Effects of porous clay ceramic rates on aeration porosity characteristics in a structurally degraded soil under greenhouse vegetable production

Soil structure degradation in greenhouse vegetable fields reduces vegetable production. Increasing aeration porosity is the key to ameliorating soil structure degradation. Thus, we tested the effect of a porous material, porous clay ceramic(PLC), on the amelioration of soil structure degradation under greenhouse vegetable production. A 6-month pot experiment was conducted with four PLC application levels based on volume, i.e., 0%(control), 5%(1 P), 10%(2 P), and15%(3 P) using Brassica chinensis as the test plant. At the end of the experiment, soil columns were sampled, and the aeration pore network was reconstructed using X-ray computed tomography(CT). The degree of anisotropy(DA), fractal dimension(FD), connectivity, aeration porosity, pores distribution, and shape of soil aeration pores and plant biomass were determined. The DA, FD, and connectivity did not significantly differ as the PLC application rate increased.Nonetheless, aeration porosity significantly linearly increased. The efficiency of PLC at enhancing soil aeration porosity was 0.18% per Mg ha~(-1). The increase in aeration porosity was mainly due to the increase in pores 2 000 μm, which was characterized by irregular pores. Changes in aeration porosity enhanced the production of B. chinensis. The efficiency of PLC at increasing the plant fresh weight was 0.60%, 3.06%, and 2.12% per 1% application rate of PLC for the 1 P, 2 P, and 3 P treatments, respectively. These results indicated that PLC is a highly efficient soil amendment that improves soil structure degradation by improving soil aeration under greenhouse conditions. Based on vegetable biomass, a 10% application rate of PLC was recommended.     

红壤交换性钙、镁和钾的分布及施肥对其影响

A leaching experiment was Carried out with repacked soil columns in laboratory to study the leaching process of a red soil derived from sandstone as affected by various fertilization practices.The treatments were CK(as a control),CaCO3,CaSO4,MgCO3,Ca(H2PO4)2,Urea,KCl,Multiple(a mixture of the above mentioned fertilizers) and KNO3,The fertilizers were added to the bare surface of the soil columns,and then the columns were leached with 120 mL deionized water daily through perstaltic pumps over a period of 92 days,At the end of leaching process,soils were sampled from different depths of the soil profiles ,i.o.,of 92 days,At the end of leaching process,soils were sampled from different depths of the soil profiles,I.e.0-5cm,5-10cm,10-20cm,20-40cm,and 40-60cm,The results showed when applying Ca,Mg,and K to the bare surface of the soil columns,exchangeable Ca^2 ,Mg^2 ,and K^ in the upper layer of the soil profile increased correspondingly,with an extent depending mainly on the application rates of Ca,Mg,and K and showing a downward trend,CaCO3,CaSO4,MgCO3,and Ca(H2PO4)2 treatments had scarcely and effect on movement of exchangeable K^ ,while CaCO3,and CaSO4 treatments singnificantly promoted the downward movement of exchangealble Mg^2 although these two treatments had no obvious effect on leaching losses of Mg,The fact that under Urea treatment,exchangeable Ca^2 and Mg^2 ,were higher as compared to CK treatment showed urea could prevent leaching of exchangeable Ca^2 and Mg^2 ,the obvious downward movement of exchangeable Ca^2 and Mg^2 was noticed in KCl treatment ,In Multiple treatment,the downward movement of exchangeable Ca^2 and Mg^2 was evident,while that of K^ was less evident,Application of KNO3 strongly promoted the downward movement of exchangeable Ca^2 and Mg^2 in the soil profile.     

