上方汇流对黄土坡面侵蚀—搬运过程的影响

研究坡面上方汇流对坡面下方侵蚀-搬运过程的影响将深化对坡面土壤侵蚀过程机制的认识。通过设计由供水装置和试验土槽组成的试验系统,采用不同降雨强度的模拟降雨试验,研究坡度为15。时上方汇流对黄土坡面侵蚀-搬运过程的影响。结果表明：在降雨强度为50、75和100mm／h时,坡面接受上方汇流后,坡面侵蚀产沙量皆大于没有上方汇流时的坡面侵蚀产沙量,即上方汇流在坡面下方引起了净侵蚀产沙量;坡面侵蚀产沙量并不是简单地与汇水流量成正相关,在小汇水流量下,由上方汇流增加的侵蚀产沙量较小,当汇冰流量增加到1．6L／min后,坡面侵蚀产沙量随汇水流量的增加明显增大,且增加幅度随汇水流量的增加而增大,但当汇水流量增加到3．2L／min后,坡面侵蚀产沙量随汇水流量增加的幅度明显减小;接受上方汇流后,坡面侵蚀现象以侵蚀-搬运过程占主导地位。     

Impervious surface impacts to runoff and sediment discharge under laboratory rainfall simulation

Urbanization of watersheds previously managed for agricultural uses results in hydrologic changes associated with increased flooding and erosion. Few studies have been conducted to quantify these effects under controlled conditions and standard rainfall simulation methodologies have not been previously established. In this study, a laboratory rainfall simulation procedure was developed and utilized to evaluate hydrologic and sheet erosional responses to various configurations of impervious surface cover at the small scale. Runoff and sediment losses from a sloped (5%) cascade of soil boxes having 50% impervious cover located at the top of the slope or at the bottom of the slope, or having 0% impervious cover were measured. Results indicate that the 50% upslope impervious treatment generated sediment at 3–5 times the rate of the 50% downslope impervious treatment. Upslope impervious cover resulted in initially lower water runoff rates than channel development, but this effect narrowed or reversed with continued rainfall. These results suggest that upslope impervious surfaces may represent a larger total on-site erosion risk than equivalent impervious surfaces located at lower positions along the slope, especially under high antecedent soil moisture and/or high intensity rainfall.     

上方来水对浅沟侵蚀产沙的野外放水冲刷试验研究

浅沟通常发生在黄土高原地区陡坡农耕地上,是黄土高原丘陵沟壑区一种独特的微地貌现象,影响着坡面降雨产汇流过程和侵蚀产沙数量。以黄土丘陵沟壑区坡面浅沟为研究对象,通过野外典型浅沟径流小区放水冲刷试验,研究上方来水对浅沟侵蚀产沙及输沙规律的影响。结果表明:浅沟径流率随着上方来水流量的增大而不断增大;产沙率随着上方来水流量的增大而增大。含沙量大小顺序为上方来水流量15L/min,下方水流量10L/min时含沙量>上方来水流量10L/min,下方水流量10L/min时含沙量>无上方来水,下方水流量10L/min时含沙量>上方来水流量5L/min,下方水流量5L/min时含沙量>无上方来水,下方水流量5L/min时含沙量。有上方来水比无上方来水含沙量增大1.39～2.46倍。     

Rill formation and evolution caused by upslope inflow and sediment deposition on freshly tilled loose surfaces

