宁绒山羊公羊,采用2×3因子设计,研究了豆秸加工方式(揉搓5~7 cm,揉搓1~3 cm)和添加量(豆秸占粗饲料比例为30%、50%、70%)对辽宁绒山羊日粮营养物质消化和氮代谢的影响。结果表明:随着豆秸添加量的增加,粗饲料干物质采食量(P<0.05),NDF摄入量显著降低(P<0.01),NDF消化率(P<0.01),食入氮(P<0.01),可消化氮(P<0.01)和沉积氮显著降低(P<0.01);揉碎豆秸组氮表观消化率、氮的总利用率显著高于揉切豆秸组(P<0.05),不同加工方式的可消化氮、氮沉积和NDF消化率均无显著差异(P>0.05)。加工方式和豆秸添加量对食入氮、可消化氮的互作效应显著(P<0.01),表现为30%揉碎豆秸组的食入氮和可消化氮低于50%揉碎豆秸组。豆秸添加量的增加,降低了粗饲料干物质采食量、纤维消化率、氮沉积;揉搓粒度1~3 cm提高了氮表观消化率和氮的总利用率,但倾向于降低食入氮,对可消化氮、沉积氮和纤维物质消化率无显著影响。     

Utilisation of leucaena leaf meal by broilers

1. The effect of including Leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala) leaf meal (LLM) in broiler diets was investigated employing LLM at 0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 g/kg diet. Experiments were also conducted to investigate whether reduced food intake of diets containing LLM is responsible for the growth depression.

2. LLM appears to be a good source of protein and calcium.

3. Food intake was not significantly affected (P>0.05) with dietary LLM inclusion up to 200 g/kg.

4. Inclusion of LLM up to 150 g/kg diet did not influence significantly (P>0.05) the performance of broilers in terms of body weight gain and food efficiency. However, inclusion of LLM at 200 g/kg diet had an adverse effect on weight gain and food efficiency, when compared to other dietary treatments. The profitability over food costs was low with the 200 g LLM/kg diet compared to those of other diets.

5. It may be inferred from these experiments that LLM can safely be included in broiler diets up to 150 g/kg.

6. Studies using force‐feeding and restricted feeding techniques indicated that reduced food intake was not responsible for the growth depression in diets containing higher amounts of LLM.     

竹叶和茶叶渣对断奶犊牛生长性能、消化代谢及血清抗氧化和免疫指标的影响

本试验旨在研究全混合日粮(TMR)中相同中性洗涤纤维(NDF)水平下,以竹叶或茶叶渣替代苜蓿对断奶犊牛生长性能、消化代谢及血清抗氧化和免疫指标的影响。按照随机区组设计将45头105日龄的荷斯坦公犊牛分成3组,每组15头犊牛,分别饲喂苜蓿(AH组)、竹叶(BL组)或茶叶渣(TR组)为主要NDF来源的TMR。预试期15 d,正试期60 d。结果表明:1)180日龄时,TR组的体重显著低于AH组(P<0.05);试验期间,BL组与AH组之间的平均日增重、干物质采食量和料重比无显著差异(P>0.05)。2)与AH组相比,BL组的干物质(DM)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)表观消化率显著降低(P<0.05),而有机物(OM)和NDF表观消化率差异不显著(P>0.05);TR组的NDF表观消化率显著提高(P<0.05),而DM、OM和ADF表观消化率差异不显著(P>0.05)。3)与AH组相比,BL组的尿能、总能消化率、总能代谢率和消化能代谢率显著降低(P<0.05)。4)与AH组相比,BL组的尿氮显著提高(P<0.05),氮沉积率显著降低(P<0.05);TR组的粪氮显著提高(P<0.05),氮表观消化率显著降低(P<0.05)。5)与AH组相比,BL和TR组的血清谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH⁃Px)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性显著降低(P<0.05),血清免疫球蛋白A(IgA)、丙二醛(MDA)含量显著升高(P<0.05);BL组的血清总抗氧化能力(T⁃AOC)显著降低(P<0.05)。由此可见,与饲喂苜蓿饲粮相比,饲喂竹叶饲粮的断奶犊牛生长性能及OM、NDF表观消化率相近,但能量和氮的利用率降低;饲喂茶叶渣饲粮的断奶犊牛能量利用率相近,而NDF表观消化率显著提高,生长性能和氮的利用率降低;饲喂竹叶饲粮和茶叶渣饲粮的断奶犊牛血清IgA含量显著提高,抗氧化能力降低。综上所述,断奶犊牛阶段可以用竹叶(24.38%)替代苜蓿作为饲粮的粗饲料。     

