Compositional nutrient diagnosis and main nutrient interactions in yellow pepper grown on desert calcareous soils

Mineral‐nutrient stress is one of the main factors limiting crop production, especially in arid lands. The mineral requirement of a crop is difficult to determine, and the interpretation of foliar chemistry composition is not easy. This study was conducted to compute the minimum yield target for fresh fruit of yellow pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) and the corresponding Compositional Nutrient Diagnosis (CND) as well as to identify significant nutrient interactions of this crop in desert calcareous soils. Preliminary CND norms were developed using a cumulative variance‐ratio function and the chi‐square distribution function. From a small database, we computed means and standard deviations of row‐centered log ratios, V_X, of five nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, and Mg) and a filling value, R, which comprises all nutrients not chemically analyzed and quantified them in 54 foliar samples of the popular yellow pepper cv. ‘Santa Fé’. This cultivar is widely grown in northwest Mexico under arid conditions. These norms are associated to fresh fruit yields higher than 15.04 t ha^–1. Principal‐component analyses, performed using estimated CND nutrient indexes, allowed us to identify four interactions: negative P‐Ca, P‐Mg, and N‐K, and positive Ca‐Mg. Pepper plants growing on calcareous soils tend to take up more Ca and Mg than considered as optimum in other soil conditions.     

岩棉短程栽培模式中营养液对番茄生长及果实品质的影响

为实现设施番茄短程栽培过程中营养液的高效供给及标准化管理,寻求短程栽培模式中最优的营养液供给方式,在兼光型植物工厂条件下,研究了营养液电导率值(electric conductivity,EC值)、灌溉频率对番茄植株形态和果实品质的影响.试验以岩棉为栽培基质,3水平EC值为2、4和6 dS/m,3水平灌溉频率为1、3和5次/d,采用全因子试验设计方法,进行9组处理.采用综合评价方法获取最佳的营养液EC值和灌溉频率,并对植株形态和果实品质指标进行数理统计分析.结果表明:营养液EC值和灌溉频率影响植株的株高、茎粗、叶数、叶面积、叶形指数和根面比,同时也影响果实的平均质量、可溶性固形物(soluble solids content)和果形指数.其中EC值对平均果实质量影响显著(P＜0.05),灌溉频率对叶面积和平均果实质量影响极显著(P＜0.01);试验因素的交互作用对茎粗和果形指数影响极显著(P＜0.01),对SSC影响显著(P＜0.05).EC值为4 dS/m,灌溉频率为5次/d的营养液灌溉方式能兼顾植株发育和果实品质良好,该灌溉方式下SSC与平均果实质量呈极显著负相关(P＜0.01).该研究可为设施短程栽培番茄优质高产提供指导依据.     

基于产量品质及水肥利用率的袋培辣椒水肥耦合方案

为探究水肥耦合对袋培辣椒产量、果实品质、水分利用效率（Water Use Efficiency,WUE）和肥料利用率（Fertilizer Use Efficiency,FUE）的影响,构建袋培辣椒水肥精准化管理模式,该研究以‘博陇（37-94）Bolon RZ F1’辣椒为对象,设3种灌溉水平（基质相对含水量70%～75%（W1）、55%～60%（W2）和40%～45%（W3））、3个营养液浓度水平（设置150%（F1）、100%（F2）、80%（F3）标准山崎辣椒营养液浓度）和2个营养液供应量（正常供应、减量供应（每次辣椒采收前6 d营养液减量40%供应））三因素耦合,共18个处理,分析各因子及其耦合效应,建立综合评价辣椒产量、WUE、FUE及果实综合品质的多目标优化模型,并利用遗传算法多目标优化法对该模型进行寻优。结果表明：灌溉量和营养液浓度单因子及其耦合效应均对辣椒产量、WUE和FUE有显著性影响,产量、WUE和FUE均随灌溉量和营养液浓度的增加先增加后降低;利用Topsis法对各处理的果实品质进行综合评价,营养液减量供应可在维持产量和WUE较高的基础上,显著提高辣椒果实综合品质和FUE;营养液减量供应下W2F2处理的辣椒产量、WUE和FUE最高,营养液减量供应下W2F1处理果实综合品质最好。遗传算法多目标优化法寻优表明营养液减量供应结合W2F2处理效果最佳。该试验条件下,高产优质的袋培辣椒水肥耦合方案为：通过灌溉将基质相对含水量控制在55%～60%,施用100%浓度的标准山崎辣椒营养液,且每次辣椒采收前6 d营养液减量40%供应。该模式下的辣椒产量达到87 930.52 kg/hm2,果实品质综合评价贴合度达到0.742,WUE和FUE分别达到41.14 kg/m3和38.83%,此结果可为辣椒高产优质且水肥科学管理提供指导依据。     

