Soil respiration as affected by vegetation types in a semiarid region of China

There are variations in soil respiration across vegetation types; however, it is unclear which factors are mainly responsible for the variations. A field experiment was conducted in 2008 and 2009 in a semiarid region of China to investigate the daytime and monthly variation of soil respiration across vegetation types and to determine the factors controlling the variation. An automated portable soil carbon dioxide (CO₂) flux measurement system was used to measure the soil respiration in shrubland, grassland, fallow land, and cropland during the growing periods. The results showed that the relative daytime variation amplitude of soil respiration in the fallow land and cropland was as small as that of shrubland and grassland during July, but greater than that of shrubland and grassland during August and October. A hysteresis effect for the relationship between the daytime soil respiration and daytime soil temperature was observed for all four vegetation types. There was also a hysteresis effect for the relationship between the daytime soil respiration and daytime air temperature for the grassland. Over the study period, the monthly soil respiration rates of the fallow land and cropland were statistically comparable and significantly lower than those of the shrubland and grassland, with the exception of August, during which the monthly soil respiration of the cropland was as great as that of shrubland and grassland. The factors responsible for the monthly soil respiration variation across the vegetation types differed from month to month. In general, the soil temperature and soil water content were mainly responsible in August and September; however, the root biomass predominated in July and October. The results are valuable for accurately estimating regional carbon fluxes by considering the temporal variability of the soil respiration variation across vegetation types in the Loess Plateau of China.     

汉江小流域土壤氮素空间分布特征及影响因素

氮素是土壤中不可或缺的营养元素之一,对植物生长具有至关重要的作用。利用网格采样法(30m×30m)和典型样地取样法在汉江余姐河小流域进行土样采集,每个样点分为3层A1(0—20cm),A2(20—40cm),A3(40—60cm),分别测定其土壤全氮、土壤铵态氮和土壤硝态氮含量。研究了土壤氮素的空间异质性、氮素的组成比例以及不同土地利用类型下土壤全氮、铵态氮和硝态氮与环境因子间的相关关系,并且分析了不同形态氮素间的相互关系。结果表明:土壤氮素的空间变异性为土壤硝态氮土壤铵态氮土壤全氮;土壤全氮与硝态氮在A1土层为强空间相关性,在A2,A3层为中等程度的空间相关性,土壤铵态氮在各土层均表现为中等空间相关性;农地、林地、草地对全氮储量的贡献依次增大;相较于林地草地,农地对铵态氮储量的贡献最大;而草地对硝态氮储量的贡献在三种土地利用中最大;不同土地利用类型中,农地的氮素空间分布主要与土壤粒径具有相关性,而与地形因子(坡度、坡向等)相关性较小;林地的氮素空间分布主要与地形因子相关性较高,草地介于两者之间;在流域内增加草地林地面积,在流域出口处布设林草地等措施可以减少流域土壤氮素的流失。     

黄丘区典型灌木和荒草地土壤含水量变化对降雨的响应

为了研究不同土地利用方式下土壤水分的变化特征及其对降雨的响应,以黄丘区辛店沟流域坡面径流小区灌木和荒草地为研究对象,利用多探头土壤水分监测仪对研究对象0—50 cm土层土壤水分进行了连续定位观测,对不同下垫面下土壤水分的变化特征进行了系统的分析和研究。结果表明:(1)不同土地利用方式土壤水分表现出明显的季节变化特征,观测期内荒草地的平均土壤含水量为0.099,大于灌木地0.091,荒草地的土壤含水量总体要高于灌木地。(2)不同土地利用方式土壤含水量垂直变化趋势相似,总体上随着土层深度的增加而减少,具有明显的垂直变异性,灌木地对深层土壤含水量的消耗比荒草地多。(3)土壤含水量在垂直方向上对降雨的响应程度随着土层深度的增加而减小,灌木地和荒草地垂直方向上0—30 cm土层与30—50 cm土层对降雨响应表现为相反的规律。研究认为相比荒草地,灌木地土壤水分消耗更严重,且深层土壤水分受降雨补给有限,易引发土壤干层。     

Soil nitrogen and denitrification potential as affected by land use and stand age following agricultural abandonment in a headwater catchment