Rill erosion easily occurs on tilled surfaces because the soil shear resistance is less than the runoff shear stress. However, rill erosion formation and evolution on tilled surfaces under upslope inflow conditions remain unclear. The objective of this study was to investigate the rill formation process and rill erosion amount on tilled surfaces via flow scouring under different inflow rates (4, 6, and 8 L min⁻¹) at a 15° slope. Close-range photogrammetric technology was applied to measure the rill morphology during the experiments. The results suggested that the rill formation process due to inflow could be divided into two distinct stages, namely, before and after runoff reached the downslope end, i.e., stages I and II, respectively. At stage I, runoff washed soil particles along the downslope direction. In this process, due to limited transport capacity of runoff, washed soil particles were deposited at the runoff head and formed a soil mound, which blocked the flow path, after which the runoff direction changed within the 6.7°− 50.6° range with an average moving distance of 0.62 m. As a result, a curved rill and a series of soil mounds were left on the surface. The inflow rate affected rill morphology by influencing the runoff direction change angle and runoff moving distance between the mounds on the surface. Herein, the rill formation process is referred to as downslope-trending erosion by inflow (DTEI). At stage II, runoff reached the downslope end, and a rill channel was formed throughout the slope. Thereafter, DTEI was largely reduced, and headward erosion was strengthened. As a result, the rill morphology quickly changed, such as the rill depth and rill width, which gradually increased with ongoing headward erosion. During DTEI, the rill paths were curved due to sediment deposition, and the sediment deposition conditions varied under the different inflow rates. Therefore, the rill curvature (RC) differed (1.039 ± 0.014). The RC decreased with headward erosion progression at stage II. The total sediment yield (TSY) increased with increasing inflow rate. Under inflow rates ranging from 4 to 6 L min⁻¹ and 6–8 L min⁻¹, the TSY increased 2.1–2.4 times. Consequently, DTEI on tilled surfaces significantly affects the initial rill morphology and evolution at the later stage. Hence, on slopes, its role should be considered in rill erosion assessment.     

不同土壤管理措施下基于水蚀过程的含沙量变异及其驱动

In order to prevent soil erosion in southern China, a study was performed to determine the drivers of sediment concentration variation using simulated rainfall and four soil management systems under field condition. Four soil management systems, i. e., forest and grass coverage (FG), forest coverage with disturbed soil surface (FD), contour tillage (CT) and downslope tillage (DT), were exposed to two rainfall intensities (40 and 54 mm h^-1) using a portable rainfall simulator. The drivers of sediment concentration variation were determined by the variations of runoff rate and sediment concentration as well as their relationships. The effects of the four soil management systems in preventing water and soil losses were compared using runoff rates and sediment concentrations at steady state. At runoff initial stage, sediment concentration variation was mainly driven by rainfall and management. The degree of sediment concentration variation driven by flow varied with different soil management systems. Three best relationships between runoff rate and sediment concentration were identified, i. e., reciprocal (CT), quadratic (FG and FD) and exponential (DT). At steady state, runoff rates of the four soil management systems varied slightly, whereas their sediment concentrations varied greatly. FG and CT were recommended as the best soil management systems for preventing water and soil losses.     

地表糙度与径流水力学参数响应规律模拟

为了明确地表糙度与坡面径流特征及其水力学参数之间的相互作用,通过模拟人工锄耕、人工掏挖、等高耕作和对照组直型坡等4种不同糙度的地表,在室内模拟降雨条件下,对不同糙度坡面上的径流特征和水力学参数(雷诺数、弗劳德数、阻力系数和水流剪切力)以及降雨前后地表糙度的变化进行了测量与计算。结果表明,雨前雨后各措施坡面的地表糙度为:等高耕作人工掏挖人工锄耕直型坡。相同雨强和降雨历时下,不同糙度坡面其径流特征差异显著。初始地表糙度越大的坡面,径流越容易稳定在层流状态;反之,径流越倾向于往紊流发展。对人工锄耕、人工掏挖、等高耕作3种耕作措施来说,在相同雨强和降雨历时下,初始糙度越大的坡面,其断面流量、径流量和产沙量越小。坡面初始地表糙度越大,径流阻力系数也越大,但坡面径流的雷诺数、弗劳德数和径流剪切力则越小,径流对地表糙度具有减小作用,雷诺数和水流剪切力越大,径流对地表糙度的减小作用越弱。研究结果为深入理解坡面地表糙度与其水文特征之间的相互作用提供参考。     