Influence of nitrogen concentration and form in the nutrient solution N20 and N2 emissions from a soilless culture system

The influence of nitrogen concentration and form in the nutrient solution on the N₂O and N₂ emissions from a closed rockwool system with cucumber crops was investigated. At optimum, nitrate-accented nitrogen supply of plants (120 mg N l^?1) on average 0.59 kg N per hectare greenhouse area and day was released. Comparable emission rates occurred with moderate sub- and supraoptimum nitrogen fertilization. Thus, in this range the N supply was non-limiting for the gaseous nitrogen losses. Only in the case of severe suboptimum N supply (40 mg N l^?1) the N₂O N₂ emissions were clearly lower, probably as a result of diminished plant growth and therefore reduced root respiration and exudation of organic carbon sources for microorganisms. The proportion of nitrous oxide in the gaseous nitrogen losses increased on average from 5 to 13% with increasing N supply, possibly because of an impaired N₂O reduction in denitrification due to high nitrate concentrations. Short-term shifting with optimum nitrogen supply from nitrate- accented composition to pure nitrate did not affect the gaseous nitrogen emissions, whereas an exclusive ammonium supply resulted in a considerable decrease. The results indicated that the N₂O emission and the total nitrogen losses from the soilless culture system were predominantly caused by denitrification.     

Root growth,nutrient uptake and yield of soybean cultivars grown in the field

Abstract

Soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) cultivars differ in their root morphology and their nutrient uptake capabilities. The relation between root growth, P and K uptake, and grain yield was investigated using eight cultivars grown in the field on Raub (Aquic Argiudoll) silt loam which received 49 kg P/ha and 93 kg K/ha. Hobbit (maturity group III, determinate) was among the highest in grain yield, P and K uptakes, and root system length. However, this cultivar was intermediate in its relative efficiency to utilize P and K to produce grain yield; among the most efficient cultivars were Asgrow 3127 (maturity group II) and Williams‐79 (maturity group III). The hay cultivar, Wilson‐6, was the least efficient. It was concluded that even though grain yield was correlated with nutrient uptake, selection for higher yields was not necessarily a selection for higher efficiency in utilization of fertilizer for grain production.     

Nitrate/ammonium ratio effects on nutrient solution pH,dry matter yield,and nitrogen uptake of sorghum 1

Abstract

Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] seedlings were grown in nutrient solutions in a growth chamber to investigate the effects of different ratios of NO₃ ^– and NH₄ ⁺ on nutrient solution pH, dry matter yield, and N uptake. Nutrient solutions and plant tissues were assayed throughout the time plants grew in the nutrient solutions.

Nutrient solution pH depended on source of N. The pH rose to near 8 with NO₃ ^– as the sole source of N and decreased to near or below 4 with NH₄ ⁺ added to the solutions. Upon depletion of NH₄ ⁺ from solution, pH values rose abruptly to near 8 and remained near this value throughout the duration of the experiments. Dry matter yield was generally higher for plants grown with some NH₄ ⁺ compared to plants grown with NO₃ ^– alone. Nitrogen uptake was generally higher in plants grown with the higher proportions of NH₄ ⁺. Nitrogen concentrations remained unchanged with plant age as NO₃ ^–/ NH₄ ⁺ ratio varied. For solutions low in NH₄ ⁺, N concentrations in roots increased with plant age. Severe Fe deficiency appeared in plants when solution pH reached and remained above 7.     

