Responses of wheat yield,quality and bread-making properties on the sulphur fertilization

This study presents a versatile influence of sulphur (S) application on winter wheat – beginning with the influence on the grain yield and primary quality indices, followed by the one on the bread-making properties of flour and dough, and ending with the one on the quality indices of baked products. Field experiments were conducted at two locations on haplic Luvisol and calcaric Cambisol during five years. S was given as NS-fertilizers on the background of N100 during wheat tillering. Flour and dough properties for bread-making were determined by using a farinograph Brabender. The baking tests were carried out in laboratory conditions. The influence of S on the grain yield and quality, and bread-making properties of wheat depended on the year and location. As the average of field experiments conducted at two locations, the application of S significantly increased the grain yield (r?=?0.960). The increasing yields were accompanied by decreasing contents of wet gluten (r?=?0.825). However, the significant positive (r?=?0.938) effect of the S application on the Gluten index was revealed, which is a good predictor of the baking quality of wheat flour. The S addition by nitrogen fertilization resulted also in a positive shift of the N:S ratio in grains, which is better for the bread-making quality. The significant positive effects of the S application on the dough stability time (r?=?0.898) and on the farinograph quality number (r?=?0.917) were demonstrated. The loaf volume was significantly (r?=?0.842) increasing under the influence of S. Thus, the application of S in parallel with increasing yields improved several bread-making parameters of wheat.     

The content and quality of protein in winter wheat grains depending on sulphur fertilization

Abstract

On soils lacking in water-soluble sulphur, the sulphur fertilization of winter wheat, in general, increases the yields. There are not sufficient investigations about the influence of sulphur on the quality of yield. The objective of this work was to investigate the content and quality of protein in wheat grain depending on sulphur fertilization. The present study relies on field trials conducted on two different soils during 2004–2009. Sulphur was applied with NS-fertilizer Axan or Axan Super at the rate of S 10 or 13.6 kg ha^?1 accompanied by a nitrogen background of N 100 kg ha^?1. The rates of N- and NS-fertilizers were divided and applied at the beginning and at the end of tillering. At harvest, the grain samples from trial variants in four replications were taken, and the contents of crude protein, wet gluten, amino acids (lysine, threonine, cysteine, methionine) and gluten index in wheat grain were determined. Besides, the contents of amino acids were recalculated on their concentrations in protein. The protein and wet gluten contents in grain varied significantly depending on weather conditions of the trial years. On break-stony soil, sulphur increased the yield by 1.16 t ha^?1 on average, i.e. by 21.7%. With increasing yields the protein and wet gluten concentrations in grain decreased. Under the influence of sulphur, the gluten index increased significantly – from 58 to 74, i.e. by 27.6%. In 2004 and 2005, sulphur increased the cysteine and methionine content in wheat grain. Although sulphur application in many cases decreased the protein and wet gluten contents in wheat grain, it improved the biological quality of protein because the concentrations of above-mentioned amino acids recalculated on their concentrations in protein increased significantly. The sulphur application in pseudopodzolic soil had a weaker effect on the grain quality than in break-stony soil.     

Yield and protein quality of five soft red winter wheat cultivars as affected by nitrogen fertilization rate

Abstract

This study reports the relationship between N levels (22, 56 and 112 kg/ha) and its effect on yield and protein quality for five cultivars of soft winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell). The objective was to determine the relationship of amino acid content and total protein at various levels of N. The 56 and 112 kg N/ha rates resulted in higher wheat yields than the 22 kg N rate over the 3 yr. mean. A cultivar x N level interaction for yield occurred when certain cultivars did not respond to higher N rates in 1972. Total seed protein increased with each increase in If. Increasing N levels generally resulted in a higher amlno acid content of the seed. Cultivar effects were found for 6 of the 17 amino acids (threonine, serine, glutamic acid, proline, glycine and lysine) indicating that cultivars differed in total amino acid content. Cultivars Arthur and Holley gave the greatest response (percentage amino acid) to N application. Coker 68–8 was intermediate in response while Coker 68–15 and Blueboy showed small inconsistent responses to H application.     

