Effects of tropospheric ozone on the yield and grain protein content of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in the Nordic countries

Eight Nordic open‐top chamber experiments with field‐grown spring wheat were combined to obtain relationships between ozone exposure and yield loss. Two exposure indices, AOT30 and AOT40 (AOT = accumulated exposure over threshold), were tested. Strongly significant linear regressions between relative yield and exposure were obtained with both indices. The coefficient of determination (r²) was higher and the model assumptions of linear regression were satisfied to a larger extent with AOT30 than with AOT40. The exclusion of charcoal‐filtered treatments from the analysis made little difference to the regressions. The AOT30 regression model predicted larger yield loss than the AOT40 regression model, especially for the range of exposures, which is likely to occur in the Nordic countries. The protein content of the grain increased with increasing ozone exposure in all eight experiments, but to a varying degree.     

Investigating environmental factors that cause extreme gluten quality deficiency in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Unstable breadmaking quality of wheat due to environmental influence has been a problem for Norwegian milling industries. Large variation in gluten quality was observed from field trials with Norwegian winter wheat conducted in several locations between 2005 and 2013. Moreover, extremely poor gluten quality was observed in several locations in the 2007 and 2011 season, and indicated almost complete loss of breadmaking quality. To investigate the environmental factors which cause extremely weak gluten, gluten proteins were characterized in samples selected within the 2011 season. The results revealed that the proportion of large glutenin polymers decreased in wheat samples with extremely weak gluten. Moreover, re-polymerization of large glutenin polymers, which normally occur during the resting period of a dough, did not take place in gluten prepared from these samples. Incubation of total proteins extracted from these samples in an in vitro system showed a drastic degradation of gluten proteins indicating protease activities. The origin of the proteases remains unclear; however, exogenous proteases derived from Fusarium spp. seem to play a key role for protein degradation, and thus causing severe quality deficiency. A genotypic difference was found between the two cultivars and one of them had higher resistance against the factors influencing gluten quality in negative way.     

长期定位施肥对冬小麦干物质生产、产量形成及钾素吸收分配的影响

采用田间试验、室内分析与数理统计相结合的方法研究了潮土区长期定位施肥对冬小麦干物质生产、产量形成及钾素吸收分配的影响。结果表明,长期施用化肥(NPK),有机无机肥配施(MNPK),无机肥配合秸秆还田(SNPK)均能显著提高冬小麦茎蘖数、地上部干物质积累量、籽粒产量及钾素积累量,但三者之间并无显著差异。冬小麦吸钾量在整个生育期内呈"低-高-低"单峰曲线变化,在扬花期至灌浆前期达最大值,拔节期吸钾量与冬小麦生长关系最为密切,与产量、地上部干物质积累量、穗数、穗粒数、株高及穗长均呈显著正相关。冬小麦在生育后期存在钾素外排现象,外排的钾素量达43.05～114.81kg/hm2,是冬小麦成熟期钾素积累量的1.55～3.09倍,冬小麦生育后期钾素管理不容忽视。     

施钴对冬小麦产量品质的影响

在潮土上采用田间小区试验,研究了钴元素对小麦产量和品质的影响。结果表明:施用适量的钴可以显著提高冬小麦的产量,改善冬小麦的品质。各施钴处理较对照增产7.4%～20.3%。施钴量在1.05kg.hm2以内,随着施钴量的增加,增产效应提高,当施钴量超过1.05kg.hm2时,随着施钴量的增加,冬小麦的产量增加,但增产效应下降。各施钴处理子粒蛋白质含量与蛋白质产量均有不同程度的提高,以Co2处理最高。此外,低浓度的钴(施钴量0.45～0.75kg.hm2)可以提高冬小麦子粒面粉的沉降值、总评价值和湿、干面筋含量,而高浓度的钴(施钴量大于1.35kg.hm2)则降低冬小麦子粒面粉沉降值、总评价值和湿、干面筋含量。土壤有效钴含量与施钴量呈极显著正相关,小麦籽粒中钴含量与施钴量呈显著正相关,地下部的钴含量显著大于地上部。     