Effect of NO3 and NH4 concentrations in nutrient solution on yield and nitrate concentration in seasonally grown leaf lettuce

The effect of suboptimal supply of nitrogen (N) and of replacing nitrate in the nutrient solution with ammonia on growth, yield, and nitrate concentration in green and red leaf lettuce was evaluated over two seasons (autumn and spring) using multiple regression analysis. The plants were grown in a greenhouse on a Nutrient Film Technique (NFT) system. Nitrogen concentrations in the nutrient solution were either 3?mM or 12?mM, and the form of N was varied as follows: 100% NO₃, 50% NO₃?+?50% NH₄, and 100% NH₄. In both seasons, the biomass (fresh weight) of lettuce heads increased with increasing NO₃ concentrations and in autumn, NO₃ even at 1.5?mM was sufficient for high yield. However, head dry weight was affected neither by the season nor by changes in the composition of the nutrient solution. The concentration of NO₃ had no effect on root dry weight, but it decreased at higher concentrations of NH₄. The number of leaves increased as the ratio of NO₃ to NH₄ in the nutrient solution increased and was higher in autumn because of the longer growth period. Increasing the concentration of NO₃ in nutrient solution increased both total N and nitrate concentration in lettuce heads (dry weight) but decreased the concentration of total C. Also, leaf nitrate concentration was lower in spring than in autumn and decreased with increasing NH₄ concentration. Nitrogen utilization efficiency was maximum when NH₄ levels in the nutrient solution were either 0% or 50% irrespective of the season. Our results thus show that suboptimal N supply in autumn will not affect lettuce yield, and that nitrate concentration in leaves is lower when NH₄ concentrations in nutrient solution are higher and also much lower in red lettuce than in green lettuce.     

营养液浓度对水稻机插水培毯状苗秧苗素质及产量的影响

为探明机插水稻育秧新方法——水培毯状苗育秧方法壮秧培育适宜的营养液浓度,以武运粳24号(常规粳稻)和6两优9368(杂交籼稻)为试验材料,分析不同水培营养液浓度(S1、S2、S4、S8,分别表示营养液浓度为原液浓度的1、2、4、8倍,原液组成为:0.643 g/kg N、0.615 g/kg P2O5、0.359 g/kg K2O、127.2 mg/kg Mg、26.34 mg/kg Fe、8.26mg/kg Mn、0.11 mg/kg Mo、0.66 mg/kg B、0.99 mg/kg Zn、1.405 mg/kg Cu、49 mg/kg SiO2、709.1 mg/kg Ca)对水培毯状苗育秧方法秧苗素质、机插质量、大田群体生长及产量形成的影响。结果表明,移栽前秧苗地上部干物质积累量、苗基宽、发根力、叶片和根系氮含量、叶面积指数、光合速率总体上均随着营养液浓度的增加呈增加趋势;然而,高营养液浓度处理时秧苗根系生长受到抑制(干物质积累小、根系活性低),叶片和根系丙二醛(malonaldehyde,MDA)含量升高、抗氧化酶活性(超氧化物歧化酶(superoxidedismutase,SOD)、过氧化物酶(peroxidase,POD))下降,成苗率变差,机插空穴率升高。低营养液浓度(S1)处理的秧苗素质弱、机插大田后返青活棵慢、分蘖发生延迟、干物质积累量低、穗数不足而影响产量(武运粳24号为10.74 t/hm~2,6两优9368为10.96 t/hm~2);随着营养液浓度的增加(S2～S4),产量呈增加趋势(S2和S4处理下,武运粳24号产量分别为12.09和11.64 t/hm~2,6两优9368分别为12.16和12.47 t/hm~2);但产量并没有随着营养液浓度的升高而持续增加,S8处理下,武运粳24号产量为11.59t/hm~2,6两优9368产量为11.48 t/hm~2),主要受限于穗数不再增加,且穗粒数有下降趋势。因此,水培毯状苗育秧方法适宜的水培营养液浓度,常规粳稻武运粳24号为S2(2倍于原液浓度),杂交籼稻6两优9368为S2～S4(2～4倍于原液浓度)。     

Selecting for nutrient use efficiency within forage grass species: I. Development of a screening system

One means of achieving increased forage grass production on infertile soils is to select plant genotypes which grow efficiently at low levels of available nutrients. This requires methods to identify variability in individual plant nutrient response from among large populations of plants grown under controlled environmental conditions.