Digestibility and nitrogen utilization in sheep fed enset (Ensete ventricosum) pseudostem or corm and graded levels of Desmodium intortum hay to wheat straw‐based diets

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different levels of Desmodium intortum (Desmodium) hay supplementation in sheep fed fixed amounts of enset pseudostem or corm and a basal diet of wheat straw on intake, digestibility and nitrogen utilization. Eighteen male sheep with a mean (± SD) live weight of 20.5 ± 1.45 kg were assigned to six treatments in a completely randomized design and fed either 108 g dry matter (DM) enset pseudostem or 165 g DM enset corm each with three levels (100, 200 and 300 g) of hay supplementation. For the pseudostem diets, there was no significant difference in total DM intake. Total crude protein (CP) intake and N retention increased with increasing levels of hay in both pseudostem and corm diets. The apparent digestibility of DM, OM, CP, acid detergent fibre and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and microbial nitrogen supply (MN) at 100 g was lower that other levels of supplementation. For the corm diets, total DM and OM intake and MN supply increased with increasing levels of hay. The digestibility decreased (p < 0.001) with increasing levels of supplementation. The results suggest that at least 300 g (395 g/kg dietary DM) of Desmodium hay is required in pseudostem diets, whereas 200 g (337 g/kg dietary DM) may be sufficient in corm diets for efficient nutrient utilization.     

Influence of inclusion level of barley in wheat-based diets and supplementation of carbohydrase on growth performance,nutrient utilisation and gut morphometry in broiler starters

ABSTRACT

1. The influence of barley inclusion level and supplementation of a multi-component non-starch polysaccharide degrading enzyme on performance and nutrient utilisation in broilers was investigated. Normal-starch hulled barley was evaluated with five levels of inclusion (0, 141, 283, 424 and 565 g/kg) in a wheat-based diet and two levels of enzyme supplementation (0 and 150 g/tonne of feed; a 5 × 2 factorial arrangement of 10 dietary treatments). All diets were equivalent in metabolisable energy and digestible amino acid contents. A total of 400, one-d old male broilers (five cages/treatment; eight birds/cage) were used in the experiment.

2. Regardless of enzyme supplementation, weight gain (WG) increased up to 283 g/kg of barley and was reduced afterwards (P < 0.01). Increasing levels of barley resulted in greater (P < 0.001) gain per feed (G/F). Enzyme addition increased WG (P < 0.05) and G/F (P < 0.001) at each barley inclusion level.

3. Birds fed diets with 0 and 565 g/kg barley showed the lowest and highest (P < 0.001to 0.05) digestibility for all nutrients measured, respectively. Digestibility of all nutrients was improved by enzyme supplementation at each barley inclusion level (P < 0.05). The nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolisable energy improved with increasing inclusion of barley (P < 0.001) and supplemental enzyme (P < 0.01). Increasing inclusion of barley increased the relative weight of gizzard (P < 0.001) and reduced jejunal digesta viscosity (P < 0.001). Supplemental enzyme (P < 0.001) reduced digesta viscosity.

4. The optimum inclusion level of barley, with respect to growth performance, was 283 g/kg of diet. Increasing barley inclusion improved nutrient and energy utilisation, possibly through lowered digesta viscosity and better function of the gizzard. Feed efficiency and nutrient and energy utilisation can benefit from carbohydrase supplementation in barley-based diets, regardless of barley inclusion level.     

Brewer's yeast and sugarcane yeast as protein sources for dogs

Brewer's yeast (BY), autolysed sugarcane yeast (ASCY) and integral sugar cane yeast (ISCY) were studied in two experiments as ingredients for dog diets. In the first experiment, 28 dogs were randomly assigned to four diets; one reference diet and three test diets containing 15% of BY, ASCY or ISCY and 85% of the reference diet (as‐fed basis). The digestibilities of the yeasts were calculated by the substitution method. In the second experiment, 35 dogs were randomized to five diets with similar chemical composition but different levels of sugarcane yeast inclusion (0%, 7.5% ASCY, 15% ASCY, 7.5% ISCY and 15% ISCY). In both experiments, the coefficient of total tract apparent digestibility (CTTAD) of nutrients was determined through total collection of faeces. During experiment, two additional analyses of food palatability, nitrogen balance and urea postprandial responses were performed. The data were submitted to analysis of variance, and the means were compared by orthogonal or polynomial contrasts or Tukey's test (p < 0.05). In experiment 1, CTTAD of protein was lower for both sugarcane yeasts than for BY (p = 0.012), as was metabolizable energy content (p = 0.025). In experiment 2, a linear reduction in energy digestibility with ASCY inclusion (p = 0.05) was verified. Furthermore, faecal score and DM content were reduced with ISCY inclusion (p < 0.003). No effect of yeast inclusion on nitrogen balance or postprandial urea response was found. Also, the inclusion of 7.5% of ASCY or ISCY increased diet palatability (p < 0.01). Yeasts present adequate digestibility by dogs, but its effect on faecal formation needs to be considered. No clear advantage for the use of ASCY over ISCY was found. In conclusion, we find that sugarcane yeast is suitable for inclusion in dog food and can enhance the overall palatability of the diet.     

