黄土丘陵区4种典型植被对土壤养分及酶活性的影响

土壤酶积极参与土壤系统的生物化学过程,是联系"植物-土壤酶-土壤养分"的关键纽带。为探讨植被类型对黄土高原丘陵区土壤养分及酶活性的影响,以黄土丘陵区4种典型植被(荒草地、文冠果林地、柠条灌丛、沙棘林地)为研究对象,通过采集0—10,10—20,20—40 cm层土壤样品,测定和分析土壤养分(碳、氮、磷)及土壤酶活性(蔗糖酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶、淀粉酶)的变化特征。结果表明:文冠果林地0—40 cm层土壤有机碳和全氮含量比荒草地、柠条灌丛、沙棘林地高出了19.42%和35.15%、82.98%和40.49%、67.27%和24.12%,土壤全磷含量最大值(沙棘林地)比最小值(柠条灌丛)高出了12.45%。随着土层深度的增加,土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷含量在柠条灌丛中呈现"升-降"的变化规律,在其他3种植被类型中均呈逐渐减小的趋势。4种植被类型下土壤淀粉酶、脲酶和蔗糖酶活性差异显著(P0.05),土壤酶活性随着土层深度的增加逐渐减弱。其中土壤淀粉酶最大值出现在荒草地,脲酶和蔗糖酶活性最大值为文冠果林地,3种酶的最小值均出现在柠条灌丛。相关分析表明,土壤有机碳与全氮、蔗糖酶、脲酶极显著正相关(P0.01)。土壤全氮与脲酶在0.01水平上极显著正相关,与全磷、蔗糖酶在0.05水平上显著正相关。土壤全磷与硝态氮呈极显著的负相关(P0.01),与蔗糖酶呈极显著的正相关(P0.01),与淀粉酶呈显著正相关(P0.05)。因此,植被类型是影响黄土高原土壤酶活性和养分变化的重要因素。     

黄土丘陵区典型植被土壤剖面的颗粒分形特征

运用分形理论研究陕北安塞五里湾流域5种典型植被0～200 cm土壤剖面土壤颗粒大小分布(particle size distribution,PSD)及其体积分形维数分布特征,并进一步分析土壤PSD的分形维数与土壤有机碳、全氮和含水量的相关性。结果表明:研究区典型植被群落土壤颗粒组成主要为细颗粒(黏粒和粉粒),其中粉粒体积分数占总颗粒的56.82%～71.99%;铁杆蒿草地的细颗粒平均体积分数最大(78.86%),乔木林的最小(65.77%)。5种典型植被群落土壤PSD的体积分形维数介于2.498～2.599,均表现出随着土层深度的增加呈递增趋势;相同土层深度的分形维数呈现出铁杆蒿草地黄芪草地农田灌木林乔木林的趋势,灌木林和农田间差异不显著,其他植被群落间差异显著。典型植被土壤PSD的体积分形维数与黏粒、粉粒的体积分数和含水量呈极显著正相关(P0.01),但与砂粒的体积分数呈极显著负相关(P 0.01),与有机碳含量呈显著负相关(P 0.05)。     

What Characteristics of Soil Fertility Can Improve in Mixed Stands of Scots Pine and European Beech Compared with Monospecific Stands?

According to the current trends in forest management, endeavors are made to adjust the species composition to the site conditions and to increase the biodiversity. Changes in the species composition of forest stands lead to modifications of soil properties and nutrients cycle. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of monocultures (beech and pine) and mixed-species stands (pine-beech) on soil properties, particularly accumulation of soil organic carbon. We aim to demonstrate how different vegetation types influence soil properties in surface horizons of soil. The study sites are located in Germany and Poland under different tree stands Pinus sylvestris L., Fagus sylvatica L., and mixed-species stand. Contents of organic carbon and nitrogen, pH, and soil texture were analyzed. The studies conducted confirmed the positive effect of beech and mixed-species stands on acidification of surface soil horizons. We ordered the stands tested according to acidification effect on soils: pine stand > mixed stand > beech stand, which is consistent with previous studies. The most beneficial impact on the accumulation of organic carbon was observed in mixed-species stands in which beech and pine were found. Lower carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratios confirm the high rate of organic matter decomposition and lower C/N ratio was reported in soil under beech stand in comparison to pine stands.     

