Effects of five non-agricultural organic wastes on soil composition, and on the yield and nitrogen recovery of Italian ryegrass

Abstract. We studied the effects of five diverse non-agricultural organic wastes on soil composition, grass yield and grass nitrogen use in a 3–year field experiment. The applied wastes were distillery pot ale, dairy salt whey, abattoir blood and gut contents, composted green waste (two annual applications each), and paper-mill sludge (one annual application). With the exception of N immobilization in the paper-mill sludge treatment, the wastes had no unfavourable effects on the soil. In the 2–year treatments, grass dry matter yields from the abattoir and distillery wastes (26.3 t ha⁻¹) were larger than those from a NH₄NO₃ fertilizer treatment (24.3 t ha⁻¹) and from the dairy waste (20.4 t ha⁻¹) and composted waste (22.8 t ha⁻¹). Yield and N recovery were impaired markedly after the single application of paper-mill sludge, both in the year of application and in the following year. The results demonstrated clear differences in the ability of the applied wastes to provide crop-available N. We conclude that in order to improve prediction of both the benefits and risks from waste recycling to land, more information should be gathered on soil/waste/crop interactions.     

黄瓜结果期实施短期低氮处理对植株生长、产量及果实品质的影响

采用营养液栽培,研究在结果期实施短期(7 d)低氮(3 mmol/L和6 mmol/L)处理对黄瓜的生长发育、产量与果实品质的影响。结果表明:适度低氮(6 mmol/L)对黄瓜净光合速率无显著影响;低氮处理后T1(3 mmol/L)和T2(6 mmol/L)植株株高分别低于对照水平14.9%和4.2%,但在恢复正常供氮(即对照水平,12 mmol/L)7 d后,适度低氮处理的植株株高与对照无显著差异;植株叶面积在处理期无显著差异,恢复正常供氮7 d后,适度低氮处理的植株叶面积比对照高出12.6%,且其产量与对照无显著影响;低氮处理后果实品质提高,适度低氮处理植株果实中的Vc含量比对照高出13.6%,硝酸盐含量减少21.9%,差异显著。试验表明结果期短时期适度低氮处理(6 mmol/L)能够在保证植株生长和产量的基础上,提高果实品质。     

Effect of row spacing,growth stage,and nitrogen rate on spectral irradiance in winter wheat

Soil reflectance affects spectral irradiance measurements taken in winter wheat at early stages of growth when percent cover is low. The objective of this study was to determine the critical percent vegetation coverage needed for forage nitrogen (N) uptake calibration with indirect spectral irradiance measurements. Two field experiments were conducted at Tipton and Perkins, OK in October 1996. The effect of row spacing (15.2, 19.0, 25.4, and 30.5 cm) and growth stage (Feekes 4 and 5) under various N fertilizer rates (0, 56, 112, and 168 kg N ha^‐1) on spectral irradiance measurements from wheat was evaluated. The normalized difference vegetative index (NDVI) was used to characterize wheat canopy irradiance. In general, NDVI decreased with increasing row spacing and increased with N fertilizer rate at Feekes growth stage 4. Row spacing and N rate were independent of each other since no significant interaction was found. High correlation (r=0.81–0.98) was observed between NDVI and vegetation coverage. Percent vegetation coverage was a good predictor of the other dependent variables including forage dry matter, and total N uptake, which could indirectly be determined using NDVI. The coefficients of variation (CV's) from NDVI values decreased with increasing vegetation coverage suggesting that less variable NDVI values (CV less than 10%) might be obtained from plots where vegetation coverage exceeds 50%.     