Changes in vegetation and soil properties because of agricultural abandonment may affect soil nitrogen (N) and associated processes. We investigated soil N (total N: TN, inorganic N: NH₄–N and NO₃–N) and denitrification potential in cropland, pine plantations and abandoned agricultural land along a secondary succession sequence (grassland→shrubland→secondary forest) in a headwater catchment in the Qinling Mountains, northwest China. The results show that the soil denitrification potential differed significantly among the five land‐use types with the highest potential in the secondary forest, followed by grassland, shrubland, cropland and plantations. The denitrification potential of the 20‐ to 40‐cm layer was significantly lower compared with the topsoil (0–20 cm) across all land‐use types. TN, soil organic matter (SOM) and NH₄–N increased significantly with stand age, whereas there was an opposite trend in soil pH. However, the denitrification potential did not relate to stand age in a linear manner. We conclude that changes in soil TN, SOM and pH during vegetation succession following agricultural abandonment are critical controls on the denitrification potential.     

The effect of land cover/vegetation on soil water dynamic in the hilly area of the loess plateau,China

Severe soil and water loss has lead to widespread land degradation in China's loess plateau. During the past decades, a great deal of effort was made on vegetation restoration to reduce soil and water loss in the loess plateau. However, due to water shortage the efficiency of vegetation restoration was not as satisfactory as expected. As part of a vegetation restoration project, we conducted research aiming to understand the relationship between vegetation pattern and soil water dynamics. The goal was to find vegetation types appropriate for the loess plateau with scarce water resources. In 1986, fifteen plots of land were planted with five vegetation types: pine woodland, shrubland, sloping cropland, alfalfa and semi-natural grassland. Soil water content, runoff, soil erosion were measured for each plot. Environmental variables, such as rainfall, evaporation and temperature, were recorded simultaneously by an automated meteorological station. The relationship between land cover pattern and soil water dynamic was evaluated by using statistical models. We found that: (1) soil water loss occurred during the growing season, and it reached the maximum in the second half of July; (2) soil water was not fully replenished from rainfall during the rainy season; (3) pine woodland induced the largest water loss to surface runoff, followed by sloping cropland, alfalfa, semi-natural grassland and shrubland; the poor capability of pine woodland for water conservation may be attributed to soil compaction and poor ground coverage under the tree; (4) in most cases, soil water of the five vegetation types was low except for shrubland and semi-natural grassland where it was moderate-high during a few periods. These conditions inhibit sustainable vegetation growth in the semi-arid loess hilly area of the loess plateau, China.     

黄土区不同土地利用方式坡面土壤含水率的空间变异性研究

为掌握不同土地利用方式下坡面土壤含水率的空间分布特征及其变异规律，利用经典统计学方法对黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错带草地和农地坡面土壤含水率的空间变异性进行了对比研究。结果表明：草地和农地的土壤含水率均值在同一土层深度下差异极显著，但二者在垂直方向、坡长方向的变异程度均为中等变异程度；草地和农地坡面土壤含水率的垂直变化特征不同，前者为降低型，后者在100 cm以上为波动型，以下为稳定型；草地和农地坡面土壤含水率均随坡长的增加呈波浪式变化规律，整体上有增加趋势；将坡面划分为5个坡长或将土层划分为4层以后，草地和农地坡面土壤含水率沿垂直方向、坡长方向的总体变化趋势均没有改变，但由于尺度的扩展获得了一些较大尺度上的水分信息。     

The relative efficiency of four representative cropland conversions in reducing water erosion: evidence from long‐term plots in the Loess hilly area,China

