复方中草药添加剂对育肥猪的饲喂效果研究

本试验选取体重相近的育肥猪280头,随机均分成7个组(6个试验组和1个对照组),在试验组猪日粮中分别添加1.0%、1.5%、2.0%、2.5%、3.0%、3.5%的复方中草药添加剂,每个月饲喂一次,一次连续一周,直到160日龄左右称重结束,对照组不添加。结果显示:试验组的末重、日增重指标均优于对照组,差异极显著(P<0.01);试验组的料重比优于对照组,料重比下降了0.10～0.30。综合末重、日增重、料重比、发病数及生产成本等因素,中草药添加剂以2.0%的添加比例为最优。     

Effect of Fermented Peanut Shell on Production Performance,Carcass Traits,Meat Quality and Economic Benefits of Fattening Pigs

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of fermented peanut shell on production performance, carcass traits, meat quality and economic benefits of fattening pigs.100 fattening pigs (Duroc×Landrace×Yorkshire) with an average weight of 50 kg were randomly divided into 5 groups with 4 replicates per group and 5 pigs per replicate.The control group was fed with corn-concentrates-based feed, groups 1 to 4 were fed with the basal diets supplemented with 10% fermented peanut shell, 20% fermented peanut shell, 30% fermented peanut shell and 15% fermentation of corn stalk, respectively.The trial lasted for 66 days.The results showed that ADFI in control group, group 2 and group 3 were significantly higher than that in group 1 and group 4 (P<0.05), ADG in control group and group 3 were significantly higher than that in group 1 and group 4 (P<0.05), there was no significant difference in F/G among all groups (P>0.05).Diarrhea frequencies in groups 1 to 4 were extremely significantly lower than that in control group (P<0.01).There were no significant differences in carcass quality, slaughter rate, backfat thickness and eye muscle area among all groups (P>0.05), lean meat percentage in group 2 was significantly lower than that in control group and group 1 (P<0.05).There were no significant differences in marbling, meat color, tenderness, intramuscular fat, water loss and cooked meat percentage among all groups (P>0.05), water losses in groups 1 to 4 were lower than that in control group, but the differences were not significant (P>0.05).According to the economic benefit analysis showed that in pig from 50 to 90 kg, average profit of each pig in control group was 47.60 yuan, average profits of each pig in groups 1 to 4 were respectively 56.40, 60.40, 78.80 and 58.80 yuan, while group 3 was optimal.Based on the analysis of the above result, the fermented peanut shell had no bad effect on growth performance, carcass traits and meat quality of pigs, and it could effectively reduce the diarrhea frequency of pigs, improve the system of hydraulic of pork, when the fermented peanut shells were appropriatly applied in pigs feed, which could effectively reduce the breeding cost, and improve the economic benefit.     

应激对猪生产性能、行为及血液理化指标影响的研究进展

应激条件下会影响猪的生产性能、行为及血液生理生化指标,对动物机体造成危害。因此,在畜牧生产实践中应尽一切努力防止应激特别是严重应激的发生,以免影响生产的有序进行,损害动物福利,降低经济效益。作者主要综述了断奶、冷、热、运输、屠宰等常见应激因素对猪的生产性能、行为及血液生理生化指标的影响。     

发酵花生壳对育肥猪生产性能、胴体性状、肉品质及经济效益的影响

本试验旨在研究发酵花生壳对育肥猪生产性能、胴体性状、肉品质及经济效益的影响。选用100头50 kg左右、健康的杜×长×大三元杂交育肥猪,随机分成5组,每组4个重复,每个重复5头猪。对照组饲喂玉米—浓缩料型基础日粮,试验1~4组分别饲喂在基础日粮中添加10%发酵花生壳、20%发酵花生壳、30%发酵花生壳、15%发酵玉米秸秆的试验日粮,试验期66 d。结果表明,对照组及试验2、3组平均日采食量显著高于试验1、4组(P<0.05),对照组和试验3组平均日增重显著高于试验1、4组(P<0.05),各组间料重比差异均不显著(P>0.05),试验1、2、3、4组腹泻频率均极显著低于对照组(P<0.01);各组间胴体质量、屠宰率、背膘厚度、眼肌面积差异均不显著(P>0.05),试验2组瘦肉率显著低于对照组和试验1组(P<0.05);各组间大理石纹、肉色、嫩度、肌内脂肪、失水率及熟肉率差异均不显著(P>0.05),但试验1、2、3、4组失水率低于对照组,差异不显著(P>0.05);根据经济效益分析表明,在育肥猪从50~90 kg阶段,对照组每头猪平均盈利47.60元,试验1、2、3、4组每头猪平均盈利分别为56.40、60.40、78.80、58.80元,其中试验3组最优。综合上述的分析结果可知,发酵花生壳对育肥猪生长性能、胴体性状、肉品质无不良影响,且能有效地降低育肥猪的腹泻频率,提高猪肉的系水力,适当的添加可有效地降低饲养成本,提高经济效益。     