A compact, containerized system, partially developed for growing large numbers of forage grass seedlings for use in automatic machine transplanter research, was adapted as the basis for such a screening technique. Three trials were made with 100‐plant samples of a kleingrass‐75 (Panicum coloratum L.) population to test the utility of the system. Results of these trials showed that differences in nutrient use efficiency (= reciprocal of nutrient concentration in the plant tissue, or milligrams dry matter produced per milligram nutrient absorbed) among the grass plants could be effectively identified by using the system in conjunction with laboratory analysis of the material grown. Plants could be maintained in vigorous condition during several harvest periods, and those selections that were retained could be easily transplanted for further propagation and evaluation.     

基于土壤电导率控制的养分供给对设施番茄生长、产量和品质的影响

我国设施蔬菜生产中缺乏有效决策指标来引导养分的科学投入,过量施肥已成为设施农业可持续发展的主要瓶颈。选用土壤电导率（EC）作为控制养分投入的决策指标,探索不同土壤EC对番茄生长、产量以及品质的影响,为未来智能化设施生产提供科学依据。通过在设施番茄体系实地试验,运用可视化电导率传感器对土壤进行实时监测,并结合水肥一体化设备进行养分投入,通过测定不同土壤EC对应的番茄生长、产量以及品质指标来分析最适合番茄生长的土壤EC。结果表明,番茄的株高、茎粗、叶片SPAD值等指标与土壤EC呈二次曲线关系,通过营养生长末期建立的二次曲线拟合得出株高在EC为4.03 mS/cm时达到最大值,茎粗和叶片SPAD值分别在EC为2.93和2.54 mS/cm时达到最大值;干物质累积量和产量也与土壤EC呈二次曲线关系,通过模型拟合得出番茄干物质累积量在EC为2.97 mS/cm时达到最大值,单果重在EC为3.19 mS/cm时达到最大值;外形品质和营养品质多个指标也与土壤EC呈二次曲线关系,模拟结果显示番茄商品果率在EC为2.77 mS/cm时达到最大值,番茄可溶性糖、有机酸、维生素C分别在EC为2.94、3.1...     

补光时间及光质对温室甜椒生长及产量品质的影响

为确定LED补光调节温室甜椒(Capsium annuum L.)产量品质的最优光质及补光时长,以甜椒品种"奥黛丽"为试材,设置红光(R)和蓝光(B)组合(灯珠个数比)2∶1(2R1B)、4∶1(4R1B)、8∶1(8R1B)3种光质,2 (18:00-20:00)、4(18:00-22:00)和8 h(18:00-02:00)3个补光时间;以不补光为对照,研究补光时间及光质对甜椒生长、产量及品质的影响。结果表明:光质与补光时间对甜椒植株的影响有较大差异,且两者交互作用显著。2R1B光质补光2 h,冠层宽、可溶性蛋白含量、可溶性糖含量、维生素C含量最大,显著高于对照;补光4 h茎粗最大,显著高于对照;补光8 h,硝酸盐含量最低,比对照降低19.4%。4R1B光质补光2 h,株高、根鲜质量、地上部、根及全株干质量最高,显著高于对照;补光8 h,叶面积、单株果实数及单株产量最高,显著高于对照。8R1B光质补光2 h,叶绿素相对含量SPAD(soil and plant analyzer development)值及糖酸比最高,显著高于对照;补光8 h,地上部及全株鲜质量最高,显著高于对照。利用隶属函数法对所有补光处理的产量品质指标及用电量等进行综合评价,由综合得分排序得出,最有利于甜椒栽培的前3种补光组合依次为光质8R1B补光2 h、光质4R1B补光8 h和光质8R1B补光8 h。因此,光质8R1B补光2 h可以作为最适宜当地甜椒栽培的补光组合,该研究结果为日光温室甜椒种植的光调控技术提供理论参考。     

Fertilization strategies on cultivars of globe artichoke: Effects on yield and quality performance

This paper refers on the yields and productive aspects of mineral and foliar nutrition of globe artichoke plants (cv. ‘Opal’ and ‘Madrigal’). Marketable yields were investigated in response to different nitrogen rates and foliar applications of biostimulating products. Field experiments were conducted over two seasons on an alluvial salty-clay soil in sub-humid climate conditions. Analyzed traits differed between years because of the age of plants while the lowest nitrogen rate and foliar spraying of biostimulants influenced significantly head weight, dry matter, and Soil Plant Analysis Division (SPAD) index. Biostimulants induced longer cultural cycle and heads lighter in weight. Cultivar ‘Madrigal’ was most productive than ‘Opal’, both in number (26.28% higher) and in weight (28.51%) of total heads. The two-year investigation showed that the synergic action was effective in improving some of the investigated productive traits of globe artichoke.     