聚丙烯酸钾对土壤孔隙及含水特性的影响

长城沿线地处我国北方干旱、半干旱区,常年因春旱缺墒造成的播种难、出苗难、保苗难问题严重。试验利用土柱人工模拟干旱环境,通过施用不同量聚丙烯酸钾(K-PAM)来改善土壤孔隙与水分状况,并借助CT扫描技术为深入研究K-PAM蓄水保墒机制提供理论依据。试验设4个K-PAM用量(%,占土壤质量百分比),即0(CK)、0.02%(A)、0.06%(B)、0.10%(C)。结果表明:施用K-PAM可增加0~10 cm土层孔隙总数,从各级等效直径孔隙看,各土层1.0~2.0 mm孔隙数量最多。随着K-PAM用量增加,各级孔隙数量呈先增加、后减少的变化趋势,且以中等用量0.06%(B)表现最佳。随着苗期推进、持续干旱下各处理0~10 cm土壤紧实度在出苗6~7 d后开始不断增大,A、B、C、CK处理紧实度最高分别可达1 632.8、1 944.3、2 198.5、1 400.7k Pa;K-PAM用量小于0.06%时,可使苗期0~10 cm土层含水量较其它处理增加。用量大于0.06%时,0~10cm土层含水量较其它处理降低;干旱条件下,低用量K-PAM处理更有利于出苗数量增加。可见,确定合理KPAM用量是发挥K-PAM蓄水保水优势,增加出苗率、获得高产的关键。     

黄土高原沟壑区不同年限苹果园土壤碳氮磷变化特征

管理措施是影响土壤质量演变的重要因素.分析和讨论了5、10、15年苹果园耕层(0―20 cm)和0―200 cm土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷、有效磷和硝态氮含量及其影响因素。结果表明,5年、10年和15年的塬面苹果园表层土壤有机碳依次为7.5、6.7和6.7 g/kg;全氮依次为0.94、0.85和0.83 g/kg;但土壤全磷和速效磷含量随着种植年限而增加,与5年苹果园相比,塬面10年苹果园土壤全磷、速效磷含量分别提高了11%、60%,并且磷素的变异性随年限而增加。坡地10年、15年和20年苹果园土壤有机碳依次为6.3、6.2 和6.5 g/kg,全氮依次为0.76、0.76 和0.81 g/kg;与10年苹果园相比,15年苹果园土壤全磷、速效磷含量分别提高了20%、28%。土壤剖面0―80 cm内不同土地利用方式土壤碳、氮、磷含量随土层加深而降低,80 cm以下不同利用条件苹果园土壤碳、磷含量差异不大,氮素含量在土壤100 cm下随苹果园种植年限增加而增加。     

Spatial interpolation of orchard soil pH using soil type and planting duration as auxiliary information

Intensified field management in orcahrds has resulted in significant and widespread acidification in the soils. However, effectively mapping the spatial patterns of soil pH aiming to support ecological management is impeded by its large variotions across soil types and planting durations. Kriging methods were used to integrate soil type and planting duration information for effective mapping of orchard soil pH in a case study in orchards of the Northeast Jiaodong Peninsula, East China. A total of 1 472 surface soil samples were collected, and the planting duration of each sampled orchard was acquired to generate a planting duration map via Voronoi tessellations. The performance of five kriging methods was compared, namely, ordinary kriging (OK), OK combined with soil type (OK_ST), OK combined with planting duration (OK_PD), cokriging combined with soil type and planting duration (OCK_STPD), and OK combined with soil type and planting duration (OK_STPD). Results showed that soil pH declined significantly with increasing planting duration and exhibited moderate spatial variability over the study area. Soil type and planting duration both had significant influence on the spatial distribution of soil pH. The OCK_STPD and OK_STPD methods showed better prediction efficiency than OK, OK_ST, or OK_PD. With regard to the predicted maps of soil pH, the OCK_STPD and OK_STPD methods highly reflected local variations associated with soil type and planting duration, but the OK method was poorly representative. Categorical soil type and planting duration information may be used as ancillary information to improve the mapping quality of orchard soil pH. The OCK_STPD and OK_STPD methods were practical and efficient methods for interpolating orchard soil pH in the study area. The resultant high-quality soil pH maps can contribute to improved site-specific management in the orchards.     

广西红壤果园土壤肥力演化与评价

本文着重探讨广西红壤果园土壤肥力在不同种植年限的演化特征,并利用数理统计软件—SPSS对果园土壤肥力进行综合评价。结果表明,广西红壤果园土壤肥力综合指标值(IFI)在0.17～0.25之间,果园土壤肥力属中下水平。不同年限果园IFI的变化趋势为"N"形走势,即新开果园在10年内IFI略有上升,10年后下降,而在30年以后果园土壤IFI又有增加。造成这种走势的原因,主要是由于受广西高温多雨的气候、果园环境和施肥管理等方面共同影响的结果。在近15年开垦种植的果园中,由于水土流失严重,果园土壤砂化,11～15年树龄果园的砂粒含量比0～5年树龄果园增加近23个百分点,而团聚体(>1mm)和有效阳离子代换量(ECEC)却分别减少24个百分点和3.0cmol/kg,果园土壤环境恶化。防止新开果园水土流失,改善新开果园土壤环境,为广西水果生产的当务之急。     