Large areas of traditional slope cropland were recently converted to other land‐use types in the semiarid Loess Plateau of China. In this study, we selected four representative conversion options of slope croplands, i.e., pastureland rotated with cropland (cultivated with Medicago sativa L. and rotated with Triticum aestivum L.), shrubland and woodland (afforested with Hippophae rhamnoides L. and Pinus tabulaeformis), and grassland (native herbage Stipa breviflora) to study the effect of land‐use conversion by comparing with traditional cropland. Compared with slope cropland, the relative effects of different conversion options on surface runoff and soil erosion were assessed over a 14‐year measurement period. Observations showed that distinct features and consequences of vegetation succession were found among the conversion options. Plots of shrubland had the highest vegetation coverage with dense undergrowth; natural herbaceous and subshrub species gradually spread into plots of grassland resulting in higher vegetation cover. Neither bushes nor herbs colonized the plots of Pinus tabulaeformis, which resulted in a higher percentage of bare soil. Significant differences in runoff generation, sediment yield and conservation efficiencies among the selected conversion options were detected through an analyses of variance (ANOVA). Compared with cropland, total runoff and sediment decreased by 65 per cent and 95 per cent in shrubland, 41 per cent and 92·5 per cent in grassland, 18 per cent and 77 per cent in woodland, and 12 per cent and 58 per cent in pastureland, respectively. The ranking of soil and water conservation efficiencies was shrubland > grassland > woodland > pastureland > cropland. Based on the effectiveness of soil and water conservation, shrubland and grassland are highly recommended as promising options for cropland conversion projects. However, pastureland and woodland are not suggested as potential options for slope‐cropland conversion because of low soil and water conservation in the long term. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

松嫩平原西部不同土地利用方式盐渍化效应研究

在2003年6月~10月选择农田、草地和碱斑地作为典型的土地利用方式,对0~120 cm土层水盐时空动态进行了对比分析,结果发现:农田和草地土壤剖面含水量都有“上升—下降—上升”的趋势,但是在8月中旬之前农田含水量高于草地,而碱斑地含水量的变化呈“U”型。三种土地利用方式土壤剖面含盐量的变化趋势与含水量相反;土壤剖面6月7日含盐量最大,10月17日最小;农田和碱斑地土壤剖面各层含盐量在8月8日开始上升,而草地在7月7日已开始上升;从垂直剖面看,农田各个时刻土壤含盐量都随剖面深度的增加而上升,碱斑地则随着剖面深度的增加而下降,草地在各个时刻土壤剖面含盐量均呈先上升后下降型,在土壤剖面有峰存在。采样期内,草地有良好的蓄水作用,而农田土壤剖面含盐量下降幅度最大,水分、盐分在土壤剖面运移剧烈。     

渭河流域蓝绿水对土地利用变化的响应模拟

为深入探讨渭河流域土地利用演变过程对蓝绿水时空变化的影响,该研究基于渭河流域1995、2015年土地利用数据,利用CA-Markov(Cellular Automata-Markov)模型预测渭河流域2035年的土地利用格局;结合SWAT(Soil and Water AssessmentTool)水文模型,设置多种土地利用变化情景,定量分析流域内土地利用变化与蓝绿水量的时空响应关系。结果表明:1)CA-Markov模型模拟2015年土地利用格局效果较好,Kappa系数为0.89,可用于模拟预测;1995-2035年间,耕地主要向建筑用地和草地转移,草地主要向林地和耕地转出,流域内耕地呈减少趋势,单一动态度为-0.27%,建筑用地增速最大,单一动态度达到3.75%。2)1995-2015年间,蓝水量增加了2.38 mm/a,绿水量减少了18.74 mm/a,绿水量减少幅度较大,2015-2035年蓝水量增加了14.82 mm/a,绿水量减少了15.23 mm/a,蓝水量的增加幅度较大;在极端土地利用情景下,退耕还草、还林对蓝水量和绿水量均起减少作用,蓝水量分别减少了9.27、11.37 mm/a,绿水量分别减少了32.94、21.13 mm/a。因此需要合理规划渭河流域耕地、林地和草地,防治水土流失问题,促进流域生态环境的改善。研究结果将对渭河流域土地利用规划和水资源管理提供科学参考。     

土地利用和管理方式对农牧交错带土壤碳密度的影响

为研究农牧交错区土地利用和管理方式对土壤碳库的影响,以农牧交错区未扰动自然土壤的天然草地和扰动自然土壤的开垦农田为研究对象,测定了不同土地利用和管理方式下0～50 cm土层的土壤体积质量、土壤有机碳含量及土壤有机碳密度。结果表明,5种土地利用和管理方式下的土壤有机碳密度在8.21～11.30 kg/m2之间,土壤有机碳主要分布在土壤表层,随着土层深度增加,土壤有机碳含量和密度减小。未扰动自然土壤的天然草地,0～50 cm的土壤有机碳含量及碳密度高于扰动自然土壤的开垦农田及撂荒地,以草地围封刈割利用下的土壤有机碳密度最高,草地自由放牧利用下的土壤有机碳密度最低。扰动自然土壤的农田撂荒10 a后与开垦农田相比,0～50 cm土层的有机碳含量及碳密度显著提高。土地利用及管理方式的变化改变了土壤体积质量及土壤有机碳含量,进而影响了土壤有机碳密度。围封割草或控制放牧,是适宜农牧交错区增加生态系统土壤碳贮量的利用途径。     

