The use of parametric and non-parametric measures for selecting stable and adapted barley lines

This research was carried out to estimate yield stability of 18 barley breeding lines using different parametric and non-parametric statistics across 15 environments during 2012–2015 growing seasons. The results of combined analysis of variance (ANOVA) and additive main effect and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) analysis showed that environments (E), genotypes (G), GE interaction, as well as the first four interaction principal component axes were highly significant, suggesting that the lines interacted differentially with environments, so further general adaptability and stability analysis across environments should be followed before being introduced for cultivation. Based on correlation coefficient and principal components analysis (PCA), most of the non-parametric statistics were significantly inter-correlated with parametric statistics, hence seem to be suitable alternatives to complement parametric statistics. Furthermore, according to the static and dynamic concepts of stability, the results revealed that stability statistics can be clustered into three groups. The overall stability analysis following different stability methods concluded that four lines (G5, G7, G17 and G20) were highly stable for grain yield in rain-fed conditions of subtropical regions of Iran. Thus, these lines can be recognized as the most stable lines for cultivation in diverse environments of semi-warm regions of Iran.     

Genetic properties of drought tolerance indices in sunflower

Abstract

The objective of the present study was genetic analysis of yield-based drought tolerance indices using the diallel method. Twenty-one genotypes of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) derived from a half diallel cross between six inbred lines were evaluated in both stress and non-stress conditions using a randomized complete block design for each one. Eight drought tolerance indices comprising stress tolerance index (STI), mean productivity (MP), geometric mean productivity (GMP), harmonic mean (HM), stress susceptibility index (SSI), tolerance index (TOL), yield index (YI) and yield stability index (YSI) were calculated based on grain yield under stress and non-stress environments. Significant genotypic differences were observed in TOL, GMP, MPSTI, HM and YI. Diallel analyses revealed the importance of both additive and non-additive gene effects in GMP, STI, HM and YI. However, the Baker ratio supported the predominance of an additive effect in their expression. Our results demonstrated that SSI, YSI, TOL and MP are not reliable indices to select drought tolerant genotypes in sunflower breeding programmes because of their low heritability. Indices such as GMP, STI, HM and YI were moderately heritable and are usually able to select high-yielding genotypes in both environments and could be usefully employed in drought tolerance breeding programmes of sunflower.     

干旱和半干旱流域水环境质量评价模型及其应用

[目的]通过建立模型修复水生态系统,评价流域水环境质量,为生态系统修复提供实用工具。[方法]以涑水河流域为例,采用了层次分析法(AHP),同时运用模糊隶属函数和综合指数法对影响水质因子的各个指标进行综合评价分析,建立干旱和半干旱流域水环境质量健康评价体系及评价模型。[结果]涑水河流域2008—2011年水环境质量健康评价结果为Ⅲ级,状态一般,较健康,评价结果与实际生态情况相符。[结论]所建立的干旱和半干旱流域水环境质量健康评价体系是合理的,能满足流域水环境质量健康评价需要。     

High Rate of Nitrogen Fertilization Increases the Crop Water Stress Index of Corn under Soil Drought

Soil nitrogen (N) availability is dominated by soil water regime and the N fertilizer levels, which affect crop growth in soil water stress. To determine the optimum N applications under different degrees of soil drought, this study investigated the effects of N fertilizer levels on the crop water stress index (CWSI) of summer corn under soil water stress. A 2-year field experiment was conducted in waterproof plots in upland red soils in subtropical China. Three N fertilizer levels and seven soil water deficit levels were employed in 2007 and 2008. Nitrogen fertilization had no influence on the CWSI of the corn under slight to moderate soil drought, but the high-N treatment increased the CWSI significantly (P < 0.01) under soil drought when the mean CWSI exceeded ～0.20. The results suggested that for scheduling irrigation or predicting crop yields, the equations between CWSI and yield should be established on comparable N fertilization levels.     

水分和铅交互胁迫对紫穗槐苗木光合特性和水分利用效率的影响

通过盆栽实验研究1 a生紫穗槐(Amorpha fruticosa)在不同水分处理(土壤相对含水率为40％,60％,80％,100％)及重金属铅胁迫水平(0,1 000,2 000,4 000,6 000 mg/kg)交互作用下叶绿素含量、净光合速率和水分利用效率的变化.结果表明:在水分和铅交互胁迫下,紫穗槐叶绿素含量变化无明显规律可循,铅含量＜4 000 mg/kg时,不同水分胁迫条件下紫穗槐叶绿素含量呈逐渐下降趋势,铅含量＞4 000 mg/kg时,不同水分胁迫条件下紫穗槐叶绿素含量呈逐渐上升趋势.水分和铅交互胁迫下,紫穗槐净光合速率呈下降趋势,铅含量＜2 000 mg/kg时,不同水分胁迫条件下紫穗槐净光合速率逐渐上升,铅含量＞2 000 mg/kg时,不同水分胁迫条件下紫穗槐净光合速率逐渐下降.在水分和铅交互胁迫下,紫穗槐水分利用效率呈上升趋势,土壤相对含水率为40％(重度水分胁迫)时,紫穗槐水分利用效率最大.     