黄土丘陵区不同植被群落土壤团聚体有机碳及其组分的分布

有机碳是形成土壤团聚体的重要物质,植被群落通过有机残体的输入增加土壤有机碳含量,从而通过影响团聚体的形成而影响土壤结构。为探究不同植被群落对土壤结构改良的意义,对黄土丘陵区森林带和草原带的不同植被群落土壤团聚体中有机碳组分进行了研究。结果表明:(1)研究区域森林带土壤有机碳含量大于草原带,森林带植被群落土壤总有机碳含量大小顺序为:辽东栎群落>人工刺槐群落>狼牙刺群落,草原带植被群落土壤总有机碳含量大小顺序为:人工沙棘群落>达乌里胡枝子+茭蒿群落>铁杆蒿+达乌里胡枝子群落;(2)土壤活性有机碳和腐殖质碳占土壤总有机碳的比例在两种植被带之间基本相同,相同植被群落土壤活性有机碳占土壤总有机碳的比例高于腐殖质碳占总有机碳的比例;(3)森林带土壤>0.25 mm团聚体含量显著高于草原带土壤>0.25 mm团聚体含量,各种形态的有机碳随着土壤团聚体粒级的增大有机碳含量呈先增加后减少或者随着团聚体粒级的增大而增大的趋势,2~0.25 mm和<0.25 mm团聚体中有机碳含量最高;(4)草原带每种植被群落土壤活性有机碳含量空间差异性较大,辽东栎群落各种形态土壤有机碳含量的空间差异性都较大,<0.25 mm团聚体腐殖质碳含量大于其他粒径;(5)草原带人工沙棘群落土壤各种形态有机碳在土壤剖面上的含量差异很小,其他各植被群落0~10 cm土层土壤有机碳含量均大于10~20 cm土层。     

水蚀风蚀交错带土壤-植被系统氮素空间变异特征

采用经典统计学和地统计学相结合的方法,分析了黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错带本氏针茅草坡地土壤—植物系统氮素沿坡面的分布,并从不同空间尺度研究了土壤—植物系统氮素的空间结构特征,以揭示水蚀风蚀交错带草坡地土壤—植物系统氮素分布特征。研究结果表明,随坡位的降低,草坡地植物生物量、植物氮含量和储量均逐渐增加;土壤有机质和全氮含量在坡上部和坡中部相近,但均低于坡底部;土壤硝态氮和铵态氮含量沿坡面呈先降低而后在坡底部迅速增加的变化趋势。这些变量的变异系数除硝态氮和铵态氮以坡中部最小外,均以坡底部最小,表明坡底部土壤—植物系统氮素分布最为均匀。各变量的最佳拟合模型在3个分析尺度上均保持一致,且随分析尺度的增加,块金常数、块金效应逐渐增大,样点间的空间依赖性逐渐减弱,空间相关性减弱。表明水蚀风蚀交错带草坡地土壤—植物系统氮素在不同尺度上空间结构比较稳定,属中等或强空间相关性,其空间变异主要来源于结构性因素。     

PT菌剂对陕北黄土区土壤性质和油松苗木的影响

[目的]分析PT菌剂对陕北黄土区土壤性质和油松苗木的影响,为干旱和半干旱黄土高原植被恢复提供科学依据。[方法]在陕西黄土高原丘陵区采用完全随机区组试验(2013年3—10月),以常规施肥为对照,以上、中、下3个坡位为区组,研究施用PT菌剂对6年生油松苗木地径、树高、成活状况以及0—60cm这3个不同层次土壤主要养分含量的影响。[结果]施用PT菌剂油松地径平均生长量为4.5mm,是对照的2倍;树高总生长量达10cm,比对照高54%;油松死亡率比对照低9%。施用PT菌剂后土壤有机质含量平均达到7.8g/kg,是对照的2倍多;土壤全氮的含量平均为0.41g/kg,比对照高52%;速效钾的含量平均达到42.4mg/kg,比对照增加了26%;PT菌剂对有效磷提高不明显;坡位对油松地径和树高影响不显著,对各层次土壤养分性质有显著影响。[结论]PT菌剂能改善造林地土壤性质,促进油松成活和生长,建议在黄土高原地区油松造林实践中施用PT菌剂。     