EFFECTS OF LAND USE ON SOIL MOISTURE VARIATIONS IN A SEMI‐ARID CATCHMENT: IMPLICATIONS FOR LAND AND AGRICULTURAL WATER MANAGEMENT

Knowledge of the effects of land use on soil moisture variations is necessary to improve land and agricultural water management in the semi‐arid Chinese Loess Plateau. However, previous studies are insufficient to guide management practice in this area and improvement is needed to help with the development of the ‘Grain for Green’ programme. As part of the ‘Grain for Green’ programme, we examined the effects of five land uses (fallow, grassland, cropland, 3‐year and 8‐year jujube orchards) on soil water variations in a small catchment on the Loess Plateau. Soil moisture at 0–160 cm depth was monitored approximately weekly at 47 sites from 17 August to 19 October 2009 and from 4 April to 27 September 2010 using a portable time domain reflectometer. Results indicated that mean soil water profiles in different land uses varied with time, land use induced spatial variations of soil water but exerted negligible influence on soil water temporal patterns, and soil water content was of the greatest spatial variability with moderate means (approximately 20 per cent). Furthermore, the relationship between standard deviation and mean water content was dependent on soil depth, although it was negligibly affected by land use. Profile soil water for five land uses was different in various seasons, precipitation infiltration depth exhibited a positive correlation with precipitation, and the whole profile soil moisture (0–160 cm) was complemented following a 93·5‐mm rainfall event. The findings presented here provide helpful information for land and agricultural water management in this area. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

宁夏固原云雾山天然草坡土壤电阻率和含水率的关系及其空间变异

为了解黄土区坡面土壤水分的空间分布,于2010年5月初选择宁夏固原云雾山2个典型草坡上利用多电极电阻仪法(ERT)测定了土壤电阻率的坡面空间分布。分别在长约400m的东南坡向坡面和圆丘坡面的4个长约100m坡向上设置纵向样线,并在样线上多点同步地测定了土壤含水率和电阻率,结果表明:土壤电阻率沿纵向坡面的空间连续性和变异性总体较好,阴坡半阴坡(西北、东北)的土壤电阻率小于阳坡半阳坡(东南、西南),并随土层深度增加而逐渐增大。同时,土壤电阻率随着体积含水率增大而几乎线性降低,其相关关系较好,说明利用土壤电阻仪测定值计算土壤含水率的空间连续发布是定量了解黄土坡面土壤水分空间分布非破坏性的一个适合技术途径。     

Interactive effects of elevation and land use on soil bacterial communities in the Tibetan Plateau

The Tibetan Plateau of China is uniquely vulnerable to the global climate change and anthropogenic disturbances. As soil bacteria exert a considerable influence on the ecosystem function, understanding their response to different climates and land-use types is important. Here, we characterized the bacterial community composition and diversity across three major ecosystems (cropland, forest, and grassland) in the Sygera Mountains of Tibet, along a typical elevational gradient (3 300-4 600 m). The abundance of taxa that preferentially inhabit neutral or weak alkaline soil environments (such as Actinobacteria, Thermoleophilia, and some non-acidophilus Acidobacteria) was significantly greater in the cropland than in the forest and grassland. Furthermore, the diversity of soil bacterial communities was also significantly greater in the cropland than in the forest and grassland. We observed a unimodal distribution of bacterial species diversity along the elevation gradient. The dominant phyla Acidobacteria and Proteobacteria exhibited consistent elevational distribution patterns that mirrored the abundance of their most abundant classes, while different patterns were observed for Acidobacteria and Proteobacteria at the class level. Soil pH was the primary edaphic property that regulated bacterial community composition across the different land-use types. Additionally, soil pH was the main factor distinguishing bacterial communities in managed soils (i.e., cropland) from the communities in the natural environments (i.e., forest and grassland). In conclusion, land use (particularly anthropogenic disturbances such as cropping) largely controlled soil environment, played a major role in driving bacterial community composition and distribution, and also surpassed climate in affecting bacterial community distribution.     