氮肥施用对冬小麦籽粒产量和氮素表观损失的影响

Excessive nitrogen （N） fertilizer application to winter wheat is a common problem on the North China Plain. To determine the optimum fertilizer N rate for winter wheat production while minimizing N losses, field experiments were conducted for two growing seasons at eight sites, in Huimin County, Shandong Province, from 2001 to 2003. The optimum N rate for maximum grain yield was inversely related to the initial soil mineral N content （Nmin） in the top 90 cm of the soil profile before sowing. There was no yield response to the applied N at the three sites with high initial soil mineral N levels （average 212 kg N ha^-1）. The average optimum N rate was 96 kg N ha^-1 for the five sites with low initial soil Nmin （average 155 kg N ha^-1） before sowing. Residual nitrate N in the top 90 cm of the soil profile after harvest increased with increasing fertilizer N application rate. The apparent N losses during the wheat-growing season also increased with increasing N application rate. The average apparent N losses with the optimum N rates were less than 15 kg N ha^-1, whereas the farmers＇ conventional N application rate resulted in losses of more than 100 kg N ha^-1. Therefore, optimizing N use for winter wheat considerably reduced N losses to the environment without compromising crop yields.     

施硫对小麦籽粒形成过程中蛋白质与巯基、二硫键的含量及加工品质的影响

在土壤耕层有效硫含量为728 mg/kg的条件下,选用不同冬小麦品种济麦20、淄麦12、鲁麦21和山农1391为试验材料,研究了施用硫肥对小麦不同穗位和不同粒位子粒蛋白质与巯基、二硫键含量及加工品质的影响。结果表明,施用硫肥对上部穗位粒的蛋白质含量的提高作用大于其他穗位粒; 增加了高蛋白含量品种济麦20和淄麦12 的弱势粒子粒蛋白质含量,增加了上部小穗位子粒和中部穗位强势粒的巯基含量,提高了不同穗位子粒二硫键含量; 而对不同粒位子粒二硫键含量的影响则因品种而异。施用硫肥使小麦面粉湿面筋含量、面团形成时间、稳定时间和粉质评价值均有一定提高,但不同品质指标对施用硫肥的反应存在差异。与子粒形成过程中蛋白质含量的变化相反,巯基的含量变化呈先升后降的规律; 二硫键的含量变化趋势与蛋白质含量的变化相似,但最小值出现时间略有延迟。     

Responses of physiological parameters,grain yield,and grain quality to foliar application of potassium nitrate in two contrasting winter wheat cultivars under salinity stress

An experiment was conducted to test whether foliar application of KNO₃ on wheat in the heading stage could reduce salinity‐induced injuries, produce high grain yield, and improve grain quality. Salt‐resistant DK961 and salt‐sensitive JN17 wheat cultivars under 0 or 100 mM–NaCl conditions were foliarly watered with distilled water or a 10 mM–KNO₃ solution. The four treatments included: T₁ (CK₁), 0 mM NaCl + distilled water; T₂, 0 mM NaCl + 10 mM KNO₃; T₃ (CK₂), 100 mM NaCl + distilled water; T₄, 100 mM NaCl + 10 mM KNO₃. The results indicate that there were no differences (p > 0.05) in plant growth, grain yield, and grain quality between T₂ and T₁ in both cultivars, but these response variables were significantly lower in T₃ than in T₁. K⁺ : Na⁺ ratio, chlorophyll content, photosynthetic capacity, grain yield, flour yield, water absorbance, ash content, dough‐development time and dough‐stability time were significantly higher in T₄ than in T₃, while protein concentration, wet‐gluten concentration, and antioxidant enzyme activities were lower. Although foliar application of KNO₃ on JN17 enhanced plant growth, grain yield, and grain quality, these parameters were still lower in T₄ than in T₁. Our findings suggest that cultivating the salt‐resistant wheat cultivar combined with foliar application of KNO₃ at heading stage may alleviate salinity injuries and produce higher grain yield and better grain quality under saline conditions.     

Effects of the timing of sulphur application on grain yield and yield components of wheat

Pot experiments were conducted to examine the response of wheat to the timing of sulphur (S) application. Plants were fertilized at different Stages from sowing to the end of flowering. Plants grown without a basal S supply (severe deficiency), which showed deficiency symptoms at ear emergence, required fertilization with S at the tillering stage if yield losses were to be completely avoided. Moderate and slight S deficiency, which did not result in symptoms until after ear emergence, required rectification at the second node stage for full yield to be obtained. Treatment effects on yield were closely associated with effects on the number of kernels per ear. The results show that where S deficiency occurs, fertilization is required before symptoms become evident if yield reductions are to be avoided.     