饲养密度对猪生产效果和行为的影响

为了探索本地区猪的适宜饲养密度，将７４头断奶仔猪（长自×成华）随机分为８组，在面积为９．１３ｍ２的水泥地面猪圈内，每圈分别养１、２、３、４、５、６、７、８头，其饲养密度分别为９．１３、４．５７、３．０４、２．２８、ｌ．８３、ｌ．５２、１．３０和１．１４ｍ２／头。各组相应的日增重分别为４５９．２、４８６．３、５１３．９、５０３．１、５１０．２、４９６．５、４７１．６．和４４５．９ｇ（Ｐ＜０．０１）；每日采食风干料分别为１．６３、１．６９、１．７１、１．７０、１．６９、１．６８、１．６６和１．６４ｋｇ；每增重１ｋｇ耗ＤＥ４６．１０、４５．３０、４３．３８、４４．００、４３．０８、４４．００、４５．８５和４７．９０ＭＪ，随饲养密度的增大，咬斗频率（天）从０．０８次（２组）上升到０．３５次／头（８组），站立活动时间从６．７９（１组）增加到８．３５小时／头（８组）。利润和产出投入比以５组和６组为好，饲养密度过高或过低都将降低经济效益。     

发酵床饲养方式对育肥猪血清免疫指标和肉品质的影响

 试验选择23 d 断奶三元杂交（杜洛克猪×长白猪×大约克猪）仔猪60 头,公母各半,随机分成试验组和对照组。试验组以发酵床饲养方式,对照组采用常规饲养方式,试验期为137 d,每组设2 个重复,每个重复15头。试验过程观察试验猪发病率和死亡率,测定肉猪的生产性能。试验结束时,提前12 h 禁食,称重,每组随机抽样6 头猪血样,离心分离血清,采用全自动生化分析测试仪测定血液生化指标。每组随机抽样6 头猪屠宰,用原子吸收分光光度计测定猪肉中部分重金属含量。结果表明,在保育期,试验组发病率比对照组降低26.47%,在生长期和育肥期,试验组发病率比对照组分别提高了42.29%和39.50%,各组死亡率没有变化;试验组平均日增重比对照组增加了6.76%,差异显著 (P<0.05),料重比降低了5.13%, 差异不显著 (P>0.05);试验组血清中尿素含量明显降低（P<0.05）,其他各项指标均与对照组无明显差异;试验组猪血清IgA、IgG含量提明显高（P<0.05）,但对血清IgM无影响。各组猪肉肉质感官和部分重金属含量均符合标准,说明发酵床饲养方式对猪是安全性的,可以明显提高肉猪的生长性能,但后期发病率有所提高。     

异物特征和断尾处理对断奶仔猪啃咬行为及其生产性能的影响

本文通过在猪栏内添加不同物理特征异物和断尾处理，对断奶仔猪的啃咬行为及其生产性能的影响进行了研究。试验中选择35～40日龄大白猪及长白猪断奶仔猪各6窝，从每窝选出健康均匀仔猪6头，转群后放入一栏，公母各占一半。其中两个品种各有2窝在出生后进行了断尾。试验分三个处理组T1，断尾组；T2，异物组一，在猪栏内放置篮球；T3，异物组二，在猪栏栅栏近地面处拴系三角皮带。每个试验组包括两个品种各两窝仔猪。试验使用摄像机，采取即时性观察方法进行观察。记录每日的采食量和仔猪试验前后的体重以计算日增重和饲料效率。试验结果表明，在猪栏内放置异物增加仔猪对添加异物进行探求和啃咬的时间。异物在栏内的位置不同对断奶仔猪咬尾行为、咬耳行为、咬蹄行为和啃栏行为等行为的影响不同。断尾也可以避免咬尾行为的发生，且有利于日增重和饲料效率的提高。     