岩土覆被格局对西南喀斯特坡地产流产沙的影响

为研究不同岩土格局对喀斯特坡地水土流失/漏失的影响,利用人工模拟降雨试验,以裸坡为对照组,研究镶嵌格局、横坡格局、顺坡格局3种岩土覆被格局下的坡面产流产沙特征。结果表明：(1)顺坡格局的地表产流量最多,分别较镶嵌格局、横坡格局与裸坡的地表产流量增加88.6%,67.1%,576.1%,同时顺坡格局的地下产流量最少,分别较镶嵌格局、横坡格局与裸坡减少37.5%,36.1%,39.2%。(2)地表产沙量顺坡格局>镶嵌格局>横坡格局>裸坡,地下产沙量镶嵌格局>横坡格局>顺坡格局>裸坡。3种岩土格局的地表产沙量较裸坡均有明显增加,但地下产沙量相对增加较少。(3)岩土格局可改变地表径流泥沙关系,地表累积径流量与地表累积产沙量呈幂函数关系,镶嵌格局明显改变地表径流泥沙关系,使坡面地表侵蚀量显著提升。研究结果可进一步深化对喀斯特坡地降雨侵蚀规律的认识,为喀斯特地区的石漠化治理提供参考依据。     

黄土区沟道阶梯状边坡水土流失防治措施与机理

陕北地区治沟造地工程中新修沟道阶梯状边坡抗蚀性较弱。研究利用室内人工模拟降雨试验,研究新开挖沟道阶梯状边坡在降雨作用下不同水土保持措施的水沙效应,并观测其侵蚀发育过程。结果表明:极端气象条件(120mm/h雨强)与坡顶部区域汇水作用是导致阶梯状边坡产生快速侵蚀破坏的两个主要条件。当边坡仅受到降雨作用,雨强在60mm/h~90mm/h之间变化时,产沙速率稳定,不同雨强下产沙速率呈现倍率关系,坡面侵蚀现象无明显差异,坡体无明显破坏;120mm/h雨强条件下,产沙速率显著上升,侵蚀发育过程出现明显变化,坡体破坏明显。阶梯状边坡平台反坡措施能有效减少60mm/h,90mm/h,120mm/h三种雨强下产沙量58.4%,35.2%,62.1%,减少径流量69.6%,26.6%,60.8%,并有效减缓坡体表面破坏及侵蚀发育速度。用放水试验模拟无截排水措施情况,发现截排水措施能够有效降低产沙量92.7%,同时改变了侵蚀发育的现象,将急剧下切发育的细沟侵蚀转变为了发育较为缓慢的层状面蚀。从减水减沙的角度,坡顶截排水措施与平台反坡措施皆为有效的阶梯状边坡水土流失防治措施。     

四川黄壤区玉米季坡耕地自然降雨及其侵蚀产沙特征分析

为明确玉米全生育期自然降雨特征以及坡耕地产流产沙规律,以研究区自然降雨为基础,采用野外径流小区和室内分析相结合的方法,分别对横坡垄作、平作和顺坡垄作坡面玉米全生育期(苗期、拔节期、抽雄期和成熟期)的自然降雨、径流及侵蚀产沙量进行了测定。结果表明:研究区2015年玉米全生育期内雨量为676.71mm,其中成熟期侵蚀性雨量达411.71mm,占累计侵蚀性雨量的69.85%。玉米全生育期内,产流受雨量、玉米生育期显著影响,横坡垄作产沙受雨量、雨强的影响显著,而平作和顺坡垄作则受雨量、株高的影响显著;产流产沙均随玉米生育期的推进逐渐增加,且产沙受产流影响显著,横坡垄作和平作含沙量先减小后增加再减小,而顺坡垄作则先减小后增加;抽雄期横坡垄作产流显著小于顺坡垄作而产沙显著小于平作和顺坡垄作,成熟期横坡垄作产流产沙显著小于平作和顺坡垄作。研究区自然降雨条件下,雨量是影响黄壤坡耕地产流产沙的最主要因子,产沙滞后于产流;玉米成熟期土壤侵蚀最为严重,横坡垄作是防治研究区水土流失的有效途径,研究成果为山地黄壤水土流失有效防控与农业的可持续发展提供理论参考。     