群体和氮肥运筹对冬小麦产量和蛋白质组分的影响

采用二因素和单因素随机区组设计,研究基本苗和氮肥运筹对小麦植株性状、产量和蛋白质组分的影响。结果表明,不同基本苗和施氮量的处理间株高、穂长、穂粒数和产量均有显著差异。穂长与穂粒数呈极显著正相关(r=0.884**)。在播种偏晚的情况下,以基本苗较大和施氮量较多的组合（375×104/hm2,N 300 kg/hm2）产量表现最好;随基本苗增加穂长穂粒数和千粒重均逐渐减少。对产量而言,基本苗以375×104/hm2最为适宜, 但其与300×104/hm2基本苗和450×104/hm2基本苗处理的产量差异不显著。因此,生产中在偏晚的播期内,可以根据实际播种时间和地力条件,在300～450×104/hm2基本苗范围内调整。在施氮量150～300 kg//hm2范围内,随施氮量增加产量逐渐提高,处理间差异显著。在基本苗225～450×104/hm2范围内,谷蛋白和总蛋白含量均随基本苗增加呈逐渐降低的趋势,处理间差异显著;各种蛋白组分及总蛋白含量均随施氮量增加逐渐提高,除谷蛋白外,处理间差异均极显著。春5叶期追总施氮量50%的处理穂最长,穂粒数和产量最多,处理间差异显著;开花期追总施氮量50%处理的总蛋白含量最高,与春2叶期追总施氮量50%的处理差异显著。     

Comparison of protein quality and mineral element concentrations in grain of spelt (Triticum spelta L.) and common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

The cultivation of Triticum spelta (spelt) has no tradition in Hungary. In recent years the interest towards this old species renewed in many countries. This high‐nutritional cereal, which has a high ash and fibre content, can be used in many health‐oriented grain‐based food products. Therefore, field experiments have been conducted for some years to test the performance of this species under home growing conditions. Here we report the results of analyses for some important quality parameters of grain samples from the 1996/97 season in comparison with those of older and new home‐grown bread wheat cultivars. Three common wheat cultivars and one advanced spelt line were grown on small plots fertilised with an NPK dose necessary to reach the highest yield and quality. Spikes were sampled weekly from the time of 70–77% grain moisture to full ripening. The grains were analysed for ash, N, P and K content and amino acid composition. Concentrations of 16 other macro + micro elements and in the ripe grains, baking quality parameters were also assessed. The grain development of spelt showed a remarkable time‐lag compared to that of the common wheat cultivars. However, the highest thousand‐grain‐masses, ash, N, and P concentrations were measured in this cultivar after milk ripening. The grains of spelt contained the macro‐nutrient Mg and four micro‐nutrients (Zn, Mn, Fe, Cu) in higher concentrations compared to those of the common wheat varieties. The total and essential amino acid concentrations measured in the ripe grains of spelt were also remarkably higher.

Although its wet gluten content (47.5%) was considerably higher than that of the bread wheat cultivars, its breadmaking quality was poor.     

不同灌水条件下施硫对冬小麦碳、氮、硫物质积累及产量的影响

2009～2010年在河南农业大学科教示范园区,以2个中筋小麦品种多穗型豫农949和大穗型兰考矮早8为供试材料,设置不同灌水次数和施硫试验,研究不同灌水条件下施硫对冬小麦碳、氮、硫物质积累及产量的影响。结果表明,随灌水次数的增加,两品种小麦干物质积累量逐渐升高,且在开花期和成熟期干物质积累量表现为S60显著高于S0;施硫结合灌水1～2次可提高小麦干物质在各器官的积累量,以子粒干物质积累量最多,茎+叶、穗轴+颖壳次之,而各器官分配无显著差异;补施硫肥提高了子粒中氮和硫的含量,但随灌水次数的增加子粒和营养器官中氮含量呈下降趋势,以W0处理含量最高。随着灌水次数的增加,两品种穗粒数、千粒重和产量呈升高趋势,且以S60W2处理达到最大值,较S0W0处理增幅达34.29%,品种间达显著差异,豫农949表现优于兰考矮早8。综上所述,本试验条件下,施用硫肥60 kg/hm2结合灌水1～2次有利于冬小麦干物质和碳氮硫积累分配及产量的提高,品种间对硫的响应有差异。     