西部黄土丘陵区降雨特征及其对坡地土壤侵蚀的影响

以甘肃省定西市安家沟流域的大型径流观测场为依托,以2009—2011年天然降雨在不同土地利用条件下产流产沙特征数据为依据,研究了黄土高原西部黄土丘陵区降雨特征及其对坡地土壤侵蚀的影响。结果表明,在次降雨条件下不同处理径流过程分别经历了产流、峰值、稳定、消减4个表征时刻,土壤侵蚀过程分别经历了发生、峰值、消减3个表征时刻。次降雨条件下,不同处理其径流总量、侵蚀总量排序均为:15°春小麦10°春小麦10°油松林15°荒地15°沙棘林10°荒地15°油松林10°沙棘林。通过层次聚类分析得出,在10°,15°的坡度下,灌木林沙棘、乔木林油松分别具有明显的水土保持效应。所以结合试验地的气候和环境特点,10°坡面适宜种植沙棘林,15°坡面适宜退耕还林。     

子午岭地区植被演替的土壤碳汇效应

为明确黄土高原地区植被长期恢复的土壤碳汇效应,采用时空互代的方法,研究子午岭地区150年以来8个植被演替序列的土壤有机碳含量及储量的变化特征,分析影响土壤有机碳储量变化的植被因素。结果表明:从农地演替到气候顶级辽东栎(Quercus wutaishanicaMary.)群落,土壤有机碳含量和储量明显增加,表现为演替前期(草本群落)快速增加,后期(乔木群落)趋向稳定的变化特征。剖面上来看,随着土层加深,土壤有机碳含量迅速减少。0—5 cm土层土壤有机碳含量与5—20,20—40 cm土层差异显著(P＜0.05),表明土壤有机碳积累存在明显的表聚效应。枯落物蓄积量与细根生物量均随演替时间呈现出增加的变化特征,前者更有利于提高土壤有机碳储量。0—5 cm土层与0—20 cm土层土壤有机碳储量与演替时间均存在极显著的幂函数关系,不同土层之间土壤有机碳储量线性相关关系显著(P＜0.001)。植被长期演替具有显著的土壤碳汇功能。未来黄土高原地区林、草地的恢复应根据植被带的分异规律,促进自然演替,以进一步提升该地区的土壤碳汇潜能。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区典型林地土壤微生物、酶活性和养分特征

通过对陕西吴起县黄土沟壑区退耕还林地不同林分(沙棘、刺槐、油松、小叶杨)根际与非根际土壤养分、酶活性和微生物特征进行研究,比较4种典型林分及退耕草地“根际效应”及根际对养分的截留效应,评价根际效应对土壤特性产生不同改良效果,为黄土沟壑区退耕地人工林科学选择造林树种提供理论支持。研究表明:1根际与非根际土壤中有机质含量、有效磷含量、碱解氮含量和速效钾含量表现出显著差异,有机质、有效磷、速效钾含量均呈现明显的根际聚集现象。2根际土壤微生物数量和土壤酶活性总体高于非根际,仅油松样地中过氧化氢酶活性和小叶杨样地中脲酶活性根际低于非根际。3根际土壤中脲酶活性与细菌和真菌数量相关性达到显著水平,过氧化氢酶活性与真菌相关性达到显著水平;有机质含量与细菌、放线菌数量和脲酶活性相关性达到显著水平;碱解氮、有效磷含量均与细菌、真菌数量和脲酶活性相关性达到显著水平。在非根际土壤中,土壤养分含量与土壤微生物、土壤酶活性的相关性明显降低。4从土壤肥力综合水平看,根际土壤肥力水平综合得分总体上大于非根际土壤,其中根际土壤中沙棘小叶杨油松刺槐草地。沙棘能大幅度提高土壤肥力,具有较好的土壤改良效果。     