干湿循环强度与频度对花岗岩红壤孔隙分布的影响

为探明干湿循环频度与强度对花岗岩红壤孔隙分布的影响,该研究通过测定不同干湿循环条件下土壤水分特征曲线计算孔隙分布,并采用孔隙分形维数量化干湿循环效应对土壤孔隙结构变异的影响。结果表明：干湿循环对＜0.2 μm、＞3～15 μm和＞57 μm三类当量孔隙产生了显著影响。孔隙结构的再分布主要集中于前4次干湿交替之中,其后干湿交替的影响效应随着频度的增加逐渐减小并趋于稳定。随着强度增强,非活性孔隙（＜0.2 μm）和中孔隙（0.2～30 μm）逐渐发育成大孔隙（＞30 μm）。同时,干湿循环强度对大孔隙（＞30 μm）影响显著（P＜0.05）,贡献率达65.2%,而干湿循环频度对非活性孔隙（＜0.2 μm）影响显著（P＜0.05）,贡献率达91.9%。此外,土样孔隙分形维数D经干湿循环后逐渐减小,且与强度呈负相关（R2=0.868）,表明孔隙结构向大孔隙均质化方向发展。研究结果说明季节性降雨干旱引发的干湿循环效应主要影响大孔隙的生成,增强了土体的均质性和导水能力,加剧了岩土体失稳崩塌的风险。     

Exchangeable potassium in soil as indicator of potassium status in an organic crop rotation on loamy sand

Abstract. In organic agriculture, where K may be a limited resource, reliable tools are important in the assessment of K availability in the soil in order to avoid K deficiency. We investigated the effect of four organic farming systems on the exchangeable K in the plough layer of a six-course crop rotation from 1994 to 1997. The accumulated K balances over the four years varied between −49 and +120 kg K ha^–1and the corresponding exchangeable K (0–20 cm) in autumn 1997 was 7.1 and 9.6 mg K 100 g soil^–1, respectively, as an average of the crop rotation. The exchangeable K fraction responded to the K application in manure and to the crop in the rotation. In an additional experiment, no yield response to K was found, despite a low level of exchangeable K. The exchangeable K was a useful indicator of changes in the K status in the farming system with the largest positive K balance, but this K fraction was insufficient as an indicator in the other three farming systems. The considerable variation of exchangeable K through the crop rotation makes the soil test method most suitable at the crop rotation level where fluctuations caused by crop and management are smoothed out.     

Compaction and rotovation effects on soil pore characteristics of a loamy sand soil with contrasting organic matter content

The high input of mechanical energy in common agricultural practice can negatively affect soil structure. The impact of compaction (P) and rotovation (R) on soil pore characteristics was compared with those in soil from untreated reference (U) plots of a loamy sand soil receiving for 14 yr, either only mineral fertilizer (MF) or, in addition, animal manure (OF). Undisturbed soil cores were taken from two separate fields in consecutive years at an identical stage in the crop rotation. We measured soil organic carbon (OC), soil microbial biomass carbon (BC), and hot‐water extractable carbon (C_hot). Water retention, air permeability and gas diffusivity were determined at ?100 hPa in both years and for a range of water potentials in one of the years. The continued addition of animal manure had increased OC, BC, and C_hot compared with the soil receiving only mineral fertilizer. Soil under treatment OF had larger porosity than that from treatment MF. Treatment P eliminated this difference and significantly reduced the volume of macropores. This interaction between soil organic matter content and mechanical impact was also reflected in the gas diffusion data. Specific air permeability was mainly influenced by mechanical treatment. Modelling the diffusion data normalized to the inter‐aggregate pore space showed no significant treatment effects on pore‐connectivity, although there was a tendency of more water blockage in soil under treatment MF. More studies are needed to confirm this interpretation. Our studies indicate that organic manure increases soil porosity, but compaction reduces the related gas exchange effects to the level of compacted soils receiving mineral fertilizer.     