太行山低山丘陵区7种典型植物水分利用特征

 为准确评价植物对环境的适应性,以太行山低山丘陵区的7种典型植物为对象,通过测定植物蒸腾速率、光合速率以及水分利用效率等指标,研究不同植物的水分利用特征。结果表明:1)在所研究的7种植物中,火炬树、侧柏、刺槐、荆条和酸枣5种植物的蒸腾速率日变化都属于单峰型;栓皮栎和黄连木为双峰型,双峰型主要与植物的"午休"现象有关,是植物对高温、干旱环境胁迫的主动适应;2)植物之间的水分利用效率有较大的差异,刺槐具有最高的水分利用效率;水分利用效率日均值排序为刺槐>酸枣>栓皮栎>黄连木>荆条>火炬树>侧柏,蒸腾耗水量排序为栓皮栎>火炬树>侧柏>黄连木>刺槐>荆条>酸枣;3)根据蒸腾耗水量和水分利用效率,测试植物可以分为3种类型,栓皮栎和酸枣属于高蒸腾耗水量和高水分利用效率类型,侧柏属于低蒸腾耗水量和低水分利用效率类型,刺槐则属于低蒸腾耗水量和高水分利用效率类型,具有最大的水分竞争优势。     

Selecting for nutrient use efficiency within forage grass species: I. Development of a screening system

One means of achieving increased forage grass production on infertile soils is to select plant genotypes which grow efficiently at low levels of available nutrients. This requires methods to identify variability in individual plant nutrient response from among large populations of plants grown under controlled environmental conditions.

A compact, containerized system, partially developed for growing large numbers of forage grass seedlings for use in automatic machine transplanter research, was adapted as the basis for such a screening technique. Three trials were made with 100‐plant samples of a kleingrass‐75 (Panicum coloratum L.) population to test the utility of the system. Results of these trials showed that differences in nutrient use efficiency (= reciprocal of nutrient concentration in the plant tissue, or milligrams dry matter produced per milligram nutrient absorbed) among the grass plants could be effectively identified by using the system in conjunction with laboratory analysis of the material grown. Plants could be maintained in vigorous condition during several harvest periods, and those selections that were retained could be easily transplanted for further propagation and evaluation.     

不同环境条件下水稻结实率的QTL定位分析

摘要：为了揭示水稻结实率的遗传机理并为优良基因的利用以及分子标记辅助选择提供理论依据，本研究以环境敏感的籼稻品种T219和不敏感的籼稻品种T226为亲本构建的202个株系的重组自交系(RILs)为作图群体，利用8种不同环境条件的试验结果，对RIL的结实率进行了基因型与环境互作分析和QTL的定位分析。结果表明：水稻结实率受环境的影响很大，存在着显著的基因型与环境互作效应；同时，8种环境共检测到分布在9条染色体上的17个QTL，贡献率变幅为4.6~35.7%。其中大部分QTL均只在一个或两个特定的环境中发现，表现为QTL与环境的互作、贡献率较小，且它们的增效等位基因大都来自T226。而位于第3染色体MRG5959-MRG2180区间的qSS3-1，共在6个环境中一致检测到，贡献率分别在各环境中均为最大（15.6~35.7%）、其增效的等位基因来源于亲本T226。另外位于第5染色体上的RM592-RM169区间的qSS5-3，也在同一年份的5个不同的试验条件下同时发现，贡献率为6.9~17.9%，其增效的等位基因来源于亲本T219。     

基于物联网和Deep-LSTM的茶树净光合速率动态预测模型

茶树的光合作用是其基本生理过程之一,快速评估其光合作用速率能够为茶树的水分控制提供重要依据。该研究构建了茶树物联网环境信息监测系统,通过设置100%、85%、70%、55%土壤持水量的4组水分胁迫梯度,实现对茶树生长环境和生理参数的采集,建立了茶树水分胁迫指数（Crop Water Stress Index,CWSI）模型以量化茶树的水分胁迫程度,并研究茶树净光合作用速率（Net Photosynthetic Rate,Pn）的变化特点。在此基础上,构建了基于物联网和深度长短期记忆（Deep Long Short-term Memory,Deep-LSTM）的茶树净光合作用速率动态预测模型,将不同水分处理下的茶树生长环境参数、冠层温度和CSWI作为输入特征,构建多层LSTM单元形成深度LSTM网络,实现特征提取,并引入全连接层实现降维,对茶树在不同水分胁迫程度下的Pn进行预测,计算模型的均方根误差（RMSE）和决定系数（R2）以评估其性能表现,并与经典的反向传播神经网络（Back Propagation Neural Network,BPNN）模型进行了性能对比。结果表明,茶树物联网环境信息监测系统能够有效获取其环境参数。茶树冠气温差下限与饱和水汽压差的线性方程拟合度为0.866。Deep-LSTM模型对100%、85%、70%、55%土壤持水量的水分处理下的光合作用速率的预测的RMSE分别为0.304、0.280、0.157和0.160 μmol/m2·s;其R2分别为0.846、0.875、0.893和0.954,而BPNN模型的RMSE分别为0.980、0.897、0.633、0.417 μmol/m2·s,R2分别为0.516、0.355、0.315、0.432,表明Deep-LSTM模型能够有效预测茶树的Pn,同时其性能好于BPNN模型。该研究可为快速评估茶树光合作用速率提供可行的方法,并为利用水分胁迫和光合作用指定茶树亏缺灌溉策略提供数据支持。     