Effect of nitrogen on yield,quality, and irrigation water use efficiency of drip fertigated grafted watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) grown on a calcareous soil

A two-year field experiment was conducted during the growing seasons 2016 and 2017 to investigate the response of drip fertigated watermelon to different rates of nitrogen (0, 10, 20, 30, and 40?g/m³ N) applied in the form of ammonium sulfate (AS). The combined effect of nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) was investigated. Irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) under the different N levels was, also, evaluated. N levels in the irrigation water induced a significant effect on yield parameters (total and commercial yields, dry matter yield, plant yield, and fruit number). Increasing the level of N also induced significant increases in fruit length and fruit fresh weight. IWUE was also significantly improved at high levels of N. Fertigation using modern techniques can be considered an efficient method in the delivery of N to the crop at N levels of 30–40?g/m³, as ammonium sulfate.     

灌溉水含盐量对辣椒产量品质及水分利用效率的影响

为探讨灌溉水含盐量对辣椒耗水、产量、品质和水分利用效率的影响,于2015年4—7月在江苏省农业气象试验站进行盆栽辣椒试验。试验共设置5个灌溉水盐分处理,灌溉水含盐量分别为0.9(CK)、1.6、2.7、4.7和7.0 d S/m。结果表明,耗水量随着灌溉水含盐量和饱和土壤浸提水含盐量(electrical conductivities of saturated soil extracts,ECe)的增加呈显著线性下降趋势。与CK处理相比,灌溉水含盐量高于1.6 d S/m时,辣椒产量显著降低27%~65%(P0.05)。通过相对产量与ECe的线性拟合得出,临界ECe为1.5 d S/m,ECe每增加1 d S/m产量降低5.61%,这也表明辣椒为中等盐分敏感的植物。灌溉水含盐量增加降低了果长、最大果宽、单果质量、果实个数和果实含水率,但增加了果实硬度和可溶性固形物。辣椒的水分利用效率也随着灌溉水含盐量增加而极显著线性下降(P0.001)。灌溉水含盐量为1.6 d S/m时,辣椒耗水、产量、品质和水分利用效率均没有显著降低,在水资源匮乏的地区可采用该电导率下的盐水对辣椒进行灌溉。研究为微咸水灌溉下辣椒生产和水分利用效率的提高提供了科学依据。     

钙、 硼对常山胡柚叶片养分、 果实产量及品质的影响

【目的】研究叶片矿质营养元素含量的季节性变化,对探明植物体中营养元素的丰缺状况、 调控养分代谢、 提高果实产量和改善品质具有重要意义。本研究结合常山胡柚园土壤养分状况,通过连续4年施用钙肥和硼肥,研究钙、 硼对常山胡柚叶片矿质营养元素含量的季节变化、 果实产量及品质的影响。【方法】采用田间定位试验,以13年生枳砧常山胡柚为试验材料,设4个处理,1)CK(对照); 2)Ca(每株0.5 kg生石灰粉); 3)B(每株25 g 硼砂); 4)Ca+B(每株0.5 kg生石灰粉+ 25 g 硼砂)。于试验的第4年采集常山胡柚不同生长期当年生春梢叶片及成熟期果实样品,并对常山胡柚叶片矿质营养元素含量的季节变化、 果实品质进行分析。【结果】常山胡柚叶片各矿质养分在果实逐渐成熟过程中总体呈现先增后降的变化规律,其中叶片氮(N)、 钾(K)、 镁(Mg)和锌(Zn)在果实坐果期达到最大值,磷(P)在果实膨大前中期(8月份)到达最大值,钙(Ca)、 硼(B)、 铁(Fe)、 锰(Mn)和铜(Cu)在果实膨大后期(9月份)出现最高值。钙、 硼肥施用均可提高常山胡柚果实各发育时期叶片Ca、 B、 N、 K、 Fe、 Mn和Cu含量,但明显抑制叶片Zn的吸收,其中钙、 硼配施对成熟叶片(8~9月份)Ca含量存在显著正交互效应,但对提高叶片B含量无显著交互作用。施钙、 硼肥可不同程度提高常山胡柚2年平均产量,增产率达到1.8%~21.4%,其中各处理增产率顺序为Ca+B＞B≥Ca,且单施硼可显著提高2年累积产量,钙硼配施对单年产量、 2年平均产量均存在显著正交互效应。钙、 硼肥单施对果实品质无显著性影响,但钙硼配施可显著降低可滴定酸含量,显著提高固酸比。【结论】常山胡柚坐果期(4月份)为叶片N、 P、 K、 Mg和Zn吸收的关键时期,果实膨大期(8~9月份)为叶片Ca、 B、 Fe、 Mn和Cu吸收的重要时期。钙、 硼配施既可明显提高常山胡柚叶片中矿质营养元素含量(P和Zn除外),又能显著提高果实产量和品质。     