北京山区果园水平阶整地措施的水土保持效益

坡地果树产业已成为北京山区市县农业的重要组成部分.坡地果园坡度大,地表覆盖低,土壤侵蚀严重.水平阶整地是北京山区坡地果园的重要水土保持措施之一,定量测算坡地果园土壤侵蚀速率和水平阶整地措施的水土保持效益对于实现资源环境和经济的可持续协调发展具有重要的实际意义.分别采集北京山区无措施（昌平）和水平阶整地措施（密云、怀柔）后的土壤样品,通过测定137 Cs面积活度换算土壤侵蚀速率,估算北京山区坡地果园水平阶整地措施的水土保持效益.结果表明：昌平、密云和怀柔坡地果园的土壤侵蚀速率分别为5 331、2 494和1 970 t/（km2·a）,水平阶整地措施减少50％的土壤侵蚀量,可起到降低土壤侵蚀的作用;但是由于年久失修,没能完全发挥其应有的水土保持功效.     

垦植方式对山地果园水土流失的影响

应用径流小区法,长期（1996-2006）定位研究福建中部尤溪县垦植方式对山地果园水土流失的影响,结果表明：1）该地区11年平均年降雨量1575.5mm,平均年蒸发量1461.1mm,5月、6月、8月是强降雨高发期,也是水土流失防治的关键期;2）在山地果园开发中,平台开垦的径流系数为0.0688,明显小于顺坡开垦（0.2865）;3）植草能使果园0-30cm土层的土壤含水量提高0.8％-0.9％;4）顺坡清耕区侵蚀模数为2388.2t／（km^2·a）,梯台清耕区土壤侵蚀量达10.3kg/m,土壤侵蚀主要源于台壁受冲刷,顺坡植草区、梯台植草区基本不发生土壤侵蚀。     

典型水土保持措施对红壤坡地柑橘园水土保持效益的影响

为研究红壤坡地果园不同水土保持措施的水土保持综合效益,该研究采用野外标准径流小区试验方法,通过对江西水土保持生态科技园柑橘园小区长期定位观测,分析了植物措施、耕作措施、工程+植物措施和工程措施等4种不同水土保持措施的径流、泥沙、养分流失情况以及对土壤理化性质的影响。结果表明:1)各项水土保持措施的年均减流效益依次为,工程措施耕作措施工程+植物措施植物措施;减沙效益依次为,工程措施耕作措施植物措施工程+植物措施。植物措施减流效益最佳,为71.43%;工程+植物措施减沙效益表现最优,为95.88%。减氮效益为工程措施工程+植物措施耕作措施植物措施。减磷效益趋势与减沙效益一致。植物措施减氮效益最佳,为19.84%;工程+植物措施减磷效益最佳为68.94%。2)各项水土保持措施土壤理化指标,田间持水量依次为:工程措施工程+植物措施植物措施耕作措施。其中耕作措施田间持水量提高幅度最大,为14.60%;植物措施其次,提高7.19%。土壤含水率依次为,耕作措施工程+植物措施工程措施植物措施。其中植物措施土壤含水率提高幅度最大,为18.94%。土壤≥0.5mm水稳性团聚体(WSA,water-stable aggregates)质量分数值依次为,工程措施工程+植物措施耕作措施植物措施。其中植物措施WSA值提高幅度最大,为4.42%。土壤养分综合趋势与WSA值一致。土壤养分以植物措施中的百喜草全园覆盖提高最大,有机质、全氮和全磷分别增加34.53%,78.26%,12.24%。由此可知,植物措施稳定后,在减流减沙、减少养分流失及土壤改良等水土保持综合效益方面表现最优。该研究可为南方红壤丘陵区果园开发选择适合的水土保持治理措施,以及提高果园土壤质量、解决水土流失与环境问题提供参考。     