Sampling Strategies and Soil Characteristics for Estimation of Plant Patches Dimensions (Case Study: Inchebroun Rangelands,Golestan Province,Iran)

Survey and monitoring rangelands projects is one the important plans in rangelands management. For this purpose, the survey and monitoring methods could be time-consuming and costly. Sampling strategies of plant patches are effective in sampling procedures that cause minimizing sampling variance and time. In this study, for decreasing sampling time and cost, increasing speed, plant patches parameters (including length, width, height, area, and distance between the patches) were compared. Three transects with 50 m length at three aspect slopes were located randomly systematic at the selected site with different grazing intensities. Soil samples for nitrate (NO₃^?), total nitrogen (TN), ammonium (NH₄⁺), phosphorus (P), sodium absorption ration (SAR), soil acidity or soil reaction (pH), sodium (Na), electrical conductivity (EC), organic carbon (OC), and potassium (K) content were taken in these transects. The data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the average of the measured parameters in the transects was compared by Duncan Multiple Range test using SPSS₁₆ software. The soil characteristics compared between the regions were analyzed with Discriminant Function Analysis using STATISTICA₁₀ software. Results showed that the transect slope aspect and soil characteristics had an effect on measured parameters. It was suggested to withdraw the located transect at one of the North or South and West or East Slope aspects for increasing sampling efficiency. It was also suggested that to avoid time consumtion, sampling can be recorded on plant patches’ width instead of area. It is also suggested that it would be better to record the length of the plant patches instead of their area in the non-grazed zones and record the length and the width of the plant patches in the moderate- and the high-grazed zones.     

黄土丘陵区人工林土壤可溶性氮组分季节变化

为探究黄土丘陵区退耕还林后土壤可溶性氮养分积累的季节动态变化特征,以志丹县永宁镇沙棘和山杏林地为研究对象,采集0-10,10-20,20-30 cm土壤样品,分析土壤可溶性氮组分含量和比例的季节动态变化。结果表明：退耕还林可显著增加土壤硝态氮、铵态氮和可溶性有机氮含量,尤其是0-10 cm土层增加明显。0-10,10-20,20-30 cm土层间差异显著,沙棘林和山杏林间也达到显著差异水平。总体来看,硝态氮含量随季节变化明显,3月最高,3-6月下降,6-9月上升,9-11月又下降,11月最低。各样地间0-30 cm土层铵态氮含量变化幅度较小。可溶性有机氮含量随季节变化明显,6月最高,11月最低,3-6月上升,6-9月下降,9-11月又上升。可溶性有机氮含量季节变化规律与硝态氮变化规律相反。沙棘林地土壤可溶性氮含量较杏树林地高,且阳坡高于阴坡。0-30 cm土层可溶性氮组分以可溶性有机氮为主,占73.3%~99.0%,其次是硝态氮,占0.9%~24.3%;铵态氮所占比例最少,在2%以下。退耕还林措施可显著增加0-10 cm土层土壤可溶性氮含量,不同林分土壤可溶性氮含量增加不同,沙棘林地高于杏树林地。     

黄土高原土壤调控原理与应用研究知识图谱——基于CiteSpace的文献可视化分析

[目的]黄土高原是中国一个伟大的地理单元,对国家粮食安全和生态安全具有重要的战略意义。通过长期的坡度治理、流域综合治理、植树造林等多种措施,黄土高原地区的生态环境已经得到显著改善,但仍然面临着局部地区植被恢复配置的合理性不足、全流域统筹不协调、平衡经济发展与生态保护等方面的挑战。在国家双碳目标的指引下,黄土高原生态系统及农业可持续发展的未来方向和目标应当是支持碳中和目标实现、建立环境适宜性的植被群落、推进生态系统统筹社会经济系统的发展实现发展方式绿色转型。[方法]通过文献计量学工具CiteSpace对1992—2023年发表的黄土高原土壤调控原理与应用研究相关文献进行可视化分析,重点针对该研究领域的核心研究力量、研究热点与研究趋势。[结果](1)从发文量的嬗变来看,整体呈上升趋势,在2001年后爆发式增长;(2)从发文机构来看,西北农林科技大学在该领域的发文量最高,为2 157篇;(3)从作者的合作关系来看,邵明安和刘国彬是该领域的核心带头人,发文量分别为141,117篇,由他们构成的合作网络已经非常成熟;(4)从该领域的研究热点和发展趋势来看,主要研究热点集中在土壤水分、产量、旱地、...     