氮素对冬小麦生长发育及产量的亏缺和补偿效应

通过盆栽试验研究了正常灌水条件下不同生育阶段氮素亏缺对冬小麦生长发育及产量的影响。结果表明,越冬期不施氮能明显减少冬小麦的分蘖数和地上、地下部生物量,对地上部影响大于地下部,使根冠比增大;越冬期和拔节期不施氮能显著降低冬小麦的产量,而后期缺氮对产量的影响不大;越冬期不施氮能明显降低冬小麦的有效穗数,拔节期不施氮对千粒重影响较大;而抽穗期和成熟期不施氮则对穗粒数具有显著的影响。总的来看,冬小麦对氮素的亏缺敏感期在越冬期和拔节期,补偿有效期在拔节期。     

氮硫配施对生姜生长和氮素吸收的影响

【目的】施肥显著影响生姜的产量及品质,在施氮的基础上合理增施硫肥可通过协调氮代谢的能力,促进干物质的合成与积累,从而提高生姜产量。本文在砂姜黑土区采用田间试验,研究氮硫配施对生姜不同生育期干物质积累、产量及氮素吸收的影响,为提高生姜产量及养分吸收提供理论依据。【方法】试验设置4个N水平(0、300、450、600 kg/hm2)和2个S水平(S 0、50 kg/hm2),在发棵期、根茎膨大期和收获期取样,测定茎、叶及根茎的干物质量及含氮量。【结果】生姜的茎和叶生长主要集中在前期,根茎膨大期时的茎和叶干物质量分别为5.49.3 g/plant和7.0 11.6 g/plant;根茎则在后期快速积累,至收获期时根茎干物质量达20.0 36.8 g/plant。随施氮量的增加,不同生育期茎和叶的干物质量均随之增加。适宜施氮量内,生姜根茎干物质量和产量表现出随施氮量增加而增加的趋势,以N450S50处理最高。相较于N0S0处理和N0S50处理,不同施氮量处理生姜增产率分别在33.1%74.3%和25.4%64.2%之间。同一施氮量下,增施硫肥处理的生姜干物质量和产量较高。氮硫配施对生姜根茎、茎和叶氮含量有不同影响。各器官中叶的氮含量在不同生育时期均高于根茎和茎,其中以根茎膨大期较高,为24.3 28.4 g/kg;而根茎和茎的氮含量均在发棵期较高,分别为18.3 24.5和16.3 22.2 g/kg。不同处理中,根茎氮含量在N600S50处理中较高,而茎和叶氮含量则是在N450S50处理中最高。收获期生姜各器官氮累积量表现为根茎叶茎,其中N450S50处理的根茎氮累积量高于其他处理,而茎和叶中则是N600S50处理的氮累积量最高。整株氮累积量随施氮量的增加而增加,N450S50处理最高,较N0S0处理和N0S50处理分别上升116.2%和99.0%,过量施氮反而降低氮素累积。增施硫肥能提高氮累积量,增加幅度在8.1%15.8%之间。【结论】生姜根茎干物质量主要在根茎膨大期积累,实际生产中在这一时期追施氮、钾肥,对于提高生姜根茎生物量,获得高产具有重要作用。氮和硫存在很强的内在联系,适宜施氮量下增施硫肥能够促进同化产物的形成,使养分向生长旺盛部位转移,从而提高生姜干物质积累和产量,促进植株对氮素的吸收。过量施氮或氮硫比例不合理则会导致产量提升受限。     

氮肥用量对高淀粉玉米和普通玉米吸氮特性及产量和品质的影响

采用田间试验研究氮肥用量对高淀粉玉米(郑单21)和普通玉米(四密25)吸氮特性及子粒品质产量的影响。结果显示,与普通玉米相比,高淀粉玉米氮素最大吸收速率较大,出现日期早,成熟期吸氮总量高,但其子粒产量却较低。高淀粉玉米子粒中的氮素更多依赖于后期的根系吸收,而较少来源于前期营养体的氮素转移;其淀粉总量、支链淀粉含量较高,而直/支比值较低。在蛋白质及其组分含量上,郑单21含有较高的粗蛋白总量及清蛋白、球蛋白和谷蛋白含量,但醇溶蛋白含量较低;在脂肪酸及其组成上,虽然郑单21的脂肪酸总量较低,但不饱和脂肪酸比例较高。在各品质组分上,支链淀粉、醇溶蛋白、软脂酸、油酸和亚油酸含量对氮肥的反应与淀粉含量、粗蛋白含量和脂肪酸总量的变化趋势基本一致,均随施氮量的增加而增加,但过量施氮则其含量下降。施氮对直链淀粉含量、清蛋白、球蛋白和谷蛋白含量、硬脂酸、花生酸和亚麻酸无明显影响。     