不同生育期苹果园土壤氨氧化微生物丰度研究

【目的】大量施氮引起的土壤酸化问题已严重制约苹果的安全生产。氨氧化微生物驱动的土壤硝化作用是土壤氮素循环的重要环节,探析苹果园土壤中氨氧化微生物氨单加氧酶基因(amoA)丰度与土壤硝化强度(Potential Nitrification,PN)和土壤理化性质的相关性,有助于评价土壤氨氧化微生物类群在苹果园土壤生态系统中的作用。【方法】本研究以辽宁省丹东东港地区‘寒富’苹果园土壤为研究对象,采用实时荧光定量PCR(Real-time PCR)技术,检测苹果树不同生育时期, 4月28日(萌芽期)、 7月24日(新梢停长期)、 10月23日(落叶期)的两个苹果园(分别编号为D1和D2)的土壤理化性质、 土壤硝化强度、 氨氧化古菌(Ammonia-oxidizing archaea, AOA)和氨氧化细菌(Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria, AOB)的amoA基因丰度,并分析了氨氧化微生物丰度与土壤理化性质和土壤硝化强度之间的关系。【结果】不同生育时期‘寒富’苹果园土壤理化因子差异较大。所有供试土壤的硝态氮(NO-3-N)、 速效磷(AP)和速效钾(AK)含量在4月份最高,铵态氮(NH+4-N)含量在7月最高,NO-3-N、 NH+4-N、 AP和AK含量在10月多为最低。且所有供试土壤pH值均在4.25~6.09之间。同一生育时期内,D2土壤pH均显著高于D1土壤,但其NO-3-N和NH+4-N含量则不同程度地低于D1土壤。不同采样时期的果园土壤硝化强度随季节变化表现出先降后增的趋势,除7月D2土壤硝化强度显著高于D1土壤外,4月与10月D2土壤硝化强度均显著低于D1土壤。尽管不同采样时期的土壤AOA与AOB丰度随生育期而各异,所有供试土壤中AOA丰度均显著高于AOB丰度。同一时期内,D2土壤AOA和AOB丰度均显著高于D1土壤。尽管土壤pH、 NO-3-N与AOA、 AOB均表现出显著相关性,土壤PN仅与AOA丰度明显正相关。【结论】长期施肥导致苹果园土壤pH值降低,pH值的改变是影响AOA与AOB丰度的重要因子,果园土壤的硝化过程主要由AOA来完成,土壤硝化强度与季节变化引起的温度和土壤环境因子等的改变密切相关。苹果园无机氮肥混合有机肥的施入,同时结合自然生草、 人工刈割等管理制度,在一定程度上可改变土壤氮素的含量与种类,减缓土壤酸化。     

第四纪红色粘土发育的红壤中营养元素的淋失

A red soil derived from Quaternary red clay was employed to study nutrient leaching with soil columns repacked in laboratory. The objective was to identify the effects of fertilization practices on leaching patterns and magnitudes of Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, K⁺, NH₄⁺, and NO₃^-. The treatments were CK (as a control), CaCO₃, CaSO₄, MgCO₃, Ca(H₂PO₄)₂, urea, KCl, and multiple (a mixture of the above-mentioned fertilizers). The fertilizers were added to the bare surface of the soil columns, and then the columns were leached with 120 mL deionized water daily through peristaltic pumps over a period of 92 days. Leaching processes of NH₄⁺, and NO₃^- were only measured in CK, urea, and multiple treatments which were directly related to N leaching. Results showed that sole application of CaSO₄, and Ca(H₂PO₄)₂ scarcely had any effect on the leaching losses of Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, and K⁺; the application of MgCO₃ stimulated the leaching of Mg²⁺; the application of CaCO₃ promoted the leaching of Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ and K⁺; urea treatment also promoted the leaching of K⁺ and NH₄⁺, and NO₃^- leaching mainly occurred at late stage of leaching process in particular; under KCl treatment, leaching of Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, and K⁺ was promoted to a large extent; under multiple treatment, leaching of Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, K⁺, NH₄⁺, and NO₃^- was all increased and NO₃^- was mainly leached at the end of leaching process and still had a trend of increase.     

Forage crops alter soil bacterial and fungal communities in an apple orchard

In this study, we investigated the effects of planting three types of forage crops in an apple orchard on the soil microbial community structure. The apple orchard was intercropped with native grasses (NG), red clover (RC; Trifolium pratense L.), ryegrass (RE; Trifolium repens L.), and no vegetation (CT control; clean tillage). We obtained soil samples from depths of 0–20, 20–40, and 40–60?cm from the different treatment plots in the orchard and analysed them using a high-throughput DNA sequencing technique. The three forage crops had affected the soil bacterial and fungal community structures. Compared with CT control, intercropping with NG increased the proportion of Acidobacteria and reduced those of Nitrospirae and Verrucomicrobia, whereas intercropping with RC increased the proportions of Nitrospirae and Verrucomicrobia and reduced that of Planctomycetes. Intercropping with RE increased the proportions of Nitrospirae and Chloroflexi, whereas reduced that of Acidobacteria. Furthermore, unlike in the other treatments, intercropping with NG increased the proportion of Zygomycota in the 0–20-cm soil layer. Intercropping with RC increased the proportion of Chytridiomycota in all the three soil layers, whereas intercropping with RE increased the proportion of Basidiomycota in the 20–40-cm soil layer. Collectively, these findings suggest that intercropping with forage crops, especially RC, in an apple orchard, could alter soil microbial community structure. In our previous study, we showed that microbial sole-carbon-source utilisation is changed by intercropping with forage crops; thus, it can be considered as an effective approach to improve the efficiency of soil C cycling in the apple orchard by altering the microbial community structure.     