铜氮配施对冬小麦籽粒产量和蛋白质含量的影响

在豫中潮土区通过田间裂区试验研究了铜、氮配施对冬小麦籽粒产量和蛋白质的影响。结果表明,氮肥对冬小麦籽粒产量和蛋白质产量影响达极显著水平,对蛋白质含量影响不显著。铜肥对籽粒产量和蛋白质产量的影响都达到极显著水平,对籽粒蛋白质含量影响达显著水平。氮、铜交互对冬小麦籽粒产量和蛋白质产量影响达极显著差异,对蛋白质含量影响也达显著差异。综合考虑产量和蛋白质因素,本试验条件下,铜、氮配施以N1Cu2处理(即施氮120 kg.hm-2,施铜45 kg.hm-2)为适宜的铜、氮配施比例。     

Growth,morphological and yield responses of irrigated wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes to water stress

Water shortages is a major constraint in wheat production in South Africa. It is important therefore to assist irrigated wheat farmers to identify water stress tolerant growth stages in irrigated wheat genotypes. This study evaluated new wheat genotypes for water stress at different growth stages. An 8 (genotypes) × 2 (water treatments) × 3 (growth stages) factorial experiment was laid out in a randomised complete block design with three replicates. The results indicated that plant height was not affected (p > .05) by water stress at tillering and grain filling. Water stress imposed at the tillering stage reduced the number of fertile tillers (p < .05) in susceptible genotypes while at the flowering and grain filling stages all genotypes were tolerant (p > .05). Aboveground biomass was only affected (p < .05) by water stress imposed at the tillering stage. Water stress reduced grain yield on the genotypes where stress was imposed at the tillering stage (p < .05); whereas when stress was imposed at flowering and grain filling the grain yield was not reduced (p > .05). This study provided evidence to suggest that most genotypes were tolerant to water stress at the flowering and grain filling stages.     

抗氧化水平对小麦幼苗耐缺铁及铁累积能力的影响

以小麦品种"石4185"和"沧6001"为试验材料,采用水培方法,分析了抗氧化水平对小麦幼苗耐缺Fe和Fe累积能力的影响。结果表明:Fe缺乏引起小麦根部活性氧(ROS)累积,导致根部产生过氧化伤害,同时降低叶片中叶绿素含量。与"石4185"相比,"沧6001"具有相对较低的ROS水平和较高的叶绿素含量。缺Fe条件下,"沧6001"比"石4185"诱导出更多的根毛和侧根,并具有较高Fe累积。抗氧化酶活性分析结果表明,缺Fe条件下,"沧6001"比"石4185"具有更高的SOD、CAT和APX活性。在缺Fe条件下添加抗氧化剂NAC或AsA提高了幼苗中的Fe含量,表明抗氧化水平的提高促进了小麦幼苗对Fe的吸收和累积。本研究对于理解小麦对缺Fe胁迫响应的生理机制及筛选耐Fe缺乏和高Fe累积的小麦品种具有指导意义。     