Modelling changes in soil organic matter after planting fast-growing Pinus radiata on Mediterranean agricultural soils

The Kyoto Protocol explicitly allows the storage of carbon (C) in ecosystems resulting from afforestation to be offset against a nation's carbon emissions and paves the way for carbon storage in soils to be eligible as carbon offsets in the future. More information is required about how afforestation affects carbon storage, especially in the soil. We report a study in which soil carbon storage in first‐rotation Mediterranean Pinus radiata plantations, established on former cereal fields and vineyards, was measured and modelled. Measurements were made on plantations of several ages, as well as repeat measurements at the same site after 5 years. We tested the ability of two widely used soil organic matter models (RothC and Century) to predict carbon sequestration in Mediterranean forest soils. Increases in the top 5 cm of soil of about 10 g C m^?2 year^?1 were observed after afforestation of former vineyards, but nitrogen (N) either remained the same or decreased slightly. During afforestation, most organic matter accumulated in the ectorganic layers at a rate of 19 g C m^?2 year^?1 in former vineyards and 41 g C m^?2 year^?1 in former cereal fields. The RothC and Century models were sensitive to previous land use and estimated a carbon sequestration potential over 20 years of 950 and 700 g C m^?2, respectively. The accurate simulation of the dynamics of soil organic matter by RothC, together with measured above‐ground inputs, allowed us to calculate below‐ground inputs during afforestation. The Century model simulated total C and N, including the ectorganic horizons, well. Simulations showed a depletion of N in the below‐ground fractions during afforestation, with N limitation in the former vineyard but not on former cereal land. The approach demonstrates the potential of models to enhance our understanding of the processes leading to carbon sequestration in soils.     

典型石漠化治理措施对土壤有机碳、氮及组分的影响

以贵州关岭花江喀斯特峡谷花椒(HJ)、火龙果(HL)、花椒火龙果混交(HHL)、皇竹草(HZ)、苜蓿(MX)、圆柏(YB)、圆柏女贞混交(YBN)、撂荒地(LH)、坡耕地(PD)9种典型石漠化治理措施为研究对象,研究不同治理措施土壤剖面有机碳、全氮含量和储量、水溶性有机碳含量分布规律。结果表明:各治理措施0-20 cm土层土壤有机碳、全氮含量及储量、水溶性有机碳含量均随土壤剖面深度增加而降低,具有明显的表聚现象。其中土壤有机碳、全氮含量0-20 cm土层平均值大小顺序分别为YB>YBN>LH>HJ>MX>PD>HHL>HL>HZ、YBN>YB>LH>PD>MX>HJ>HZ>HHL>HL,土壤有机碳、全氮储量及水溶性有机碳含量也均表现为YB、YBN、LH显著大于其他6种治理措施;各治理措施土壤C/N为7.19~16.35。相关性分析表明,土壤有机碳含量与土壤全氮含量、有机碳储量、水溶性有机碳含量存在极显著相关,土壤容重是土壤碳氮指标的关键因子,具有较好相关性。研究阐明,在今后石漠化治理过程中,退耕还林、撂荒地有利于喀斯特生态环境治理与保护,花椒林可作为喀斯特山区农业生产或生态恢复过程中优先考虑的经济植被类型。     

Soil Properties,Yield, and Landscape Relationships in South-Central Saskatchewan Canada