Effect of seed rate and nitrogen fertilizer on weed species composition,density and diversity in two sesame varieties

To evaluate the effect of seed and nitrogen rates on weed species composition, density, biomass and diversity in two sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) varieties, a field experiment was conducted in 2009, 2010 and 2011 rainy seasons at Samaru, Nigeria. Four seed rates, 2, 4, 6 and 8 kg ha^?1, four nitrogen rates, 0, 30, 60 and 90 kg N ha^?1 and two sesame varieties NCRIBEN 01M and E8 were arranged as factorial in a split plot design. Weeds with the highest important values in sesame field were Dactyloctenium aegyptium, Ludwigia decurrens, Ageratum conyzoides and Cyperus esculentus. Year had a significant effect on weed density, biomass, diversity, evenness and richness. Weed density, biomass, diversity and richness were lowest in the 2011 trial and weed species evenness in 2009. Variety E8 reduced weed biomass better than NCRIBEN 01M. Averaged over years, weed diversity and evenness were lowest at 4 kg seeds ha^?1. Seed × nitrogen rates effect of 4 kg seed ha^?1 and 30 kg N ha^?1 produced the lowest weed species diversity and evenness. The result suggests that variety E8 at 4 kg seed ha^?1 and 30 kg N ha^?1 with hoe weeding at 3 and 6 WAS may provide better weed control, and it is recommended in sesame production.     

基质栽培中氮素浓度分段管理对网纹甜瓜干物质分配和品质的影响

研究了基质栽培中甜瓜不同生育阶段氮素浓度管理模型对基质栽培网纹甜瓜(品种为"春丽"和"蜜玲珑")干物质分配和品质的影响。结果表明,两个品种平均单果重都在氮浓度管理为"8-12-8"(mmol.L-1)下最重。氮浓度模型"4-8-12"(mmol.L-1)果实中Vc、可溶性蛋白质含量显著低于浓度模型"8-8-8"(mmol.L-1),与浓度模型"8-8-8"(mmol.L-1)相比,"8-12-8"(mmol.L-1)浓度管理降低了果实中可溶性蛋白质和硝酸盐含量,但提高了可溶性糖和糖酸比。     

密度和施氮量对油菜生长发育及产量的影响

为探讨密度和施氮量互作效应对油菜生长发育及产量的影响,以甘蓝型油菜品种华油杂9号为材料,在施氮120、240和360 kg·hm~(-2)的条件下,分别设密度15万、30万和45万株·hm~(-2)处理,分析了施氮量与密度对油菜生长发育动态、产量构成因素和产量的影响,及三者之间的相关关系。结果表明,油菜生育期随施氮量增加略呈延长趋势,而与密度无显著相关。株高随密度增大而下降,随施氮量增加表现出先升后降趋势。在油菜整个生育期中,随着施氮量和密度的增加,单位面积群体根颈粗、绿叶数、功能叶叶绿素、干物质积累量、角果分配比例、有效分枝数、有效角果数大体均显著增大,并与油菜产量呈显著正相关,且密度的影响总体大于氮肥的影响。随着施氮量和密度的增加,各相邻处理间差异总体呈逐渐变小趋势。120 kg·hm~(-2)施氮量和45万株·hm~(-2)种植密度组合不仅可以达到360 kg·hm~(-2)施氮量和15万株·hm~(-2)种植密度组合的产量,同时每公顷可以节省120 kg的氮肥投入,在实际生产中适量减少氮肥并适度提高密度依然可以获得高产。     