Metabolomic responses in grain,ear, and straw of winter wheat under increasing sulfur treatment

Only little is known about the effect of a varying sulfur (S) nutrition on the pattern of metabolites in different organs of the ears of winter wheat (Tritcum aestivum L.) at final maturity. More insights into the metabolome as influenced by increasing S‐fertilizer rates would, however, be of particular interest in order to unravel S‐dependent physiological processes related to grain filling in wheat. We have therefore investigated the effects of varying sulfur nutrition on metabolite composition and distribution in the organs of the wheat ear and vegetative organs at final maturity. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry–based metabolite profiles revealed that S deficiency decreased the bulk of metabolites in the straw in favor of an increasing metabolite concentration in the husk, rachis, and grains. Surprisingly, only four out of 109 detectable metabolites, namely N‐acetyl glucosamine, lysine, ferulic acid, and β‐aminoisobutyric acid were most responsible for organ‐specific differences in the metabolite profiles. Under S‐deficient conditions, N‐acetyl‐glucosamine, lysine, and β‐aminoisobutyric were increasingly transferred from source tissues into the ears and grains.     

Response of photosynthetic active radiation interception,dry matter accumulation,and grain yield to tillage in two winter wheat genotypes

ABSTRACT

To examine the effects of winter wheat genotypes on dry matter (DM) accumulation and grain yield (GY) under no-tillage conditions in North China Plain (NCP), a field experiment was conducted using the genotypes Tainong 18 (F) and Jimai 22 (J). Two tillage systems were tested, conventional tillage (CT) and no-tillage (NT) during the 2015/2016 and 2016/2017 winter wheat growing seasons. Genotypes and tillage systems were compared regarding DM accumulation, GY, leaf area index (LAI), photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) interception, and flag leaf fluorescence parameters. LAI, PAR interceptions, and flag leaf fluorescence parameters were significantly higher under CT than under NT conditions. This suggests that the efficiency of light harvesting by the PSII reaction center of leaves can increase due to CT. DM accumulation was significantly higher under CT than under NT. Spike DM accumulation was higher in F than in J in the heading and the filling stages. In both growing seasons, GY was significantly higher under CT than under NT, GY of NTF was significantly higher than that of NTJ, which was due to a significantly higher number of kernels per spike. This indicates that genotype F can compensate for a low GY due to NT.     

秸秆颗粒还田对土壤养分和冬小麦产量的影响

为明确秸秆颗粒还田在农业生产中推广应用的可行性,在山东省冬小麦-夏玉米一年两熟种植区通过田间微区试验,研究了秸秆不还田(CK)、常规粉碎还田(CCSI)和秸秆颗粒还田(GSI)对耕层土壤养分含量、冬小麦群体茎蘖数、旗叶净光合速率、叶绿素含量、干物质积累及分配和小麦产量的影响。结果表明:与CK和CCSI处理相比,GSI处理显著提高土壤有机质、碱解氮和有效磷的含量;增加基本苗和分蘖成穗率,显著提高有效穂数13.23%和16.64%。同时,GSI处理显著提高灌浆期叶面积指数、旗叶叶绿素含量和净光合速率,改善开花后旗叶光合性能,促进地上部干物质积累及其向籽粒的转运。与CK和CCSI处理相比,GSI处理的开花后干物质向籽粒的转运量显著提高19.65%和14.75%,籽粒产量显著提高9.69%和10.71%。相关分析表明,穗粒数和千粒重对产量影响不显著,有效穂数的提高是秸秆颗粒还田增产的主要原因。因此,秸秆颗粒还田可作为一种安全有效的还田方式,在农业生产中推广应用。     

“汕优63”不同产量水平下增产因素分析

试验研究了“汕优63”不同产量水平下(7.1～15.5t/hm~2)产量与其构成因子的相关性增产因子结果表明,产量主要由单位面积颖花数和实粒数决定,产量<12t/hm~2时产量随总穗粒数增加而提高,而>12t/hm~2时产量则随穗数增加而提高。单位面积颖花数<5.5万个/m~2时颖花数随总穗颖花数提高而提高,而>5.5万个/m~2时颖花数则随穗数增加而增加。穗粒重与穗粒数呈正相关,穗粒数每增加1粒则穗粒重提高0.0241g。     

The role of potassium and zinc in reducing salinity and alkalinity stress conditions in two wheat genotypes