异物特征和断尾处理对断奶仔猪啃咬行为及其生产性能的影响

本文通过在猪栏内添加不同物理特征异物和断尾处理 ,对断奶仔猪的啃咬行为及其生产性能的影响进行了研究。试验中选择 35～ 40日龄大白猪及长白猪断奶仔猪各 6窝 ,从每窝选出健康均匀仔猪 6头 ,转群后放入一栏 ,公母各占一半。其中两个品种各有 2窝在出生后进行了断尾。试验分三个处理组 :T1 ,断尾组 ;T2 ,异物组一 ,在猪栏内放置篮球 ;T3,异物组二 ,在猪栏栅栏近地面处拴系三角皮带。每个试验组包括两个品种各两窝仔猪。试验使用摄像机 ,采取即时性观察方法进行观察。记录每日的采食量和仔猪试验前后的体重以计算日增重和饲料效率。试验结果表明 ,在猪栏内放置异物增加仔猪对添加异物进行探求和啃咬的时间。异物在栏内的位置不同对断奶仔猪咬尾行为、咬耳行为、咬蹄行为和啃栏行为等行为的影响不同。断尾也可以避免咬尾行为的发生 ,且有利于日增重和饲料效率的提高。     

The Effect of Prolonged Supplementation of Dietary Zinc on Weight Gain,Tissue Storage of Zinc and some Serum Variables in Fattening Pigs

The effect of prolonged administration of dietary zinc in fattening pigs from 50 to 95 kg body weight was studied. No effect on daily weight gain was recorded. The concentration of zinc in different tissues did not increase. A slight increase of serum zinc was noted, but no other changes of the serum variables tested could be demonstrated. It was concluded that the amounts of zinc which are recommended for treatment of pigs with wasting syndrome do not introduce any significant accumulation of zinc in organs or tissues.     

4种配合饲料对育肥猪生长性能及经济效益的影响

试验旨在研究猪场自配小麦型饲料、自配玉米型饲料和商品配合颗粒饲料对肉猪生长性能的影响。采用对比试验设计,选用108头育肥猪随机分为4组,每组3个重复,每个重复9头猪。A组饲喂玉米型基础料+A型预混料,B组饲喂小麦型基础料+B型小麦专用预混料,C组饲喂玉米型基础料+C型预混料,D组饲喂D型生长育肥猪配合饲料,试验期31 d。结果显示,各组间平均日采食量、日增重和料重比差异均不显著（P>0.05）;A组增重饲料成本与其他3组之间差异均不显著（P>0.05）,B组与C、D组之间均差异显著（P<0.05）,C、D组之间差异不显著（P>0.05）。综合分析得出,B组获得的经济效益最高,每头平均利润达473.07元。     

不同的丁酸产品在猪禽生产中的应用研究进展

近年来丁酸盐作为饲用抗生素的替代品,广泛应用于动物生产中。本文就丁酸的生物学功能、几种不同的丁酸产品的特点及其在猪禽生产中的应用作一综述,为实际生产中丁酸产品的应用提供依据。     

低磷日粮对生长猪生产性能、养分消化率和经济效益的影响

选用288头体重26kg左右、体质健康的杜×长×大三元杂交生长猪,随机分为两组,每组三个重复,以玉米-豆粕-小麦型为基础日粮,对照组日粮参照NRC(1998)标准设计,试验组日粮添加0.33%的磷酸氢钙,且日粮的有效磷(AP)水平为0.205%.试验期30d.研究了低磷日粮对生长猪的生长性能、养分利用及其对环境的影响.结果表明:在不影响猪磷营养需要的条件下,能有效的改善猪排泄物中磷对环境的污染,具有极大的经济和生态效益.     

低磷日粮对生长猪生产性能、养分消化率和经济效益的影响

选用288头体重26kg左右、体质健康的杜×长×大三元杂交生长猪,随机分为两组,每组三个重复,以玉米-豆粕-小麦型为基础日粮,对照组日粮参照NRC(1998)标准设计,试验组日粮添加0.33%的磷酸氢钙,且日粮的有效磷(AP)水平为0.205%。试验期30d。研究了低磷日粮对生长猪的生长性能、养分利用及其对环境的影响。结果表明:在不影响猪磷营养需要的条件下,能有效的改善猪排泄物中磷对环境的污染,具有极大的经济和生态效益。     