Effects of nitrogen fertilization method and tillage system on squash growth,nutrient uptake and fruit yield

Abstract

Squash, cv Dixie, grown on a Lakeland sand was subjected to factorial combinations of 3 tillage systems and 2 N application methods during 1979 and 1980. Fruit yield was greatest with a combination of moldboard plow tillage and application of 22 kg N/ha preplant and 18 kg/ha increments of N by fertigation 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 weeks after planting. Plant growth and nutrient uptake were greatest and N available for potential contamination of the ground‐water was least with subsoil‐bed tillage and N application by fertigation. Disc harrow tillage with 67 kg N/ha preplant and 45 kg N/ha 4 weeks after planting resulted in 42% less yield, 61% less plant growth, 29 to 64% less nutrient uptake and more than 5 times as much N available for potential contamination of the groundwater as the best practices.     

幼果期调亏对不同覆膜柑橘产量品质及水分利用效率的影响

调亏灌溉具有节水保肥、提质增效等特点,该研究尝试在调亏灌溉基础上引入地表覆膜技术,利用覆膜的保水控水作用,解决水分亏缺带来的土壤水分不足及后期减产问题。以鄂西地区树龄10 a的柑橘树（红肉脐橙,枳砧）为研究对象,探究覆膜条件下水分亏缺对柑橘品质、产量及水分利用效率（water use efficiency, WUE）的影响。试验于2019－2021年在幼果期设置轻度（L：80%～90%田间持水量）、中度（M：70%～80%田间持水量）、重度（S：60%～70%田间持水量）3个程度水分亏缺水平,另设置A（日本透湿性膜）、B（杜邦特卫强膜）、C（中国银黑双色膜）和不覆膜4个覆盖水平,以不覆膜充分灌溉为对照进行试验。结果表明：水分亏缺和覆膜均可显著改善柑橘果实品质（P<0.05）,其中M-A和M-B处理是提高柑橘品质的最优处理。水分亏缺和覆膜对产量及WUE的影响也达到显著水平,两者均能有效提高WUE,L和M处理均显著增加了柑橘产量,而S处理显著减小了柑橘产量,且两者的交互作用对产量及WUE影响也显著,其中M-A和M-B处理的产量和WUE均达到最高水平,2019、2020、2021年M-A和M-B处理的产量分别为44 793.6、45 325.1、43 126.8 kg/hm2和44 870.5、44 727.7、41 783.5 kg/hm2,WUE分别为7.31、7.68、7.08 kg/m3和7.47、7.47、6.89 kg/m3。因此,最优处理为柑橘品质、产量和WUE均达到较高水平的M-A和M-B。该研究可为鄂西地区柑橘产业的灌溉管理和提质增效提供理论依据。     

Effects of nitrogen form of nutrient solution on uptake and concentration macro element and morphological trait in hydroponic tulip