地表粗糙度对黄土坡面产流机制的影响

为探明地表粗糙度对坡面产流机制的影响,该研究通过室内与室外径流小区模拟降雨试验相结合,分析在3种雨强(60、90、120 mm/h)下粗糙坡面与平整坡面(坡度5°、10°、15°、20°)产流点位空间分布和坡面产流时间特征,阐明地表粗糙度对坡面产流机制的影响。结果表明:粗糙坡面与平整坡面产流点位沿径流方向的变异系数分别为34.4%~52.9%、15.5%~31.1%,即粗糙坡面产流点位较平整坡面更为分散。相较于平整坡面,地表粗糙度具有推迟坡面产流效应,且推迟效应随坡度、雨强增大而逐渐减弱。表明地表粗糙度在小坡度、小雨强条件下具有较强延迟坡面产流能力。地表粗糙度影响坡面产流一方面通过地表填洼的直接作用;另一方面通过增加降水入渗水头,增强坡面入渗能力的间接作用。通过坡面地表填洼量预测的初始产流时间与实测坡面产流时间比值范围为2.2%~36.2%,表明地表粗糙度间接作用为延迟坡面产流的主导作用。因此,该研究结果阐明了粗糙坡面的点状产流与坡面产流特征,进一步为粗糙坡面产流机制的揭示及地表粗糙度对坡面土壤侵蚀机理的影响提供了科学依据。     

东北黑土区坡耕地斜坡垄作与顺坡垄作土壤侵蚀的对比分析

斜坡垄作是东北黑土区最普遍的垄作方式之一,但当前关于斜坡垄作对坡耕地土壤侵蚀的影响鲜见报道。为此,本研究基于室内模拟试验,设计2个降雨强度（50和100 mm/h）以及2种垄作方式（斜坡垄作和顺坡垄作）,分析东北黑土区坡耕地斜坡垄作与顺坡垄作坡面土壤侵蚀的差异。结果表明：（1）在50和100 mm/h降雨强度下,斜坡垄作断垄前坡面侵蚀速率分别是顺坡垄作的0.46%和0.35%;但在45 min的降雨过程中,由于斜坡垄作发生断垄现象,造成50和100 mm/h两种降雨强度下斜坡垄作坡面侵蚀速率分别是顺坡垄作的1.24和1.03倍。（2）斜坡垄作径流强度和侵蚀速率随降雨历时的变化均从断垄开始发生突变。在50和100 mm/h降雨强度下,随着降雨历时的变化斜坡垄作断垄前的径流强度和侵蚀速率值均低于顺坡垄作,其平均径流强度分别为顺坡垄作的8.42%和3.75%、平均侵蚀速率分别为顺坡垄作的0.46%和0.35%,但斜坡垄作断垄后坡面径流和侵蚀速率明显增大,其平均径流强度分别为顺坡垄作的1.33和1.47倍、平均侵蚀速率分别是顺坡垄作的2.03和1.62倍。（3）在50和100 mm/h降雨强度下,斜坡垄作断垄前坡面径流量和侵蚀量存在显著的线性关系（P<0.01）,而断垄后两者的相关关系则不显著（P>0.05）;而顺坡垄作在两种降雨强度下坡面径流量和侵蚀量存在显著的线性关系。（4）在两种降雨强度下斜坡垄作坡面90%以上的径流泥沙均来自断垄后。因此,提高垄丘稳定性和防止断垄现象发生,是减少斜坡垄作坡面土壤侵蚀的关键所在。     