Redox potential of bulk soil and soil solution concentration of nitrate,manganese, iron,and sulfate in two Gleysols

While the reduction of nitrate‐N, Mn(III,IV), Fe(III), and sulfate‐S in soil has been studied intensively in the laboratory, field research has received only limited attention. This study investigated the relationship between redox potential (E_H) measured in bulk soil and concentrations of nitrate, Mn²⁺, Fe²⁺, and sulfate in the soil solution of two Gleysols differing in drainage status from the Marsh area of Schleswig‐Holstein, Northern Germany. The soils are silty‐sandy and developed from calcareous marine sediments. Redox potentials were monitored weekly with permanently installed Pt electrodes, and soil solution was obtained biweekly by ceramic suction cups from 10, 30, 60, and 150 cm depth over one year. Median E_H at 10, 30, 60, and 150 cm depths was 470, 410, 410, and 20 mV in the drained soil and 500, 480, 30, and –170 mV in the undrained soil, respectively. A decrease in E_H below critical values was accompanied in the soil solutions (pH 7.4 to 7.8) by disappearance of nitrate below 0 to 200 mV, appearance of Mn²⁺ below 350 mV, and Fe²⁺ below 0 to 50 mV. Both metals disappeared from soil solution after aeration. In the sulfide‐bearing environment of the 150 cm depth of the undrained soil, however, the sulfate concentrations were highest at such E_H values at which sulfate should be unstable. This discrepancy was reflected in the fact that at this depth bulk soil E_H was about 400 mV lower than soil solution E_H (250 mV). When investigating the dynamics of nitrate, Mn, and Fe in soils, bulk soil E_H provides semi‐quantitative information in terms of critical E_H ranges. However, in sulfidic soil environments the interpretation of E_H measured in bulk soil is uncertain.     

黄土旱塬主要农林用地土壤水文特征对比

土壤水分是黄土高原地区植被恢复与农林产业持续发展的主要限制因子,为明确主要农林用地土壤水分变化特征及其干化现状,利用CNC503B(DR)中子仪,于2014年4-10月,对长武塬区19龄果园、9龄果园、玉米地及小麦地0 ～ 600 cm的土壤水分进行长期监测,并利用土钻法进行校准.结果表明:1)0～600 cm土壤贮水量表现为9龄果园＞玉米地＞小麦地＞19龄果园,均值分别为186.5、183.6、158.6和132.8 cm,除9龄果园与玉米地间差异性不显著(P＞0.05)外,其他农林用地土壤贮水量两两比较均呈显著性差异(P＜0.05);2)4块样地浅层(0 ～200cm)土壤含水量波动程度为中等变异(10％＜CV＜100％),深层土壤含水量稳定性较高,为弱变异(CV＜10％);3)19龄果园的土壤水分消耗深度为500 cm,9龄果园、玉米地与小麦地均为300 em,19龄果园的雨水补给深度为250 cm,而9龄果园、玉米地与小麦地均＞ 600 cm;4)19龄苹果园土壤干化最严重,0～ 200 cm土壤干化程度呈季节性变化,200 ～250和250～320 cm土层分别为严重干燥化与强烈干燥化,320 ～600 cm呈极度干燥化,形成永久性土壤干层;其次为小麦地,0 ～ 100 cm产生临时性干层,250 ～300 cm发生强烈干燥化;玉米地与9龄果园干化程度较轻,在水分补给不足情况下,只在土壤浅层产生临时性土壤干层.长武塬区农业结构由大田作物转向苹果经济林建设具有一定理论基础;但是,随着苹果林达到盛果后期,土壤贮水量亏缺,土壤干化严重,苹果经济林的经济价值及生态作用等都将受到限制,需要采取合理用水措施及调整林分密度等科学方式,完成长武塬区经济与生态的可持续发展.     