施氮量和底追比例对小麦氮素吸收利用及子粒产量和蛋白质含量的影响

在大田栽培条件下,运用15N示踪技术研究了不同施氮量和底追肥比例对小麦氮素利用和子粒产量及蛋白质含量的影响。结果表明,施用氮肥提高了小麦植株的氮素积累量、子粒产量、蛋白质含量和蛋白质产量。相同施氮量条件下增加追肥氮的比例,提高了氮肥农学利用率和吸收利用率,增加了植株地上部器官(子粒+营养器官)中追肥氮、土壤氮的积累量,提高了营养器官中氮素的转运量和开花后氮素的同化量,增加了子粒蛋白质含量。相同的氮素底追肥比例条件下,将240.kg/hm2施氮量降至168.kg/hm2的处理,氮肥农学利用率、氮肥吸收利用率、氮肥偏生产力提高,子粒中土壤氮的积累量增加,植株地上部器官中土壤氮的积累量亦增加,开花后氮素同化量提高,子粒蛋白质含量增加。各施氮处理间子粒产量无显著差异。在本试验条件下,施氮量为168.kg/hm2且全部于拔节期追施是兼顾产量、品质和效益的优化处理。     

Effect of nitrogen fertilizer levels and irrigation on quality characteristics in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

In order to evaluate irrigation regimes and nitrogen fertilization on quality characteristics of wheat cultivars, a field experiment was carried out using split-plot factorial design based on randomized complete block design with three replications in Quchan, Iran (2010–2012). Main plots were assigned with four irrigation regimes; I1, 90 mm; I2, 130 mm; I3, 170 mm based on evaporation from a class A pan; and I4, water deficit stress during post-anthesis stage; sub-plots were assigned with four levels of nitrogen (N1, 0; N2, 70; N3, 140; and N4, 210 kg ha^?1); and three wheat cultivars (V1, Mihan; V2, C-87-6; and V3, C-87-11) were used as factorial. The results showed that nitrogen fertilization increased some quality characteristics. Under water deficit (I4), gluten index, grain protein content, grain yield, and sedimentation volume decreased. Significant interactions between irrigation regimes and both nitrogen levels and cultivars were observed.     

冬小麦生物量高光谱遥感监测模型研究

【目的】高光谱遥感能快速、实时、无损监测作物长势。研究不同氮磷水平下冬小麦不同生育时期地上部生物量高光谱遥感监测模型,可提高地上部生物量高光谱监测精度。【方法】在西北农林科技大学连续进行了 5 年田间定位试验,设置 5 个施氮水平 (N, 0, 75, 150, 225 和 300 kg/hm2) 和 4 个磷施用水平 (P₂O₅, 0, 60, 120 和 180 kg/hm2),选用不同抗旱类型冬小麦品种,测定了从拔节期至成熟期生物量与冠层光谱反射率,通过相关分析、回归分析等统计方法,建立并筛选基于不同植被指数的冬小麦不同生育时期生物量分段遥感监测模型。【结果】冬小麦生物量与光谱反射率在 670 nm 和 930 nm 附近具有较高相关性,在可见光和近红外波段处均有敏感波段;在拔节期、孕穗期、抽穗期、灌浆期、成熟期,生物量与归一化绿波段差值植被指数 (GNDVI)、比值植被指数 (RVI)、修正土壤调节植被指数 (MSAVI)、红边三角植被指数 (RTVI) 和修正三角植被指数Ⅱ (MTVIⅡ) 均达极显著相关性 (P < 0.01),相关系数 (r) 范围为 0.923～0.979;在不同生育时期,分别基于 GNDVI、RVI、MSAVI、RTVI 和 MTVIⅡ 能建立较好的生物量分段监测模型,决定系数 (R2) 分别为 0.987、0.982、0.981、0.985、0.976;估计标准误差 SE 分别为 0.157、0.153、0.163、0.133、0.132;预测值与实测值间相对误差 (RE) 分别为 8.47%、7.12%、7.56%、8.21%、8.65%;均方根误差 (RMSE), 分别为 0.141 kg/m2、0.113 kg/m2、0.137 kg/m2、0.176 kg/m2、0.187 kg/m2。【结论】在拔节期、孕穗期、抽穗期、灌浆期、成熟期可以用 GNDVI、RVI、MSAVI、RTVI 和 MTVIⅡ 监测冬小麦生物量,具有较好的年度间重演性和品种间适用性。同时,分段监测模型较统一监测模型具有较好的监测效果及验证效果,能有效改善高光谱遥感监测模型精度。     