东北黑土区坡耕地斜坡垄作与顺坡垄作土壤侵蚀对比分析

斜坡垄作是东北黑土区最普遍的垄作方式之一,但当前关于斜坡垄作对坡耕地土壤侵蚀的影响鲜见报道。为此,基于室内模拟试验,设计2个降雨强度(50,100 mm/h)和2种垄作方式(斜坡垄作和顺坡垄作),分析东北黑土区坡耕地斜坡垄作与顺坡垄作坡面土壤侵蚀的差异。结果表明:(1)在50,100 mm/h降雨强度下,斜坡垄作断垄前坡面侵蚀速率分别是顺坡垄作的0.46%和0.35%;但在45 min的降雨过程中,由于斜坡垄作发生断垄现象,造成50,100 mm/h降雨强度下斜坡垄作坡面侵蚀速率分别是顺坡垄作的1.24,1.03倍。(2)斜坡垄作径流强度和侵蚀速率随降雨历时的变化均从断垄开始发生突变。在50,100 mm/h降雨强度下,随着降雨历时的变化,斜坡垄作断垄前的径流强度和侵蚀速率值均低于顺坡垄作,其平均径流强度分别为顺坡垄作的8.42%和3.75%;平均侵蚀速率分别为顺坡垄作的0.46%和0.35%;但斜坡垄作断垄后坡面径流和侵蚀速率明显增大,其平均径流强度分别为顺坡垄作的1.33,1.47倍,平均侵蚀速率分别是顺坡垄作的2.03,1.62倍。(3)在50,100 mm/h降雨强度下,斜坡垄作断垄前坡面径流量和侵蚀量存在极显著的线性关系(P<0.01),而断垄后两者的相关关系则不显著(P>0.05);而顺坡垄作在2种降雨强度下坡面径流量和侵蚀量存在极显著的线性关系。(4)在2种降雨强度下斜坡垄作坡面90%以上的径流泥沙均来自断垄后。因此,提高垄丘稳定性和防止断垄现象发生,是减少斜坡垄作坡面土壤侵蚀的关键所在。     

鄂东南花岗岩红壤不同土层侵蚀过程

为了探讨不同降雨动能条件下花岗岩红壤各层次(淋溶层、淀积层、母质层)在坡面侵蚀过程中的产流产沙特征,研究采用室内人工模拟降雨试验方法,对其水动力学参数变化特征及其与土壤侵蚀速率之间的定量关系进行了研究。结果表明:(1)降雨动能对各层次土壤坡面的产沙产流特征影响显著。随着降雨动能增加,各层次土壤初始产流时间不断递减,且径流含沙量和总产沙量均不断增大;(2)各层次土壤之间的侵蚀规律差异显著。初始产流时间、径流含沙量及总产沙量均表现出显著差异; 通过回归分析,发现土壤侵蚀速率与降雨动能之间有良好的线性关系;(3)水流功率和单位水流功率与土壤侵蚀速率均呈显著的相关性,且能够用幂函数准确地描述它们之间的关系,引入土壤黏粒含量可使得模型更加可靠,在实际应用中有更广的应用范围和现实价值。综上,降雨动能和土壤质地对花岗岩红壤坡面侵蚀的形成和发展过程具有显著影响。     