蘖穗氮肥追施比例对水稻灌浆成熟期 Rubisco 和 GS 同工型基因表达量的影响

【目的】 氮素营养影响着水稻灌浆过程中核酮糖-1, 5-二磷酸羧化酶/加氧酶 (Rubisco) 和谷氨酰胺合成酶 (GS) 基因转录表达量,研究其变化动态及其与不同形态氮含量的关系,旨在为阐明氮素营养对光合效率和籽粒蛋白质积累的影响分子调控机理提供理论依据。 【方法】 选用寒地粳稻穗数型高产品种和穗重型超级稻品种进行盆栽试验。施肥比例为 N∶P₂O₅∶K₂O = 1∶0.5∶1,氮肥 50% 作为基肥,其余作分蘖肥和穗肥追施,分蘖肥和穗肥比例为 10%∶40%、20%∶30%、30%∶20%、40%∶10%。分析了水稻灌浆过程中 Rubisco 和 GS 基因转录表达量及不同形态氮的积累动态。 【结果】 增加穗肥氮素施用量可显著提高水稻灌浆过程中叶片和籽粒的全氮、铵态氮、硝态氮含量;增加穗肥比例不同程度的上调了 Rubisco 大亚基和小亚基基因的 mRNA 表达量,其中OsRBCSL、OsRBCS2 和OsRBCS4 表达上调显著,OsRBCS3 和OsRBCS5 表达上调较小;穗肥比例增加延长了 Rubisco 各亚基基因高表达持续时间,增加了水稻灌浆中期和后期叶片中OsGS1;1 和OsGS2 基因的转录表达量以及籽粒OsGS1;1 基因的转录表达量和整个灌浆过程中OsGS1;3 基因的转录表达量。Rubisco 五个亚基基因的转录表达量与叶片 NO₃–-N 和全氮含量间以及叶片和籽粒中 GS 基因的转录表达量与 NH₄+-N 和全氮含量间均呈显著或极显著的正相关。 【结论】 在灌浆过程中OsRBCL 基因和 GS 基因的转录表达量变化动态不因品种或氮素营养不同而发生质的变化,不同基因对氮素营养的响应程度并不相同,增加叶片 NO₃–-N 和全氮含量,可以显著提高 Rubisco 基因的转录表达量,增加灌浆成熟期叶片和籽粒的 NH₄+-N 和全氮含量,可以显著提高叶片和籽粒的 GS 基因转录表达量。      

优质小麦子粒淀粉组成与糊化特性对氮素水平的响应

在大田条件下,选用3个不同类型优质小麦品种: 豫麦47（强筋品种）、山农8355（中筋品种）和豫麦50（弱筋品种）,设置3个氮肥水平: 施N 0、15和30 g/m2,研究了小麦子粒淀粉的粒度分布、直支链淀粉组成、糊化特性及其对氮素水平的响应。结果表明,优质小麦子粒中淀粉粒的粒径分布范围为1～45 μm,其数目分布呈单峰或双峰曲线变化,体积和表面积分布均呈双峰曲线变化,峰谷位于10 μm处; 据此可将淀粉粒分为两种类型: A型大淀粉粒（10～45 μm）和B型小淀粉粒（1～10 μm）。优质小麦子粒淀粉粒组成存在显著的基因型差异。强筋品种豫麦47子粒中B型淀粉粒的比例较高,弱筋品种豫麦50子粒中A型淀粉粒的比例较高,中筋品种山农8355居中。施氮水平对优质小麦子粒中淀粉的粒度分布存在显著影响。在本试验条件下,随氮素水平的提高,强筋品种豫麦47子粒中A型淀粉粒的比例提高,而B型淀粉粒的比例下降; 增施氮肥后弱筋品种豫麦50和中筋品种山农8355子粒中B型淀粉粒的比例增大,而A型淀粉粒的比例降低,且前者变化的幅度较大。适量增施氮肥提高优质小麦子粒中的淀粉含量,氮肥用量进一步增大后,淀粉含量降低; 增施氮肥后优质小麦子粒中直链淀粉含量降低。增施氮肥对优质小麦子粒淀粉的糊化特性存在较大影响,且此影响的趋势因基因型和施氮量而异。其中强筋品种豫麦47表现为低谷粘度、最终粘度、反弹值、糊化温度和峰值时间提高,而高峰粘度和稀懈值降低; 当氮肥用量增大至30 g/m2时,糊化温度和峰值时间降低,而以粘度为单位的参数均提高。弱筋品种豫麦50表现为增施氮肥后,RVA参数呈下降趋势,与之相对应中筋品种山农8355的呈上升趋势。相关性分析表明,B型淀粉粒的数目、体积和表面积比例与高峰粘度和稀懈值存在显著正相关; 与低谷粘度、最终粘度和反弹值存在显著负相关。子粒中直链淀粉含量、支链淀粉含量和总淀粉含量与高峰粘度和稀懈值呈显著负相关,与低谷粘度、最终粘度、反弹值和峰值时间呈一定程度正相关; 直链淀粉相对含量与RVA特征参数之间的相关趋势与子粒中直链淀粉含量的趋势一致,但均未达显著水平。由此可以认为,氮肥通过调控小麦子粒中淀粉的直、支链组成和粒度分布而影响其糊化特性。     