Biochar and crop residue application to soil: effect on soil biochemical properties,nutrient availability and yield of rice (Oryza sativa L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

In the recent past, biochar and crop residues have attracted lots of attention as a viable strategy for maintaining soil health. This paper evaluates the comparative effect of two different doses (equivalent to 2 and 5 t C ha^?1) of each of pine needle and Lantana biochar (PBC and LBC), wheat residue and lentil residue (WR and LR) on soil biological properties, nutrient availability and yield of rice and wheat in pot culture. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) revealed higher C content of biochar than crop residues. Evaluation of biochemical quality reflected high recalcitrance indices of C and N for both PBC and LBC. Application of LBC and PBC increased the wheat grain yield significantly by 6.2%–24.2% over control. Both PBC and LBC significantly increased N and P uptakes in grain over the control and crop residues. Both biochars recorded a significant decrease of 33.9 and 71,7% in β-glucosidase activity in comparison to control at termination of study. PBC and LBC also resulted in more soil available N, P and K in soil at different intervals. The geometric mean of enzyme activities (GMea) reflected improved soil quality by PBC and LR and reduction by LBC application.     

施磷量对小麦物质生产及吸磷特性的影响

在低磷土壤条件下,以中筋小麦扬麦12号和弱筋小麦扬麦9号为材料,研究了施磷量对小麦物质生产和吸磷特性的影响。结果表明,在施磷量(P2O5)0～180.kg/hm2范围内,植株对磷的吸收量、吸收速率和磷的积累量随施磷量增加而上升;以施磷量108.kg/h2处理的叶面积指数(LAI)、植株茎蘖数、茎蘖成穗率、干物质积累量、花后干物质积累量和子粒产量最高。当施磷量超过108.kg/hm2时,相关物质生产指标则呈下降趋势,说明即使在缺磷土壤上,施磷量有其适宜值。小麦一生对磷的吸收存在两个高峰,出苗至越冬始期为第一个吸收高峰,拔节至孕穗期为第二个吸收高峰。植株磷素积累量的70%～75%是在拔节后吸收,表明拔节期施磷对满足小麦第二个吸磷高峰和磷的最大积累期需磷有重要意义。     

灌水控制下限对冬小麦产量和品质的影响

为制定冬小麦的优质高效灌溉指标,通过3个生长季（2005－2008年）的人工控水试验,研究了不同灌水控制下限对冬小麦生长、产量和品质的影响。结果表明,与对照相比,播种—拔节前期水分胁迫对冬小麦生长、产量及品质的负面影响不明显,且可节水11.68%～18.18%,水分利用效率提高8.33%～12.5%;拔节—抽穗前期水分胁迫对冬小麦生长的抑制作用最明显,使籽粒出粉率、蛋白质质量分数显著降低,面团形成时间和稳定时间显著缩短,产量降低6.56%～9.08%,但可节水24.29%～31.95%,水分利用效率提高6.19%～10.63%;抽穗扬花期水分胁迫对冬小麦生长没有明显影响,虽显著提高了籽粒蛋白质、湿面筋、氨基酸质量分数和出粉率,但减产9.96%～11.35%,水分利用效率仅提高了4.12%～5.62%;灌浆成熟期水分胁迫对冬小麦生长影响最小,籽粒蛋白质、湿面筋、氨基酸质量分数和出粉率均显著提高,但大幅度降低了产量,水分利用效率只提高了1.03%～5.95%。华北地区冬小麦优质高效节水灌溉指标是：播种—拔节前期、拔节—抽穗前期、抽穗扬花期和灌浆成熟期的灌水控制下限分别为50%、65%、70%和65%田间持水率。     

Effects of herbicides on three vesicular-arbuscular fungi associated with winter wheat (Riticum aestivum L.)