不同逆坡耕作强度对干热河谷区坡耕地水蚀的影响

为了研究不同逆坡耕作强度导致的土壤位移对坡面水蚀的影响,以金沙江干热河谷区坡面径流小区为研究对象,在径流小区5°,10°,15°坡面上,进行单宽流量为0.6 m^2/h的放水试验。在10°坡面的下坡位置设置0.05,0.10,0.20 m土层深度,分别代表连续耕作80,69,46年导致下坡位置土壤损失土层变薄情况。通过收集径流小区出口的产流量和产沙量,研究在不同坡度上的不同逆坡耕作强度导致的土壤位移对坡面产流率、产沙率、总流量和总产沙量的影响。结果表明:(1)在10°坡面,耕作年限越长,产流越快,不同耕作强度(年限)的产流率、总产流量、产沙率和总产沙量均表现46年<69年<80年的变化趋势,说明长期逆坡耕作导致的土壤位移加速了坡面水蚀的发生;(2)在耕作69年的坡面,坡度越大,产流越快。在测定坡度范围,产流率、总产流量、产沙率和总产沙量均表现出5°<10°<15°的变化趋势,即坡度的增加明显增大了坡面水蚀;(3)随耕作侵蚀强度的增大,坡面产流率与产沙率间的指数增长关系越显著,而坡度的增大弱化了水沙指数函数关系。研究成果可为揭示干热河谷区逆坡耕作强度和坡度对水蚀的作用机理提供参考。     

土壤初始含水率对坡面降雨入渗及土壤水分再分布的影响

在防止土壤侵蚀和雨后抑制蒸发的条件下，利用室内人工降雨试验，研究了土壤初始含水率对坡面降雨入渗、湿润锋运移及土壤水分再分布规律的影响。结果表明：初始含水率越高，产流越快，平均入渗率越小，达到稳定入渗率的时间也越短；当初始含水率均匀分布时，降雨入渗和再分布过程中湿润锋面平行坡面垂直向下整体运移，坡面降雨入渗过程可以简化为一维；当初始含水率非均匀分布时，初始含水率越高，再分布过程中湿润锋的运移速率越大，但在降雨入渗过程中，湿润锋的运移速率与土体的湿润程度和范围有一定的关系；坡面上方来水(径流)虽然对湿润锋运移速率影响不大，但对入渗有一定的促进作用；再分布过程中，土壤水分有沿坡向下运移的趋势。     

Erosion and covered zones altered by surface coverage effects on soil nitrogen and carbon loss from an agricultural slope under laboratory-simulated rainfall events

Soil erosion, one of the most serious environmental concerns, might remove topsoil and essential element from terrestrial land. However, few attentions have been given to investigating how soil erosion regimes affect soil carbon and nitrogen loss. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of surface coverage rates (83%, 67%, 50%, 33%, 17% and 0%) and two positions (up- and downslope) on erosion regimes and its associated soil nitrogen and carbon loss under a sequence of six rainfalls (R1-R6). These results showed that the sediment concentrations with 33% (R4) and 17% (R5) coverage downslope were significantly lower than those with coverage upslope, whereas there was no significant difference between the runoff rates of the two slopes. Thus, surface coverage at different positions induced two soil erosion regimes (deposition- and transport-dominated processes). Dynamics of the DON and DIN concentrations indicated different release processes of soil nitrogen into runoff. The DON contributed to a substantial amount of soil nitrogen loss, which accounted approximately 81% of the organic form. The SBOC is significantly correlated with sediment-enriched clay particles from the deposition-dominated processes and is higher than that from the transport-dominated processes. The DOC is significantly correlated with Rr for transport-dominated processes. These results illustrated the critical role of erosion regimes in soil organic carbon loss in dissolved or sediment-bound form. It is concluded that erosion/covered zones altered by surface coverage could produce transport- and deposition-dominated erosion regimes and consequently affect soil carbon and nitrogen loss. In addition, these results demonstrated that surface coverage pattern may efficiently control soil erosion and soil carbon and nitrogen loss.     