ABSTRACT

Soil water and nutrient availability are major limiting factors for crop production in the Canadian prairies. Most variations in soil properties observed across prairie farm fields are the result of the effect of landscape on water and soil redistribution. The relationships among soil chemical properties (pH, electrical conductivity, organic matter, and available nutrients), soil water, elevation, and canola seed yield were investigated in a transect across a hummocky, undulating farm field in the Brown soil zone of south-central Saskatchewan. Overall, seed yield was highest in foot slope positions in the landscape where soil organic matter, nutrients, and available water content were higher. Correlations between soil properties and seed yield were highest for pH (R = ?0.46, P < 0.01), which was followed by organic C % (R = 0.27, P < 0.05), water content (R = 0.23), extractable potassium (K) (R = 0.18) and nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) supply rates to exchange resin membranes (R = 0.15). Extractable N and P were poorly correlated with seed yield (R < 0.1). The landscape region with soil parameters and yield closest to the average for the entire transect was the back slope region, suggesting that in similar landscapes, this region would be most appropriate for selection as a representative benchmark sampling site.     

基于灰色关联分析的砒砂岩区不同林龄沙棘的改土效应

[目的]探究不同林龄沙棘对其下土壤的改良效果,为砒砂岩区人工沙棘林生态建设、恢复和重建提供理论依据。[方法]以内蒙古达拉特旗典型砒砂岩区不同林龄沙棘林为研究对象,利用灰色度关联分析法,对沟坡阳坡1～7 a沙棘林0—40 cm土层土壤物理性质(土壤含水量、土壤容重、土壤总孔隙度、土壤比重、土壤毛管孔隙度、土壤非毛管孔隙度、土壤饱和持水量、土壤最大毛管持水量)进行测定,并以周边荒坡作为对照(CK),对不同林龄沙棘林对砒砂岩土壤的改土效应进行分析。[结果]土壤含水量、土壤总孔隙度随沙棘林龄增加而增大,随土壤深度增加而减少,土壤容重与之相反;不同林龄沙棘能增强土壤持水能力,并且4～7 a沙棘持水能力大于1～3 a沙棘持水能力。[结论]在砒砂岩区营建人工沙棘林有利于土壤改良,不同林龄沙棘对土壤改良作用主要作用于0—10 cm和10—20 cm土层。     

华南花岗岩侵蚀区不同植被类型坡面土壤有机碳分布和团聚体稳定性

植物是影响土壤有机碳含量和土壤团聚体稳定性的重要因素。选取华南典型花岗岩侵蚀区荒草地、桉树林、湿地松林和木荷林4种植被类型径流小区的土壤为研究对象,分析测定不同坡位、不同土层深度的土壤有机碳特性和团聚体稳定性等指标,评价不同植被类型对土壤养分的分布特性以及团聚体稳定性差异,明确花岗岩侵蚀退化区较为理想的生态恢复措施,旨在为合理利用土壤、重建坡面植被和改善土壤结构提供科学依据。结果表明:土壤总有机碳(TOC)、全氮(TN)和溶解性有机碳(DOC)含量随土层加深逐渐降低,而林地小区土壤碳氮比(C/N)则相反,荒草地碳氮元素的坡面变异系数(CV)显著高于其他3种林地,其中桉树林地TOC、TN、DOC和C/N的坡面分布的变异系数较荒草地分别降低40%,56.18%,68.5%和25.81%;湿地松林地TOC、TN、DOC和C/N的坡面分布的变异系数较荒草地分别降低62.73%,33.71%,46.46%,58.06%;木荷林地TOC、TN、DOC和C/N的坡面分布的变异系数较荒草地分别降低41.82%,38.2%,51.18%,48.39%,表明林地较荒草地更有利于土壤碳氮在坡面的均质化和有机质的积累。荒草地和木荷林地0.25 mm粒径以上的团聚体在上、中坡位的质量分数显著高于其他植被类型,而林下植被生物量较高的木荷林地的平均质量直径(MWD)和几何平均直径(GMD)显著高于其他植被类型。其中木荷小区水稳性团聚体平均质量直径(MWD)较荒草地、桉树和湿地松分别高20.10%,19.58%,23.20%;几何平均直径(GMD)较荒草地、桉树和湿地松分别高20.00%,19.54%,22.23%,表明在花岗岩侵蚀区林地空间结构较好的林草模式有利于土壤有机碳的积累和土壤结构的稳定。     