Effects of nutrient solution composition ratio on (Tulipa gesneriana L.) cv, ?Apricot Parrot? and ?Daytona? growth and flowering were studied hydroponics. Plants were grown with five treatments respectively: S₁(0), S₂(0.01), S₃(0.02) S₄(0.03) and S₅(0.04) meq L^.-1 ammonium or 0,0.38, 0.74, 0.11 and 0.14 ammonium (NH₄⁺)/NH₄+nitrate (NO₃)^?ratios. Flowering was accelerated by increase of ammonium level for both cultivars. Nutrition solution was not significant on the stem length of Daytona cultivar, but maximum flowering stem length occurred S₂ solution for Apricot Parrot cultivar. Increasing ammonium level, decreased potassium concentration in the aerial parts. Total nitrogen of new bulbs decreased with increasing ammonium level for both cultivars. Maximum bulblet production rate occurred in plants that were fed with S₅ solution. Maximum flower longevity was in S₂ solution for both cultivars. growth and quality of tulip were affected by ammonium level in nutrient solution, so for obtain the best flower quality must added to nutrient solution.     

秸秆扩蓄肥对土壤水分和马铃薯产量品质及水分利用的影响

为了增强土壤保水力,改善土壤结构,提高土壤水肥利用效率,该文将玉米、小麦和大豆3种作物秸秆经理化处理并与聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)结合造粒形成的秸秆扩蓄肥应用于马铃薯大田栽培,并与单施钾肥及不施肥处理为对比,研究了3种秸秆扩蓄肥对马铃薯生长发育期间的土壤物理性状、生理特征、产量品质及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,3种秸秆扩蓄肥具有较强的保水性能,能显著增加0～20cm表层土壤含水率,提高马铃薯苗期、块茎增长期、淀粉累积期的土壤耕层及20～70cm水分;有效降低土壤体积质量,提高非毛管孔隙比例,增加土壤孔隙度;显著提高马铃薯盛花期叶片光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率,增加马铃薯株高、冠幅面积和叶面积。与不施肥处理比较,秸秆扩蓄肥处理的淀粉含量提高12.3%～13.6%,大中薯率提高37.9%～42.8%,产量提高39.3%～50.4%,水分利用效率提高35.6%～45.4%。该研究为秸秆扩蓄肥的推广提供了依据。     

水肥管理及生物炭施用对作物产量和磷效率及磷淋失的影响

为探讨中国北方褐土区典型种植模式——冬小麦-夏玉米体系水分优化、养分优化以及生物炭施用对作物产量、磷效率和磷素淋失的影响,2016—2019年于陕西杨凌土(黄土母质,自然褐土发育)区进行田间渗漏池试验,设计习惯水肥(CP1、CP2, CP1处理渗漏池深为120～150 cm, CP2处理渗漏池深为100 cm)、灌水优化(CP1-W)、养分优化(CP1-F)、水分养分优化(OPT)、习惯水肥+生物炭(CP2+B)以及水分养分优化+生物炭(OPT+B)7个处理,研究作物产量、磷肥偏生产力和磷素淋失的响应。结果表明,CP1-W、CP1-F和OPT处理3年平均冬小麦、夏玉米及作物总产量均与CP1处理无显著差异。CP1-F和OPT处理较CP1处理均显著增加磷肥偏生产力,平均增幅分别为69.3%和56.4%。与CP1处理相比, CP1-W和CP1-F均没有显著影响各形态磷的淋失量,而OPT处理的颗粒磷淋失量显著减少58.4%。施用生物炭对3年平均作物总产量无显著影响,而在CP2+B处理磷肥偏生产力显著提高43.6%;在OPT+B处理磷肥偏生产力无显著变化。CP2+B处理各形态磷素的淋失量均与CP2处理相似, OPT+B处理第1年可溶性有机磷、颗粒磷和总磷淋失量较OPT处理分别显著降低60.0%、57.1%和62.4%,但后两年OPT+B处理总磷淋失量却显著增加。综合3年的结果发现,在不同条件下施用生物炭对各形态磷素淋失均无显著影响。上述结果表明,褐土区在农户水肥的基础上合理降低水肥用量,可以提高磷肥利用率,降低磷素淋失量,保障作物产量;而施用冬小麦秸秆生物炭对作物产量、磷素淋失无显著影响,对磷肥偏生产力的影响结果不一致,有待进一步研究。