不同施氮水平对南方甜玉米氮素吸收利用的影响

【目的】探明南方鲜食玉米区高产条件下施氮量对甜玉米产量、氮素利用及其转运规律的影响。【方法】于2015年和2016年,选用国审甜玉米品种粤甜16为供试材料,设置N (0、100、150、200、250、300、450 kg/hm2) 7个施氮量处理进行连续2年的大田试验。在拔节期 (8片展开叶)、大喇叭口期 (12片展开叶)、雄穗开花期和乳熟收获期测定甜玉米植株及各器官干重、氮养分含量,研究分次施肥条件下,不同施氮量对甜玉米乳熟收获期植株体内的氮养分吸收积累与分配比例、氮收获指数和效率,以及对不同生育时期植株、叶片、茎鞘氮素积累的影响。【结果】在2个生长季,施氮量均显著影响甜玉米鲜穗产量、植株总氮素积累量、氮素收获指数、氮肥农学效率、氮肥利用率和氮肥偏生产力。随着施氮量 (0～450 kg/hm2) 的增加,鲜穗产量、植株氮素总积累量呈现先增加后保持上下小幅波动的趋势;氮肥农学效率先增加后下降;氮肥利用率、氮肥偏生产力持续下降。在施氮量为N 250 kg/hm2时,粤甜16的鲜穗产量、植株氮素总积累量达到或接近最高,两年平均值分别为17544 kg/hm2和145.6 kg/hm2;而氮肥农学效率达到最高值,两年平均值为48.4 kg/kg;氮素利用率和偏生产力两年平均值分别为28.5%、70.2 kg/kg,处于中间水平;鲜穗产量、植株氮素总积累量和氮肥农学效率均达到最大。施N 250 kg/hm2提高了茎鞘、叶片的氮素转运量和花后氮素同化量,氮素茎鞘转运、叶片转运和氮素花后同化对鲜穗的贡献率两年平均值分别为48.8%、10.2%、41.0%。甜玉米整株氮素积累随生育进程持续增加,乳熟期最高,日均最高积累速率在8展叶至12展叶期;叶片和茎鞘的氮素积累进程呈单峰曲线,在雄穗开花期达到峰值,日均最快积累速率分别在8展叶至12展叶、12展叶至雄穗开花期。施氮能提高各器官在各生育时期的氮素积累量和积累速率,但不改变氮素积累变化趋势。【结论】在本试验条件下,采用多次施肥,施N 250 kg/hm2可提高氮肥农学效率,有效调控开花前氮素转运及花后吸收同化,促进鲜穗氮素积累,实现甜玉米高产高效。     