Effect of feeding Bacillus subtilis on rumen fermentation,blood metabolites,nutrient digestibility,and energy and nitrogen balances in non-lactating crossbred cows

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of feeding Bacillus subtilis on rumen fermentation, blood metabolites, nutrient digestibility, and energy and nitrogen balances in non-lactating crossbred (Holstein-Friesian × Bos indicus) cows. Four cows were assigned to the control and B. subtilis diets in a crossover design, and respiratory and metabolic experiments were conducted. For the B. subtilis diet, B. subtilis DSM15544 spores were added at the rate of 1.0 × 10¹⁰ CFU/head/day to the control diet. At 4 hr after feeding, cows fed the B. subtilis diet had increased levels of i-butyric acid in the rumen fluid and tended to have lower concentrations of plasma non-esterified fatty acids when compared with cows fed the control diet. This suggests that feeding B. subtilis could improve energy efficiency. However, there was no effect on energy retention in this study. Although there were no effects on nutrient digestibility, nitrogen balance, or methane production, heat production was significantly higher in cows fed the B. subtilis diet than in those fed the control diet.     

葡萄糖氧化酶对生长獭兔营养物质利用、盲肠菌群结构及肠道消化酶活性的影响

本试验旨在研究葡萄糖氧化酶(GOD)对生长獭兔营养物质利用、盲肠菌群结构及肠道消化酶活性的影响。选取40日龄生长獭兔150只,随机分为5组,每组设5个重复,每个重复6只(公母各占1/2)。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,4个试验组饲喂在基础饲粮的基础上分别添加0.1%、0.2%、0.3%和0.4%GOD的试验饲粮。预试期5 d,正试期30 d。结果表明:1)能量的表观消化率和表观消化能以对照组最低,0.4%组最高;各试验组粗纤维表观消化率较对照组有不同程度提高,其中0.4%组提高16.10%,差异显著(P0.05)。2)0.4%组可消化氮、氮沉积量、氮利用率和氮生物利用率分别较对照组提高12.39%、17.48%、15.68%和12.78%,且均差异显著(P0.05)。3)饲粮中添加GOD能够在一定程度上降低盲肠p H。与对照组相比,0.4%组盲肠乳酸菌和双歧杆菌数量显著提高(P0.05),大肠杆菌数量显著降低(P0.05);0.3%组盲肠双歧杆菌数量显著提高(P0.05)。4)0.4%组十二指肠部位胰蛋白酶活性显著高于对照组(P0.05),空肠部位乳糖酶活性极显著高于对照组(P0.01)。综合分析认为,饲粮中添加GOD能够改善饲粮中营养物质利用和獭兔肠道菌群结构,提高肠道消化酶活性,建议添加量为0.4%(60 U/kg)。     

Effect of dietary high- and low-methylated citrus pectin on the activity of the ileal microflora and morphology of the small intestinal wall of broiler chicks.

1. A study was conducted with broiler chicks to evaluate the effects of dietary high-methylated citrus pectin (HMC) or low-methylated citrus pectin (LMC) on the performance, nutrient digestibility, morphology of the small intestinal wall and ileal microbial activity. 2. Both pectin products were tested at a dietary content of 30 g/kg using a diet based on maize and soya flour. 3. Inclusion of HMC in the diet depressed weight gain and food utilization significantly. With a dietary addition of LMC there were only small decreases in weight gain and food utilisation. 4. Digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude fat, starch and amino acids, nitrogen retention and metabolisable energy value were reduced significantly when HMC was added to the diet. The addition of LMC to the diet reduced fat and ash digestibility and metabolisable energy value significantly. 5. Inclusion of LMC in the diet increased ileal viscosity marginally, whilst HMC had such an effect that the supernatant could not be extracted. Microbial activity in the ileum, particularly that of Enterococci, Bacteroidaceae, Clostridia and E. coli, was increased significantly with dietary addition of HMC. Inclusion of LMC in the diet did not greatly affect microbial activity as only the number of Clostridia was increased. 6. The addition of HMC to the diet markedly affected the morphology of the intestinal wall and significantly increased the number of goblet cells per 100 villus cells and the sucrase isomaltase activity was increased significantly. However, the morphology of the intestinal wall was hardly affected by LMC, whereas the number of goblet cells per 100 villi cells was significantly increased. 7. Results of the present study indicate that the inclusion of water-soluble pectins in diets of chicks changes ileal microbial activity and the morphology of the small intestinal wall. The magnitude of these changes depends on the degree of methylation of the pectins.     