不同立地条件下沙棘土壤水分分布特征及动态生长研究

为探究不同立地条件下沙棘土壤水分分布特征和生长情况,采用样地试验,设置2种坡向（阴坡、阳坡）和3种坡位（坡顶、坡中、坡底）进行研究。研究表明：（1）各样地内的土壤水分季节变化可划分为消耗期（5—6月）、快速补充期（6—7月）和消退期（7—9月）,天然降水对土壤含水率影响较大;（2）各样地内的土壤水分垂直分布为土壤水分显著变化层（Cv>0.2）、土壤水分次变化层（0.2>Cv>0.1）和土壤水分相对稳定层（Cv<0.1）;（3）不同立地条件对土壤水分及植株的生长具有显著影响。阴坡土壤水分明显高于阳坡,土壤水分由坡顶向坡底呈递减趋势;沙棘的生长指标及存活率表现为阴坡>阳坡,不同坡位表现为坡底>坡中>坡顶。研究结果可为玛纳斯县前山地带沙棘造林提供参考和理论依据。     

不同造林模式下火烧迹地的土壤修复效果及植物多样性变化

以威海仙姑顶中度火烧迹地人工更新后的麻栎-樱花-刺槐混交林(MYC)、麻栎-黑松-五角枫混交林(MHW)、麻栎-黑松-黄栌混交林(MHH)和麻栎-黑松-臭椿混交林(MHC)为研究对象,对4种不同造林模式进行土壤的定量分析和物种多样性调查,以自然更新林地(CK)作为对照,对比分析不同造林模式对火烧迹地土壤修复效果以及林下植被更新状况。结果表明:(1)MHH在0-40 cm土层内土壤容重最小,土壤通气性能最佳,土壤持水状况最好,MHC次之,MYC最差,但均与CK存在显著差异(P<0.05);(2)MHH在0-40 cm土层内土壤有机碳、碳氮比(C/N)、全磷、全钾、速效钾含量均为最高,MHC在0-40 cm土层内全氮、速效磷含量最高,MYC和MHW的土壤有机碳、碳氮比(C/N)、全磷、全钾与CK无显著差异(P>0.05);(3)MHH的Margalef指数、Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数以及Pielou指数均处于较高水平;(4)综合分析后得出,MHH对中度火烧迹地土壤修复效果最佳,林下植被更新速度最快,MHC次之。MYC和MHW对火烧迹地土壤物理性质改良明显,但在土壤养分和林下植物更新方面并无明显作用。     

Vertical distribution of soil properties under short‐rotation forestry in Northern Germany

Short‐rotation forestry (SRF) on arable soils has high potentials for biomass production and leads to long‐term no‐tillage management. In the present study, the vertical distributions of soil chemical and microbial properties after 15 y of SRF with willows and poplar (Salix and Populus spp.) in 3‐ and 6‐year rotations on an arable soil were measured and compared to a pertinent tilled arable site. Two transects at different positions in the relief (upper and lower slope; transect 1 and 2) were investigated. Short‐rotation forestry caused significant changes in the vertical distribution of all investigated soil properties (organic and microbial C, total and microbial N, soil enzyme activities), however, the dimension and location (horizons) of significant effects varied. The rotation periods affected the vertical distribution of the soil properties within the SRF significantly. In transect 1, SRF had higher organic‐C concentrations in the subsoil (Bv horizon), whereas in transect 2, the organic‐C concentrations were increased predominantly in the topsoil (Ah horizon). Sufficient plant supply of P and K in combination with decreased concentrations of these elements in the subsoil under SRF pointed to an effective nutrient mobilization and transfer from the deeper soil horizons even in the long term. In transect 1, the microbial‐C concentrations were higher in the B and C horizons and in transect 2 in the A horizons under SRF than under arable use. The activities of β‐glucosidases and acid phosphatases in the soil were predominantly lower under SRF than under arable use in the topsoil and subsoil. We conclude, that long‐term SRF on arable sites can contribute to increased C sequestration and changes in the vertical distribution of soil microbial biomass and soil enzyme activities in the topsoil and also in the subsoil.