Effect of Feeding Environment on Performance,Injuries and Behaviour in Growing-finishing Pigs: Group-Based Studies

Ten batches of pigs (608 pigs) were used in this investigation (live weight interval 20-120 kg). Four different feeding systems were tested: one dry feeder, four dry feeders, trough feeding or one wet/dry feeder per pen of 16 pigs, respectively. The one dry feeder treatment led to an increase in skin injuries, a more spread feed intake pattern, an increased variation in carcass meat percentage and an increased variation in daily weight gain (DWG) when the pigs were restrictively fed, compared with observations for the pigs in the four dry feeders treatment. The effect of a reduced number of feeding places was most pronounced when the pigs were fed restrictively. Besides the possible negative financial effects for pig producers, these findings indicated that competition for feed impaired the well-being of the pigs. Pigs fed in a trough had a lower DWG and higher feed conversion ratio than did those fed using four dry feeders, probably due to feed spillage and the different feed intake pattern. Giving pigs the possibility of adding water to the feed increased the daily feed intake when feeding ad libitum, resulting in a higher DWG. It also reduced the negative effects of competition on performance, but not the negative effects on skin injuries.     

低蛋白日粮补充天冬氨酸对断奶至育肥阶段猪生长性能及肉品质性状的影响

旨在研究低蛋白日粮补充天冬氨酸对断奶至育肥阶段猪生长性能、血液生化指标和游离氨基酸、养分表观消化率以及肉品质性状的影响。选取20头45日龄,体重相近（（10.93±0.79） kg）的健康三元杂交（杜×长×大）断奶仔猪,随机分成两组,每组10个重复,每个重复1头猪,仔猪单栏饲养,试验期84 d。对照组饲喂玉米-豆粕型低蛋白基础日粮,试验组饲喂在基础日粮中添加0.5%天冬氨酸的试验饲粮。结果表明：1）添加天冬氨酸可显著提高猪断奶阶段平均日增重（P<0.05）并极显著降低料重比（P<0.01）,但在育肥和生长阶段对生长性能无显著影响（P>0.05）;2）添加天冬氨酸可显著提高断奶阶段血清白蛋白水平和碱性磷酸酶活性（P<0.05）,但对生长和育肥阶段血液生化指标均无显著影响（P>0.05）;3）添加天冬氨酸可显著降低断奶阶段血清中Pro、Met、Thr、Asp、His、Tyr含量（P<0.05）和提高Lys水平（P<0.01）,生长阶段血清中Asp、Lys含量和育肥阶段Asp、Thr含量显著降低（P<0.05）,对其他氨基酸含量无显著影响（P>0.05）;4）天冬氨酸处理可使育肥猪总能、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗灰分、粗纤维表观消化率极显著升高（P<0.01）;5）天冬氨酸处理可有效提高熟肉率（P<0.01）和背最长肌中MyHC1的mRNA表达水平（P<0.05）。综上可知,低蛋白日粮全程添加0.5%天冬氨酸可有效提高猪断奶阶段的生长性能,有利于促进其后期肌纤维的发育和改善其肉品质性状。     

低蛋白质日粮不同能量水平对育肥猪生长性能和胴体性状的影响

本研究旨在探讨低蛋白质日粮中不同能量水平对育肥猪生长性能、胴体性状的影响.选用70 kg的杜长大三元杂交猪216头,按试验要求随机分为6个处理,每个处理6个重复,每个重复6头猪,对照组日粮参照NRC(1998)推荐标准设计,蛋白质水平为15.5%,消化能水平为14.27 MJ/kg,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ组日粮蛋白质水平在对照组基础上下调4个百分点,并补充赖氨酸、蛋氨酸、苏氨酸和色氨酸满足氨基酸需要,消化能水平分别为14.48、14.26、13.88、13.52、13.26 MJ/kg.结果表明,与对照组相比,试验组的生长性能、胴体性状和血清氨基酸(精氨酸除外)及尿素氮没有显著影响(P>0.05);各试验组之间,随着能量水平的降低,日增重显著上升(P=0.02),肉料比表现出上升的趋势(P=0.06),采食量没有受到能量水平降低的影响(P=0.86),无脂瘦肉率显著提高(P=0.01),而脂肪率显著下降(P=0.03);试验Ⅳ、Ⅴ组日增重、肉料比显著高于试验Ⅱ组(P<0.05),对照组和试验Ⅴ组眼肌面积和无脂瘦肉率显著高于试验Ⅱ组(P<0.05),而脂肪率显著低于试验Ⅱ组(P<0.05),除试验Ⅰ组外,其余各试验组血清尿素氮含量均显著低于对照组(P<0.05).综合考虑能量水平对育肥猪生长性能和胴体性状两方面的影响,日粮蛋白质水平较NRC(1998)推荐的标准降低4个百分点,消化能水平降低到13.26 MJ/kg较为合适.     