Effect of D‐mannitol on nitrogen retention,fiber digestibility and digesta transit time in adult rabbits

The aim of the current study was to elucidate the effect of gastrointestinal retention time of digesta on fiber digestibility in adult rabbits fed indigestible, but fermentable, sugar D‐mannitol. Six adult rabbits were fed alternately a commercial diet containing 5% glucose and a diet containing D‐mannitol. Total feces and urine were collected during the experimental period. Nitrogen (N) balance, digestibility of nutrients, and gastrointestinal mean retention time (MRT) were measured. The results indicated that urinary excretion was significantly lowered, whereas N retention and N accumulation rates were significantly increased in the D‐mannitol group compared with the glucose group (P < 0.05). However, fecal N excretion was unaffected. Absorption of crude ash (CA) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) digestibility were significantly higher in the D‐mannitol group compared with the glucose group (P < 0.05). The addition of D‐mannitol to the diet did not affect the MRT of liquid digesta, but increased the MRT of solid digesta compared with the glucose group (P < 0.05). These results suggest that the addition of D‐mannitol to the diet stimulates cecal bacterial growth, thereby increasing N utilization and digesta retention time.     

Effect of fructo‐oligosaccharides on nutrient digestibility and digesta retention time in adult guinea pigs

A previous study suggested that addition of fructo‐oligosaccharides (FOS) to the diet improved nitrogen (N) utilization and decreased acid detergent fiber (ADF) digestibility in guinea pigs. The present study was conducted to clarify the relationship between ADF digestibility and gastrointestinal mean retention time (MRT) in guinea pigs under FOS supplementation. Adult male guinea pigs were fed a commercial diet (50 g/day) with either 5% glucose (glucose group) or 5% FOS (FOS group) for 12 days in individual metabolism cages. Unlike the glucose group, N utilization improved, but ADF digestibility significantly (P < 0.05) decreased in the FOS group. MRT of solid digesta also significantly (P < 0.05) decreased in the FOS group compared with that in the glucose group. We concluded that reduction of MRT of solid digesta containing FOS decreased ADF digestibility in guinea pigs.     

In vivo measurement of flatulence and nutrient digestibility in dogs fed poultry by-product meal, conventional soybean meal, and low-oligosaccharide low-phytate soybean meal

OBJECTIVE: To determine an optimal window for determining peak flatulence and evaluate the effects of oligosaccharides and supplemental beta-mannanase in soybean meal-based diets on nutrient availability and flatulence. ANIMALS: 6 dogs. PROCEDURES: Dogs were used in a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement of treatments in a 6 x 6 Latin square experiment to evaluate the digestibility, flatulence, and fecal odor metabolites of low-oligosaccharide low-phytate soybean meal (LLM), conventional soybean meal (SBM), and poultry by-product (PBP) meal diets with or without supplemental beta-mannanase (5 g/kg). RESULTS: Enzyme supplementation had no effect on total tract dry matter (DM), nitrogen digestibility, or digestible energy; however, differences between protein sources did exist for total tract DM digestibility and digestible energy. The PBP meal had higher DM digestibility and digestible energy (mean, 0.913 and 4,255 cal/g), compared with soy-based diets (mean, 0.870 and 4,049 cal/g). No differences were detected for any treatment regardless of protein source or addition of supplemental enzyme for any flatulence components analyzed. No differences were detected for all fecal odor metabolites regardless of addition of supplemental enzyme; however, differences between protein sources were detected. The PBP meal had lower concentrations of carboxylic acids and esters and higher concentrations of heterocycles, phenols, thio and sulfides, ketones, alcohols, and indoles than LLM and SBM. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Diets containing < 22.4 g of stachyose/kg and < 2 g of raffinose/kg did not alter digestibility or increase flatulence in dogs.     