Soil salinity may reduce potassium (K) uptake due to strong competition with sodium cations at the root surface. In calcareous soils, zinc (Zn) precipitates in forms unavailable to plants. This study evaluated the responses of two wheat genotypes (C), Baccrosroshan and salinity-tolerant Line No. 4, to K and Zn fertilizers in both greenhouse and farm experiments with similar soil and water conditions. A factorial experiment with four K levels (K0 = 0, K1 = 72, K2 = 144 and K3 = 216 kg K₂O ha^?1) and three Zn levels (Zn0 = 0, Zn1 = 20 and Zn2 = 40 kg ha^?1) based on a randomized complete block design was employed. Analysis of variance results showed significant Zn × K × C interactions on all measured traits. Despite sufficient available potassium and illite clay in the root-growing medium, plants responded to K application. Yield components, grain yield and protein content of the two genotypes increased linearly as Zn × K increased. Considering Zn2K2 and Zn2K3, Line No. 4 produced 17% higher 1000-grain weight, 30% higher weight of grains per ear and 23% higher grain yield than Baccrosroshan in the farm experiment, and 10, 50, 16% higher values, respectively, in the greenhouse experiment. Results showed a significant relationship between grain weight per ear and grain yield. The achieved results highlight the importance of K and Zn nutrition under salt-stress conditions.     

气候条件对冬小麦穗粒数的影响研究

长期定位试验研究气候条件对冬小麦穗粒数的影响结果表明 ,冬小麦穗粒数主要受返青后 5日滑动平均气温首次≥ 4℃之日～雌雄蕊原基分化时 (即拔节开始天数 )的影响 ,并受其至挑旗期平均最低气温和至抽穗期日照时数的制约。各因素对冬小麦穗粒数的影响大小依次为天数 >日照时数 >平均最低气温。冬小麦高产栽培还应协调好穗数、穗粒数和千粒重三者之间的关系     

施钴对冬小麦产量品质的影响

在潮土上采用田间小区试验,研究了钴元素对小麦产量和品质的影响。结果表明:施用适量的钴可以显著提高冬小麦的产量,改善冬小麦的品质。各施钴处理较对照增产7.4%～20.3%。施钴量在1.05kg.hm2以内,随着施钴量的增加,增产效应提高,当施钴量超过1.05kg.hm2时,随着施钴量的增加,冬小麦的产量增加,但增产效应下降。各施钴处理子粒蛋白质含量与蛋白质产量均有不同程度的提高,以Co2处理最高。此外,低浓度的钴(施钴量0.45～0.75kg.hm2)可以提高冬小麦子粒面粉的沉降值、总评价值和湿、干面筋含量,而高浓度的钴(施钴量大于1.35kg.hm2)则降低冬小麦子粒面粉沉降值、总评价值和湿、干面筋含量。土壤有效钴含量与施钴量呈极显著正相关,小麦籽粒中钴含量与施钴量呈显著正相关,地下部的钴含量显著大于地上部。     

追肥运筹对优质小麦产量和品质的影响

在青州市东夏镇薛庙村进行了追肥运筹对面包强筋小麦济南17产量和品质的影响研究。结果表明,在试验各处理的基肥种类和用量均相同的情况下,追施不同种类肥料对优质小麦产量和品质的影响各不相同。追施N90kg/hm2与不追氮比较,小麦产量增加579.0kg/hm2,增产11.1%;蛋白质和湿面筋含量分别增加1.3和2.3个百分点,稳定时间提高10.0min。在追施N90kg/hm2或N90kg/hm2、K2O60kg/hm2的基础上,追施P2O530kg/hm2与不追磷比较,小麦产量增加334.5～409.5kg/hm2,增产5.9%～7.1%,但对小麦品质影响不明显。在追施N90kg/hm2和P2O530kg/hm2的基础上,追施K2O60kg/hm2与不追钾比较,小麦产量基本无差异,但追施钾尤其是硫酸钾更能提高面团稳定时间,可提高面团稳定时间1.5～2.5min。     

Effect of subsoiling on soil properties and winter wheat grain yield

A 2‐year field experiment was carried out in loessal soil in a semi‐humid climate to explore the integrative influences of subsoiling on soil properties and winter wheat grain yield. Results showed that it was essential to deepen the plough pan in loessal soil. The sharply increased soil penetration resistance (>7 MPa) in plough pan under dry soil condition was especially harmful for plant growth. In rotary tillage treatment, the waterlogging conditions caused by shallow plough pan slightly produced macropores and preferential water flow. Significantly, higher grain yield was obtained in the subsoiling tillage treatment, increased by 21.9% in 2016 and 11.3% in 2017, respectively. Subsoiling tillage improved the resilience of winter wheat under adverse climate conditions. Subsoiling tillage should be popularized in loessal soil with shallow plough pan in semi‐humid climate. This study may provide valuable information on soil sustainable use and management in loessal soil.     