Summary We studied the effects of field application rates of four herbicides (Avenge, Ceridor, Dicurane, and Harrier) on spore germination and infection of wheat roots by three species of Glomus grown under conditions of low P availability. Low concentrations of Ceridor (bifenox, mecoprop) and Harrier (mecoprop, ioxynil, clopyralid) inhibited spore germination while higher concentrations were stimulatory. Avenge (difenzoquat methyl sulphate) prevented spore germination completely, while Dicurane (chlortoluron) had no effect. The herbicide applications had no significant effect on the infection rates of any of the three fungi except Harrier on G. geosporum. The herbicide treatments did, however, affect plant growth and ear yields. Ceridor and Harrier increased ear yields, while Dicurane showed marked phytotoxic effects.     

不同施硫量对冬小麦光合特性和产量的影响

以8901-11和4185两个冬小麦品种为材料,于2001～2002年度在河北农业大学教学基地进行了试验,研究了不同施硫水平对小麦光合特性和产量的影响。试验设4个施硫量处理,分别为S0、30、60、90kg/hm2,采用裂区设计,3次重复。试验结果表明,在一定的供硫范围内(0～60kg/hm2),顶部功能叶在各生育时期,倒3叶和旗叶在展开到衰亡过程中的叶绿素含量增加,光合速率提高,可溶性蛋白质含量增加。在该施硫量范围内,两品种的产量均随着施硫量的增加而增加,且以60kg/hm2的施硫量水平产量最高,单位面积穗数、每穗粒数和千粒重随施硫量的变化趋势也同产量的变化趋势基本一致。     

不同土壤耕作模式对冬小麦籽粒品质的影响

冬小麦籽粒的品质受土壤环境影响。为了研究不同土壤耕作模式对冬小麦籽粒品质的影响,采用了5种土壤耕作模式(常规耕作秸秆不还田、常规耕作秸秆还田、旋耕秸秆还田、缺口圆盘耙耕秸秆还田、免耕秸秆覆盖)在山东龙口进行了3年田间试验,测定了冬小麦籽粒蛋白质品质、面团流变学特性和淀粉糊化特性。结果表明：少耕模式特别是旋还模式有利于改善籽粒蛋白质质量、改善面粉的加工品质,免覆模式对改变面条蒸煮品质有利。土壤耕作可改变土壤环境,但耕作方式对冬小麦品质的长期影响仍有待于进一步研究。     

微喷水肥一体化提高冬小麦产量与品质

为了探明山西南部麦区节水省氮合理运筹模式,通过田间试验研究了9个水氮组合模式对冬小麦群体动态、氮肥利用率、籽粒产量及品质的影响。结果表明:1.水氮互作对冬小麦拔节期单株分蘖、成穗数和籽粒产量均有极显著影响。以微喷4次(W_2,越冬水、拔节水、孕穗水和灌浆水)和优化施氮(N_3,施氮N 225kg·hm-2,60%底施+30%拔节期追施+10%灌浆期追施)水氮一体化组合处理产量最高,与CK(越冬期和拔节期漫灌,习惯施氮)相比,冬前单株分蘖增加13%,产量和氮肥表观利用率分别提高9.36%和61.8%。2.相同灌水模式下,不同施氮处理间差异显著,其中微喷3次以目标产量施氮(N_2)的产量最高;微喷4次以优化施氮(N_3)产量最高,与习惯施氮(N_1)相比,氮肥表观利用率提高了61.8%。3.相同施氮模式下,以微喷4次的产量最高。综合分析各水氮处理组合以W_2N_3的小麦产量和氮肥表观利用率均为最高,且节水节肥、籽粒品质最优,因此,推荐该模式为山西省南部小麦/玉米一年两熟区的节水节肥减施增效水氮运筹模式。