Effects of supplementation of Panicum maximum with four herbaceous forage legumes on performance,nutrient digestibility and nitrogen balance in West African dwarf goats

The effects of supplementing a basal diet of guineagrass (Panicum maximum cv Ntchisi) (diet 5) with Stylosanthes guianensis (diet 1), Lablab purpureus (diet 2), Aeschynomene histrix (diet 3) and Centrosema pubescens (diet 5) on West African dwarf goats were evaluated. Parameters measured were feed intake, nutrient digestibility and nitrogen balance. Voluntary intake (g/kg W0^.75/day) of dry matter (DM) 138.73, crude protein (CP) 25.86, neutral detergent fiber (NDF) (96.29) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) (65.73) of diet 1 were not significantly different (P > 0.05) from the other diets with legume supplements. The feed intake of goats on diet 5 was lower (P < 0.05), having corresponding values of DM (108.21), CP (17.33), NDF (77.68), and ADF (53.55). Weight gain (g/day) differed (P < 0.05) in goats placed on the diets. The lowest weight gain was obtained in diet 5. The digestibilities of DM, CP, ADF and acid detergent lignin (ADL) differed (P < 0.05) in diet 1–5 except for NDF digestibility. Nitrogen balance (g/kg W ^0.75/day) ranged from 0.29 in diet 5 to 0.83 in diet 2 (P < 0.05). Similarly, nitrogen retention percentage was highest in diet 2 (35.17), with the lowest value in diet 5 (20.71). It could be concluded that a diet consisting of Panicum maximum with Lablab purpureus supplementation gave the highest performance in weight gain, nitrogen digestibility and nitrogen utilization. However, any of the herbaceous legumes in this study would lead to increased productivity of ruminant livestock.     

Effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell wall extract and poplar propolis ethanol extract supplementation on growth performance,digestibility, blood profile,fecal microbiota and fecal noxious gas emissions in growing pigs

A total of 105 growing pigs (24.91 ± 1.06 kg) were used in a 6‐week trial to investigate the effects of including Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell wall extract and poplar propolis ethanol extract (SPE) in the diet on growth performance, digestibility, blood profiles, fecal microbiota and fecal noxious gas emissions. Pigs were randomly allocated to one of three dietary treatments (seven pens/treatment, five pigs/pen) according to initial body weight and sex (two gilts and three barrows). Treatments consisted of a corn soybean meal basal diet supplemented with 0, 0.05 or 0.10% SPE. There was a significant linear improvement (P < 0.05) in average daily gain, gain/feed, the apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter, nitrogen, and gross energy, blood lymphocyte percentage, immunoglobulin G concentration, fecal Escherichia coli and Lactobacillus counts as well as fecal NH₃ and H₂S emissions associated with the inclusion of SPE in the diet. Average daily feed intake, red blood cells and white blood cells concentration were not significantly (P > 0.05) affected by SPE supplementation in the diets. In conclusion, results indicate that dietary SPE supplementation can improve growth performance, digestibility and fecal microbiota, and decrease fecal gas emissions in growing pigs.     

纤维素酶与活性干酵母对草原红牛能量代谢的影响简

试验旨在使用“大型动物开放回流式呼吸测热装置”并结合生长代谢试验,研究纤维素酶和活性干酵母对草原红牛日粮表观消化率及能量代谢的影响。选用8月龄健康、体重（170±10）kg的草原红牛公牛4头,采用4×4拉丁方试验设计,以混合精料和羊草为基础日粮。试验分4期,每期37 d。Ⅰ组为空白对照组,在日粮中不添加纤维素酶和活性干酵母;Ⅱ组在日粮中添加190 mg/kg纤维素酶;Ⅲ组在日粮中添加200 mg/kg活性干酵母;Ⅳ组在日粮中添加190 mg/kg纤维素酶+200 mg/kg活性干酵母。结果表明：①Ⅲ、Ⅳ组干物质消化率与Ⅰ组相比均差异显著（P<0.05）,Ⅲ组与Ⅰ组相比干物质消化率提高了9.01%;②Ⅲ组对日粮中有机物质、粗蛋白质、无氮浸出物、酸性洗涤纤维、中性洗涤纤维、纤维素和半纤维素的表观消化率影响与Ⅰ组相比均差异显著（P＜0.05）,Ⅲ组纤维素和半纤维素的表观消化率与Ⅰ组相比分别提高了14.65%和18.81%;③Ⅲ组对能量代谢中的消化能和代谢能影响与Ⅰ、Ⅱ组相比均差异显著（P＜0.05）,与Ⅳ组相比差异不显著（P＞0.05）,Ⅳ组比Ⅰ组相比代谢能提高了16.63%;④纤维素酶和活性干酵母混合添加未见组合效应。提示,活性干酵母能提高草原红牛日粮利用率及减少能量损失,混合添加未见叠加效应。