不同降雨强度对紫色土坡面侵蚀过程的影响

为研究不同雨强对紫色土坡面侵蚀过程的影响,通过人工模拟降雨试验和室内分析,采用降雨总量(30mm)一定、降雨历时不定的原则,在2种覆盖度(50%和75%)下,分析了3个雨强(0.5,1.0,1.5mm/min)对紫色土土壤坡面产流产沙的影响。结果表明:在50%和75%覆盖度下,(1)雨强越大紫色土坡面产流总量和径流率越大。相同时间内,不同雨强(0.5,1.0,1.5mm/min)下的2种覆盖度产流量分别占坡面产流总量的18%,30%,52%。(2)雨强越大紫色土坡面产沙量和侵蚀率越大。相同时间内,不同雨强(0.5,1.0,1.5mm/min)下,2种覆盖度产沙量分别占坡面产沙总量的13%,33%,54%。(3)紫色土坡面侵蚀泥沙中的水稳性团聚体的粒径主要集中在0.25,3mm,分别占泥沙总量的74%和67%,0.25~3mm粒径的水稳性团聚体分别占泥沙总量的30%和26%。(4)相关分析表明,雨强和紫色土坡面产流产沙量均为极显著正相关(P0.01)。雨强与产沙量之间均拟合为一次线性方程;雨强与产流量之间分别拟合为一次线性方程和二次方程。研究结果为控制紫色土坡面水土流失和揭示其相关侵蚀机理提供参考。     

Effects of soil crust and crop on runoff and erosion in Loess Plateau

Soil crust formed after rainfall has a strong influence on soil erosion, water use, and crop growth on sloping farmland. To study the effect of soil crust on sloping farmland on runoff amount and erosion sediment yield, the soil crust on sloping farmland has been studied in this paper for plantings of corn, soybeans, millet, and winter wheat. Using an outdoor rainfall simulator, the influence of soil crust on runoff rate and sediment yield on sloping farmland covered by crops has been observed. The results revealed that soil crust thickness was increased after rainfall and soil crust coverage showed little change after rainfall. Soil crust had a significant impact on runoff and sediment yield on sloping farmland. Slopes with soil crust showed higher runoff rate and less soil loss than slopes without soil crust. On slopes planted with four crops (corn, soybeans, millet, and winter wheat), runoff rates on slopes with soil crust were respectively 20%, 25%, 25%, and 21% higher than on slopes without soil crust; sediment yield on slopes with soil crust was respectively 15%, 14%, 14%, and 8% lower than on slopes without soil crust. Crops enlarged the runoff difference between the two kinds of slope and decreased the sediment yield difference between them. Crop growth enhanced these differences in runoff and sediment yield between slopes with and without soil crust.     

不同水土保持临时措施下工程堆积体坡面减流减沙效应

为量化城市生产建设项目水土保持相关规范中对于水土保持临时措施的布设要求,并为水土保持监管提供科学依据,该研究以深圳市生产建设项目工程堆积体为例,基于工程堆积体特征及其水土保持临时措施实施情况现场调查结果,结合深圳市多年自然降雨强度,概化设计室内人工模拟降雨试验,研究临时苫盖和拦挡措施在不同降雨强度及坡度下对工程堆积体坡...     

黄土坡面下坡位土壤侵蚀过程的模拟试验

在中国科学院水利部水土保持研究所,采用2个不同坡长小区室内模拟降雨试验方法,对黄土坡面下坡位侵蚀过程进行研究。结果表明：1）坡面下坡位侵蚀模数随降雨过程、降雨强度及坡度的变化均具有大小交错,上下波动的特征,侵蚀模数随降雨过程的变化总体呈先上升后趋于稳定的态势,随降雨强度的增大而增加,随坡度的增大而先增大后减小,再增大再减小;2）坡面上、下坡位侵蚀模数随降雨过程、坡度及降雨强度的变化均具有明显差异,下坡位明显不如上坡位;3）坡面上坡位汇流和下坡位产流与坡面上坡位输沙对坡面下坡位侵蚀模数的影响可用二元线性方程很好地描述,前者的贡献率为47．8％,后者为20．4％;只通过观测分析小区平均侵蚀特征得出的坡面侵蚀过程,掩盖了坡面下坡位的真实侵蚀过程,采取水土保持措施减少坡面上坡位汇流及增加降雨就地入渗,可以有效地治理坡面下坡位的水土流失。