Effect of source–sink manipulation on accumulation of micronutrients and protein in wheat grains

The effect of source and sink manipulation on accumulation of micronutrients (Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu) and protein in wheat grains was studied in a field experiment and ear culture. The source and sink manipulation was obtained by reducing assimilate source (through defoliation and spike shading) or sink (through 50% spikelets removal) after anthesis in the field and by changing sucrose or NH₄NO₃ levels of the culture media in ear culture. In the field experiment, reducing source and sink generally increased Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, and protein concentrations except defoliation which decreased Mn concentration. Grain yield as well as micronutrient and protein contents in grains were all reduced by reducing source and sink sizes, suggesting that the accumulation of micronutrients and protein in grains was restricted by source supply and sink capacity. In ear culture, the supply of 20 to 80 g L^–1 sucrose increased grain weight and yield, but decreased grain Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, and protein concentrations. The supply of 0.57 to 2.28 g L^–1 NH₄NO₃ increased grain yield and the concentrations and contents of micronutrients and protein. All these results show that micronutrient and protein accumulation in grains can be affected by the source–sink relationship of carbohydrate and nitrogen. Adequate N supply can simultaneously increase grain yield and the accumulation of Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, and protein.     

Impact of Biofertilizers on grain yield in spring wheat under varying fertility conditions and wheat-cotton rotation

High nitrogen fixing and phytohormone producing diazotrophs such as Azotobacter were isolated, identified and used as bioinoculants on wheat and cotton with varying doses of nitrogen under field conditions. The impact of bio-inoculants was determined on the basis of their effect on yield, dry weight and survival rate of bacteria at different days of plant growth under field conditions in two consecutive seasons (2000–01 and 2001–02). Pronounced effects were seen by the use of bio-inoculants in wheat crop. The effects were more visible in the second year as the level of bio-inoculants was maintained in the soil. A net saving of 25–30?kg nitrogen was observed using chosen bio-inoculants for wheat crop.     

Effect of nitrogen and sulphur fertilization on the yield and composition of winter oilseed rape

Abstract

A field experiment was conducted to assess the effects of varying levels of sulphur (S) and nitrogen (N) supply on oilseed rape (Brassica napus L. var. Rafal) grown in a soil assessed to be in the low category for plant available sulphate (SO₄). There were no significant effects on crop yield as a result of applied S for any of the treatments. This was probably due to a significant input of atmospheric S as a result of the wetter than average year. However, there were significant compositional effects on total S, total N and sulphate‐sulphur (SO₄‐S) which has implications for the supply of S from soil which can often display a range of S availabilities. Effects on composition were most marked as the crop reached maturity.     

局部根系盐胁迫对冬小麦生长和光合特征的影响

通过分根装置设置无盐胁迫(0|0)、局部根系150 mmol-L-1NaCl胁迫(0|150)、全部根系75 mmol-L-1NaCl胁迫(75|75)、全部根系150 mmol-L-1NaCl胁迫(150|150)4种处理,研究根系局部盐胁迫对冬小麦生长及光合特征的影响。结果表明:盐胁迫显著抑制了小麦幼苗的生长,并且随着盐胁迫浓度的增加,小麦受抑制程度加重;根系盐胁迫方式对小麦幼苗生长影响显著,局部根系胁迫处理(0|150)小麦幼苗地上部干重比等浓度150 mmol-L-1NaCl全部盐胁迫处理(150|150)增加23.5%,比等浓度75 mmol-L-1NaCl全部盐胁迫处理(75|75)增加17.2%。在局部根系盐胁迫下,非盐胁迫一侧根系(0|150-0)补偿生长,其根长、侧根数、侧根长比盐胁迫一侧根系(0|150-150)分别增加195.2%、206.2%和237.8%,盐胁迫一侧根系吸收的Na+部分向非盐胁迫一侧根系运输,盐胁迫一侧根系(0|150-150)的Na+含量比全部胁迫处理(150|150)减少12.1%。与全部根系盐胁迫相比,局部根系盐胁迫减少了Na+在叶片中的积累,降低了钠/钾值。局部根系盐胁迫叶片净光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度和叶绿素荧光参数(Fv/Fm)均高于同浓度完全盐胁迫处理的小麦幼苗,进而增加地上部和根系的生物量。因此,局部根系胁迫显著缓解了全部盐胁迫对小麦地上部和根系生长的抑制作用。