陕西渭北苹果园土壤中汞、镉污染与分布特征研究

该文研究了陕西优势苹果产区果园土壤中汞和镉含量、污染情况、分布特征及对苹果绿色食品生产的影响.2003～2006年在陕西全部27个苹果基地县481个代表苹果园,每一果园采用"S"形法选取20个样点,采集0～40 cm层土样,分析了土壤中汞、镉含量.结果表明,果园土壤受到汞、镉的轻度污染;土壤中汞、镉频数分布为对数正态分布,其含量适宜的表示方法为几何平均值,汞,0.051 mg/kg,镉,0.055 mg/kg;土壤中汞、镉浓度与pH值相关性极显著,在pH值7.6～9.7范围内,土壤pH值越高越有利汞、镉的累积.果园土壤受到汞、镉的轻度污染,对绿色食品苹果生产不存在威胁.     

华北冲积平原壤质潮土的土壤粒径分形空间尺度分析

土壤在一定空间尺度范围内具备分形特征已经为大多数研究所认同,然而这种空间自相似性的存在区间却容易被忽视。该文利用激光衍射法测定了华北冲积平原黄河沿岸43组壤质潮土的土壤粒径分布数据(共93个粒级),并以此为基础分析了该类土壤颗粒分形特征的存在区间及其影响因素。结果表明,该类土壤大多只是在中小粒径级别均呈现严格的分形特征,在较粗砂粒尺度上不存在空间自相似性。分形特征存在区间会随黏粒含量增加呈现变小的趋势,而级配良好的土壤的自相似性空间范围也相对较宽。土壤颗粒的分形维数会受到土壤级配的不均匀系数、部分粒径较小颗粒的含量(50μm但不包含5～20μm的颗粒)和有效粒径等的明显影响;但该分形维数与土壤容重和饱和导水率的关系却并不明显,这可能与该土壤在与结构和水力学性质关系密切的大颗粒尺度上并不具备分形特征有关。因此,研究土壤颗粒分形与土壤结构和水力学性质的关系时,应特别注意分形特征存在的空间尺度。     

果园生态养鸡鸡粪DOM的淋溶特征及其对抗生素迁移的影响

为研究粪源溶解性有机物与抗生素的共迁移行为及机制,以川中丘陵区典型石灰性紫色土为对象,通过吸附平衡试验与填装土柱试验,结合光谱学表征手段,研究鸡粪溶解性有机物（Dissolved Organic Matter,DOM）的淋溶特征及其对磺胺嘧啶（Sulfadizine,SD）、氟苯尼考（Florfenicol,FFC）及泰乐菌素（Tylosin,TYL）吸附和淋溶的影响。结果表明：鸡粪DOM以色氨酸为主要成分,吸附性强于腐殖酸成分,可增加土壤表面对抗生素的吸附位点。3种抗生素的等温吸附过程均符合线性和Freundlich方程,并以物理吸附为主。SD和FFC在紫色土中吸附性较弱,当与鸡粪DOM（200 mg/L）同时进入土壤时,其吸附未发生显著变化;而当鸡粪DOM先与土壤作用后,SD和FFC与土壤表面已吸附的鸡粪DOM成分通过非共价作用结合,吸附显著增加,相应吸附容量参数（Kf值）分别增加77.28%和114.36%。TYL在紫色土中的吸附很强,对鸡粪DOM的影响不敏感。在模拟降雨条件（20 mm/h）下,SD和FFC极易淋溶,与平衡吸附试验结果一致,SD和FFC在鸡粪DOM预先与土壤作用的土柱中穿透分别延迟了0.49和0.25个孔隙体积,淋溶总量减少了12.04%和15.35%,而鸡粪DOM与抗生素同时进入土壤的处理也表现出减少抗生素迁移的趋势。TYL未发生穿透而主要分布在表层土壤中,鸡粪DOM对它的淋溶无显著影响。综上,鸡粪DOM与抗生素发生共迁移的过程中,大量鸡粪DOM中色氨酸物质在土壤中的吸附,对弱吸附性抗生素的淋溶迁移具有显著的阻滞作用。