露天煤矿排土场不同植被土壤水分特征及其时间稳定性

选择晋陕蒙接壤区永利煤矿排土场沙打旺草地、紫花苜蓿草地、沙棘林地和原地貌草地土壤水分为对象,研究其蒸散、剖面分布、时间变化等特征,以期揭示土体重构及不同复垦植被模式对土壤水分及其时间稳定性影响。结果表明:排土场3种人工植被条件下土壤平均含水量同原地貌草地相比提高了50.7%~62.3%,另外,沙打旺复垦草地土壤含水量显著低于苜蓿复垦草地和沙棘复垦灌木林地(均降低了7.2%)。沙打旺和苜蓿会导致深层(120—260,120—220 cm)土壤水分亏缺,但有利于20—80 cm的土壤水分的保持;而沙棘易导致浅层(20—80 cm)土壤水分亏缺,但对深层(100—280 cm)土壤水分影响较小。上述结果说明,矿区排土场土体重构过程能够改善排土场土壤的水分条件,并且在进行植被重建的过程中,不同复垦植被对土壤水分的保持与利用形式有所不同,在本研究中,苜蓿和沙棘更有利于缓解土壤水分亏缺。     

Cropland age from grassland conversion to cropland affects nitrous oxide emissions

The effects of soil properties and cropland age on atmospheric nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions following the conversion of grassland to cropland in temperate grassland ecosystems are uncertain. In this study, N₂O emissions were compared among grassland and cropland soils in the agro-pastoral ecotone of Inner Mongolia over three growing seasons. Four adjacent sites with different land-use histories were selected, including grassland and croplands cultivated for 5, 10, and 50 years after conversion. N₂O flux measurements were obtained using a closed-chamber method and were performed continuously during vegetation periods. After the conversion of grassland to cropland, N₂O emission initially decreased and thereafter increased in the study sites. The cumulative N₂O emissions of the cropland soils 5 and 10 years in age were 10–50% less than those of the grassland, and the N₂O emissions from the cropland soil 50 years in age were 10–30% greater than the grassland. When the seasonal emissions were correlated against single soil parameter, the key soil parameter that affected N₂O emissions over the entire growing season was the soil moisture content. When the interactions among soil parameters were considered, the amount of N₂O emissions could be quantitatively described by a linear combination of two soil variables, the soil ammonium nitrogen (NH₄⁺-N) and moisture concentrations. This study demonstrates how the time of land use conversion from grassland to cropland can positively or negatively affect N₂O emission.     

东北黑土区农林混合利用坡面土壤水分空间异质性及主控因素

针对黑土区坡面尺度上土壤水分在土地利用结构(从坡顶到坡脚,即沿着坡长方向,不同土地利用类型的排列方式)、土地利用类型(农地和林地)及地形要素的协同作用下的空间分异规律及影响机制尚不清楚的现状,以黑龙江省黑土区的农林混合利用典型坡面(克山县)为研究对象,应用植被数量生态学中的冗余分析方法(RDA)分析0~20、20~40、40~60 cm土壤水分剖面变异特征、不同土地利用结构下(农地-农地-农地-农地-农地,农地-农地-林地-林地-农地,农地-农地-林地-林地-林地,林地-林地-农地-林地-农地)坡面土壤水分异质性及其与环境因子的定量关系。结果表明:研究区坡面土壤含水率介于5.77%~45.57%,农地土壤含水率显著高于林地(P0.05),纵向上不同土地利用类型层间土壤含水率差异均不显著;土壤水分呈中等变异,纵向上农地各土层的变异系数(35.9%~39.6%)均高于林地(30.0%~36.5%),农林混合利用加强了土壤水分的空间变异程度;4种土地利用结构下,坡面土壤水分沿坡长方向呈不同的变化趋势,与土地利用镶嵌分布规律有关;冗余分析结果显示土地利用类型是影响黑土区坡面土壤水分异质性的主控因素,坡度次之,坡位和海拔高度对坡面土壤水分异质性也有影响。对于黑龙江黑土区坡面,需要结合土地利用结构配置等土地管理措施与不同的农业措施来防止坡面土壤侵蚀、提高东北区土壤肥力,实现经济效益、生态效益的协调统一。     

黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错带小流域土壤矿质氮空间变异性

为探明小流域土壤养分特性空间变异规律及其与环境因子的关系,以非均匀取样方法测定了黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错带小流域土壤表层（0～10、10～20、20～40 cm）的硝态氮和铵态氮,采用经典统计和地统计学方法分析了其空间分布特征及变异结构。结果表明：土地利用空间配置成混合利用结构拦截和减少径流侵蚀,形成了土壤矿质氮坡面斑块镶嵌格局。小流域内硝态氮和铵态氮呈中等的空间变异和自相关性,其变异性由土壤系统内部因素包括土壤质地、矿物、成土过程、地形特征和人类活动造成的外部因素包括施肥和耕作等共同控制。建立了土壤矿质氮多元回归预测模型,各回归模型的自变量不同,表明不同土层硝态氮和铵态氮的变异受不同环境因子控制。分析认为合理配置土地利用形成斑块状结构和增加养分投入可以改善研究区土壤质量。     

Effects of crop abandonment and grazing exclusion on available soil water and other soil properties in a semi-arid Mongolian grassland

Improper cropping and overgrazing have led to land degradation in semi-arid regions, resulting in desertification. During desertification, vegetation changes have been widely observed, and are likely controlled to some extent by soil water. The purpose of this study was to investigate changes in soil physical properties, organic C, and vegetation induced by land-use changes, with special reference to the dynamics of available soil water. We selected four study sites in a typical Mongolian steppe grassland: grassland protected from grazing, grazed grassland, abandoned cropland, and cultivated cropland. Grazing exclusion increased the cover of perennial grass, with little increase in the root weight. Since there was no difference in available water between the grasslands with and without grazing, there appears to be no serious soil compaction due to overgrazing. On the other hand, vegetation cover and the number of species were poor in both abandoned cropland and cultivated cropland. However, the root weight was greater in abandoned cropland. Although the abandonment of cultivation appeared to increase organic C, available water did not differ significantly in comparison with cultivated cropland. The silt contents were significantly lower in abandoned and cultivated cropland than in both grasslands, suggesting the effects of wind erosion. In addition, the silt contents were positively correlated with the volume fraction of storage pores for available water. Therefore, the lower silt contents may constrain the volume of available water in abandoned cropland. Moreover, the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity results indicated that the diameters of storage pores for available water at the present study sites were smaller than those suggested by previous studies. Although the differences in vegetation cover by different land-use types were observed at every site, differences in the volume of available water were observed at between abandoned cropland and cultivated cropland. The reason why the no differences in available water between grazed grassland and grasslands protected from grazing may be short time of grazing exclusion for 2 years for evaluating the effects of exclusion on soil properties.     

黄土区坡地和坝地土壤电阻率分布特征及应用

土壤水分的准确高效测定是土壤水文学研究的重要基础,以土壤电学性质为基础的电阻率成像法(ERT)为土壤水分信息获取提供了新的技术手段.为探究E RT在黄土区土壤水文过程研究中的可行性,利用高密度电法仪测定了陕北六道沟小流域典型坡地和坝地剖面土壤电阻率(ρ),分析了不同土地利用方式下ρ二维分布特征,探讨了E RT在黄土区土...     

长江三峡山地集水区土壤水分空间变异特征

为阐明亚热带湿润气候区山地坡面土壤水分的时空变化及影响因素,以三峡库区针叶林覆盖的中山凹坡为研究对象,采用经典统计学和地统计学的方法,对2019-2020年5 m×5 m网格点监测的117个点位0-70 cm土层深度的土壤水分数据进行分析,研究了湿润和干旱条件下典型凹坡集水区内土壤含水量的统计学特征与环境因子的相关性,以及土壤含水量的空间变异特征。结果表明:(1)水平方向上,集水区内各层土壤水分均表现为中等变异(10%相似文献