基于冠层温度的夏玉米水分胁迫理论模型的初步研究

该文探讨并建立了适合于中国华北平原夏玉米的作物水分胁迫指数(CWSI)模型。通过对夏玉米的冠层最小阻力、零平面位移和粗糙度进行分生育阶段取值,得到了适合于夏玉米的水分胁迫指数模型。     

基于冠层温度的菜心缺水指数模型初步试验研究

以柳叶菜心为研究对象，测试了不同干旱条件下的土壤含水量、空气温湿度和冠层温度等参数，确定了作物缺水指数经验模型的参数，并针对太阳辐射强度对模型做了改进。研制了蔬菜旱情检测系统，利用红外测温仪、土壤含水量传感器等，可以实时测得田间作物的水分亏缺状态，为同类研究提供了测试手段和数据分析方法。     

施氮水平对红壤区夏玉米水分胁迫指数下基线的影响

在南方红壤区,分阴、晴两种天气条件,分别模拟不同施氮水平(0、120和240kg·hm-2)的夏玉米水分胁迫指数( CWSI)下基线方程.结果表明,阴天时由于空气饱和差集中于1～1.25kPa,不适合模拟玉米CWSI下基线,而在晴天时,尽管空气饱和差在1 ～3kPa范围内变化,但是模拟建立的CWSI下基线回归检验效果极显著(P＜0.01);晴天条件下,在相同空气饱和差变动范围内,有氮素供给的夏玉米冠气温差低于不施氮的,而且随着施氮量的增多,冠气温差逐渐降低,从而导致不同施氮水平处理夏玉米CWSI下基线各不相同.试验结果表明,在南方红壤区亚热带季风气候条件下,可以在晴天时建立作物CWSI下基线;并且在使用CWSI时,要根据作物施肥水平建立相应的CWSI下基线.     

应用基于红外热画像技术的CWSI简化算法判断作物水分状态

以不同水分处理下的冬小麦为研究对象,通过基于红外测温技术的Jackson理论模式和Jones简化模式分别计算作物水分胁迫指数（CWSI）,并以理论模式计算值为参考,对Jones模式反映华北地区冬小麦水分胁迫的表现进行初步分析.结果表明,两种计算模式得出的CWSI值与不同水分处理下的冬小麦根层土壤含水量均有较好的相关性,但Jones模式可更好地指示作物缺水状态,对叶片气孔导度的变化更敏感.根据研究结果初步确定了冬小麦高产条件下的CWSI阈值.本研究显示Jones简化模型能准确反映作物水分状态,并易于实现田间多点观测,可用于准确指导农田灌溉.     

南方耐旱玉米种质资源筛选和鉴定指标研究

南方7～8月份的季节性干旱严重威胁着春玉米孕穗至扬花期和秋玉米苗期的生长,影响产量.为了筛选适应南方季节性干旱气候特性的种质资源,本文针对南方的气候特性,在玉米苗期(4叶期)采用反复干旱称重控水和孕穗至扬花期采用反复干旱等量浇水的方法进行干旱处理,比较和分析了12个玉米自交系的耐旱性和与耐旱性有关的主要指标.结果表明,12个玉米自交系中,苗期和孕穗至扬花期最耐早的自交系为"178",苗期耐旱性最敏感的材料为"齐319",孕穗至扬花期最敏感的是"S4080".苗期筛选对干旱敏感的材料时,反复干旱称重控水的处理时间以7d为宜;筛选耐旱材料时,处理时间以12d为宜.幼苗成活率可作为耐旱筛选的评价指标,光合作用速率可作为玉米苗期耐旱材料筛选的快捷方便指标,处理前后相对电导率、脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量的变化可作为玉米苗期耐旱材料的生理筛选指标.     

黄河大柳树水利工程移民对生态环境的影响预测评价

拟建的黄河大柳树水利工程对于黄河流域水土资源的有效利用和库区、灌区群众生存条件的改善具有重要的意义。但是水利工程移民引起的生态与环境问题也不容忽视。通过人 -地关系模型计算了大柳树工程移民前后对安置区产生的人口胁迫力变化 ,结果表明 ,移民使安置区土地的人口压力增加了 3.9倍。移民居住点、交通设施等的建设活动和土地开发利用也可能导致安置区的土地荒漠化 ,因此 ,必须预先采取相应的措施 ,缓解土地压力、防止土地荒漠化。