施氮对不同肥力土壤小麦氮营养和产量的影响

【目的】农田养分供应是由土壤基础肥力和肥料投入共同决定的,不同土壤肥力下土壤养分供应能力和特征也不同。本文研究了河南省高、低肥力田块下,不同施氮量对小麦主要生育时期植株氮素营养和土壤硝态氮及产量的影响,以期为河南省同类生产条件下氮肥的合理施用和产量的提升提供参考和依据。【方法】2015—2016年,以小麦品种矮抗58为供试材料进行大田试验,分别设置0、120、225、330 kg/hm^2 4个施氮处理(表示为N0、N1、N2、N3),在开花期到成熟期调查施氮量对土壤硝态氮及产量的影响;在开花期、花后10天和花后20天,测定施氮量对小麦旗叶到倒4叶的叶片氮含量、SPAD值和氮素积累量,以及对植株和所有叶片氮含量的影响。【结果】从开花期到成熟期土壤中硝态氮含量随着施氮量的增加而增加,高肥力田块的土壤硝态氮含量显著高于低肥力田块的土壤硝态氮含量。施氮能显著增加低肥力田块产量,但是高肥力田块的产量均高于低肥力田块,与不施氮相比,低肥力田块的产量最大增幅是高肥力田块产量最大增幅的2.63倍。N1和N2处理下,在开花期和花后10天倒2叶的SPAD值高肥力田块显著高于低肥力田块,但在花后20天低肥力田块显著高于高肥力田块。在N1、N2和N3处理下,旗叶的氮含量在花后10天高肥力田块显著高于低肥力田块,但在花后20天则显著相反。开花期到花后20天,对于低肥力田块旗叶的氮素积累量对上4叶的贡献率最大(N0除外),最高达52.6%;高肥力田块,旗叶和倒2叶对上4叶的氮素积累量贡献率处在同等重要的位置,最高分别达39.9%和39.7%。花后10天到花后20天,高肥力田块不同叶位的氮素转运量和转运率均高于低肥力田块(N0除外)。【结论】增施氮肥可以通过提高土壤硝态氮含量来提高土壤供氮能力,高肥力田块的叶片转运量和转运率比低肥力田块高,低肥力田块通过提高施氮量增加的产量低于高肥力田块下的产量,因此,需改善农田基础肥力来提高产量。通过对高、低肥力条件下产量的分析发现,达到最高产量时的施氮量分别为213kg/hm^2和287 kg/hm^2。     

Effect of nitrogen and potassium fertilizer on growth,yield and chemical composition of sweet fennel

Abstract

In this study, the effect of different levels of nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) fertilizers on vegetative fresh bulb yield, quality and biochemical attributes of sweet fennel were investigated in spring 2017 and 2018. Treatments consisted of 0, 50, 100, or 150?kg ha^?1 of N and K in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Results showed that, the bulb fresh yield increased with application of N and K in both years, while the higher level of K had significant adverse effect in first year. Results also showed that sweet fennel bulb treated by N and K exhibited higher vitamin C, total phenols and flavonoid contents, and antioxidant capacity, especially in first year. In both years, alone or combined application of N and K increased total soluble solids (TSS) content as compared to control, and this effect was more pronounced in 2017 season. Macronutrient contents of bulb including magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P), K, N, and calcium (Ca) were significantly enhanced by NK fertilizer, however an alone application of K decreased Ca and Mg nutrient contents. Therefore, to improve fresh bulb yield, quality and antioxidant capacity in sweet fennel, 150?kg ha^?1 K and 100?kg ha^?1 N is recommended.     

播种方式与追肥时期对黑龙江省冬小麦根系生长及产量的影响

为了探寻黑龙江省冬小麦适宜的播种方式和追肥时期,在田间条件下,研究了播种方式和追肥时期对冬小麦根系生长及产量的影响.结果表明,不同追肥处理下小麦的根冠比随生育期呈下降趋势;根系体积、根系表面积生长随生育期呈先升高后下降的变化趋势,乳熟期达到峰值;不同处理间产量呈现显著性差异,拔节期一次施肥垄沟播处理与平播处理分别比各自对照(不追肥处理)提高27.8％、39.7％,返青期施肥分别提高21.4％、21.1％,返青期与拔节期分施分别提高27.7％、26.7％.垄沟播种在拔节期一次追施氮肥产量可达到最高,比平播处理产量提高14％.黑龙江省冬小麦采取垄沟播种在拔节期适量追肥的栽培技术有助于根系生长及提高产量.     

氮肥对新疆棉花产量形成期叶片光合特性的调节效应

在新疆生态条件下,采用裂区设计研究了氮肥用量对棉花产量形成期叶片光合特性的调节效应。结果表明,适量追施氮肥在一定程度上可以改善叶片光合性能,提高植株生育后期叶片叶绿素含量和硝酸还原酶(NR)活性;维持叶片较高的PSⅡ潜在活性(Fv/Fo)和PSⅡ光化学最大效率(Fv/Fm);提高中下部叶片的光合速率,延缓了叶片衰老,保证了棉花生育后期光合产物的形成,从而使棉花达到高产。这种调节效应因品种和生育时期的不同而异。新陆早6号在盛铃前期叶片叶绿素含量、NR活性、光合速率及Fv/Fo和Fv/Fm随氮肥用量增加而增加,盛铃后期至吐絮期叶绿素含量、Fv/Fo和Fv/Fm、叶片光合速率等指标均以中氮处理(300.kg/hm2)最高,高氮处理易造成植株盛花期生长过旺,群体荫蔽,影响了叶片光合作用;新陆早7号中氮处理与高氮处理之间差异不明显。因此,生产上应根据不同品种和生育时期进行合理施肥,避免因施肥不当造成产量下降和浪费肥料。     