三种微量元素添加剂饲喂生长肥育猪试验

采用三种配方的微量元素添加剂进行１２０天饲喂生长肥育猪试验，结果；１，２，３组的日增重分别比对照组高２９．８％，１６．６２％和低５．０３％饲料利用率分别比对照组提高１５．７２％，１０．０５％和０．４７．每头猪毛利分别比对照组提高１７４．４７％，１００．３％和降低１８．１９％，其中以配方１最好，经济效益最高。     

Effect of Feeding Environment on Performance,Injuries, Plasma Cortisol and Behaviour in Growing-finishing Pigs: Studies on Individual Pigs Housed in Groups

The effect of feeding environment on individual pigs (small, medium and large barrows) housed in groups of 16 pigs was studied. The experiment comprised the following four treatments: trough feeding, four dry feeders, one dry feeder and one wet/dry feeder per 16 pigs, respectively. Performance, skin injuries, plasma cortisol, agonistic behaviour, ingestive behaviour and activity were studied. The effect of competition for feed was most clearly evident for the small pigs. The small animals in the one dry feeder treatment were forced to eat more during the night, had more forced withdrawals from the feeder, and tended to have more scratches and skin injuries than did the small animals in the four dry feeder treatment. It was concluded that this competition led to impaired well-being in the smallest pigs. No significant differences were detected in plasma cortisol levels, when comparing the different feeding systems within each pig size category. Trough feeding greatly affected pig feed intake pattern: during the growing period when pigs had ad libitum access to feed, the pigs fed in a trough ate mostly at feeding times, while the pigs in the four dry feeder treatment ate at times spread out over the entire 24 h period. It was concluded that there was a confounding effect between pig size category (small or large) and feeding system with regard to ingestive behaviour and aggressive interactions at feeding.     

板蓝根饲料添加剂对猪育肥性能与抗病力的影响

本试验选取63头体重约20kg的杜长大三元杂交育肥仔猪,随机分成3组,每组21头,三组分别饲喂基础日粮、基础日粮+0.5％板蓝根(G1)、基础日粮+1％板蓝根(G2),预饲期7d,预饲期结束后进入试验期150d.结果显示:与对照组相比,试验组G1、G2平均末重分别提高18.15kg,18.12kg,平均日增重分别提高1...     

Effect of Cadmium in Feed on Organs and Meat Colour of Growing Pigs

One hundred and ninety-two barrows (Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire, initial weight 27.7 kg) were used to investigate the effects of cadmium in feed on the function of selected organs and meat colour of growing pigs. The pigs were randomly allocatted into four different treatments. Each treatment included three replications with 16 pigs per replicate. The animals were fed corn–soybean basal diet and supplemented with 0, 0.5, 5.0, 10.0 mg/kg cadmium (as CdCl₂), respectively. The feeding trial ended when the average body weight of the pigs reach 90 kg. The results showed that, compared with controls, addition of 10 mg/kg cadmium to the diet resulted in significant elevations of relative weight of liver and spleen by 18.3% (p < 0.05) and 19.7% (p < 0.05) respectively, and of serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT) and glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) activities by 17.8% (p < 0.05) and 27.4% (p < 0.05) respectively; and significant decreases of Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase activity in the liver by 24.6% (p < 0.05), the redness of longissimus dorsi by 26.6% (p < 0.05) and 24.9% (p < 0.05) at 0.75 h and 16 h post mortem, respectively, and of the myoglobin content of longissimus dorsi by 19.4% (p < 0.05). No changes were found in these indices above when the pigs were fed the diet supplied with 0.5 or 5 mg/kg cadmium (p > 0.05), nor in renal functions among cadmium-treatment treatments (p > 0.05) as indicated is the activities of urinary N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase (NAG) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and the content of urinary protein. The study indicated the adverse effects of 10 mg/kg cadmium in feed on liver functions and meat colour of growing pigs.