Yield response of wheat and barley to inoculation of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria at various levels of nitrogen fertilization

The yield response of a wheat (Kirik) and a barley (Tokak 157/37) cultivar to inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense Sp246 and Bacillus sp. OSU‐142 was studied in relation to three levels of N fertilization (0, 40, and 80 kg ha^–1) under field conditions in Erzurum, Turkey, in 1999 and 2000. Seed inoculation with A. brasilense Sp246 significantly affected yield and yield components, both in wheat and barley. On average of years and N doses, inoculation with A. brasilense Sp246 increased spike number per m², grain number per spike, grain yield, and crude protein content by 7.2, 5.9, 14.7, and 4.1 % in wheat and by 6.6, 8.1, 17.5, and 5.1 % in barley, respectively, as compared to control. Inoculation with Bacillus sp. OSU‐142 significantly increased kernel number per spike in wheat, but no significant effect was determined in the other characteristics. Grain yields and yield components were also higher at all levels of nitrogen fertilizer in the inoculated plots as compared to the control. However, these increases diminished at high fertilizer levels. These results suggest that application of the growth promoting bacteria A. brasilense Sp246 may have the potential to be used as a biofertilizer for spring wheat and barley cultivation in organic and low‐N input agriculture.     

Amino acid composition of ryegrass in relation to nitrogen fertilization and soil water status

In a lysimeter experiment the overall amino acid concentration in dry matter of ryegrass (Lolium perenne) increased in response to nitrogen application. Lack of water reduced the overall concentration of most amino acids in dry matter except proline the concentration of which was increased. Nitrogen application as well as lack of water significantly affected the overall amino acid composition, and in particular the relative concentration of glutamic acid and proline, respectively, which might be attributed to variations in the free amino acid composition, and resulting in a decreasing overall ratio essential/not essential amino acids.     

不同水氮处理对冬小麦生长及产量影响的田间试

该文以促进农业用水增效为目的,开展了作物水肥生理调控技术研究,选用主要农作物冬小麦,进行不同水肥耦合的灌溉试验,对冬小麦生理指标(株高、干物质质量、叶面积指数、光合作用和籽粒产量等)进行了统计分析,初步探索了冬小麦对水肥(氮)需求影响的规律。通过对冬小麦生理生育指标的统计分析及比较可知各个处理之间各生物指标的生长趋势相同,而200kg/hm2氮处理的各生物指标普遍优于100kg/hm2氮处理的各生物指标,这表明在低肥力条件下适当的增施氮肥,可以提高产量,不过各个处理下冬小麦籽粒产量和总生物量并无显著性差异。在水分处理上灌浆水和返青水很关键,只是在灌灌浆水时已进入雨季,可以减少灌溉水量而充分利用雨水。为减少对环境的污染,建议在生产上考虑选择100kg/hm2氮肥量,并不显著影响冬小麦的生长及最终产量。     

玉米灌浆期渍水对产量及氮磷淋失量的影响

为了阐明渍害对土壤养分淋失及产量的影响,采用测坑控制排水试验,研究了玉米灌浆期渍水对土壤溶液中全氮、全磷及玉米产量的影响。研究表明,玉米灌浆期渍水土壤溶液全氮质量浓度最大值出现在渍水后的第5天,渍水30cm和渍水50cm全氮质量浓度最大值分别达到2.037和1.833mg/L,全磷质量浓度在渍水后的3d达到最大值分别为0.163和0.148mg/L。渍水深度30cm超过3d和渍水深度50cm超过5d均会造成玉米产量显著减少。因此,在雨季适当控制地下水位和渍水天数对玉米灌浆期的籽粒形成非常重要。该研究可以为农田控制排水设计和管理提供依据。