宽幅播种提高不同播期小麦产量与氮素利用率

为明确在较宽播期范围内可实现小麦高产高效稳产的播种方式及其理论基础,采用宽幅播种和常规条播2种播种方式,设计10月3日(早播)、10日(传统播期)、17日(晚播)和24日(再晚播)共4个播期处理(分别用D1、D2、D3、D4表示),研究了播种方式与播期互作对小麦产量和氮素吸收利用的影响。相对于常规条播,宽幅播种通过提高单位面积分蘖数和穗数,平均提高产量16.68%;通过提高氮素吸收效率(吸氮量/供氮量)、稳定或提高氮素利用效率(产量/吸氮量),平均提高氮素利用率(产量/供氮量)16.64%。随播期推迟,2播种方式下单位面积穗数、单穗籽粒质量分别呈降低和升高趋势,相对于D1和D2播期,宽幅条件下D3、D4播期的成熟期穗数下降比例显著低于条播,并与其单穗籽粒质量提高的比例相当,进而实现9.00 t/hm2水平的高产稳产;常规条播下晚播因穗数大幅下降导致减产,平均减产0.34 t/hm2。随播期推迟,2播种方式下氮素吸收效率和氮素利用效率分别呈降低和升高趋势,相对于D1、D2播期,宽幅条件下D3、D4播期氮素吸收效率下降的幅度与氮素利用效率提升的幅度相当,因此仍可维持较高的氮素利用率;常规条播下晚播处理氮素吸收效率下降的幅度显著高于氮素利用效率提升的幅度,进而导致氮素利用率平均降低1.01 kg/kg。相对于常规条播,小麦生产上采用宽幅播种,在高产高效的同时可实现较宽播期范围内产量和氮素利用率的稳定。     

The yields,agronomic, and nitrogen use efficiency traits of wheat cultivars in north China under N-sufficient and -deficient conditions

In this study, the yields, yield components, agronomic, and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) traits of the eighty-four winter wheat cultivars were investigated under nitrogen (N)-sufficient and -deficient conditions. Dramatic variations were observed in the yield and agronomic traits among the cultivars. Based on absolute yields under the N treatments, the cultivars were categorized into N efficiency groups of high, close high, medium, and low, in which the high efficiency group cultivars generally exhibited improved agronomic traits under these contrasting N-supply conditions. Additionally, the wheat cultivars were classified into various N response groups, including toleration, relative toleration, sensitive, and most sensitive based on the ratios of yield under N deficiency to that under N sufficiency. Regression correlation analyses revealed that straw biomass, total biomass, grain N amount, and straw N amount were significantly correlated with yield, suggesting that these traits can be acted as indices in evaluating yield potentials in wheat.     

适宜播期提高农牧交错带春小麦产量和水氮利用效率

为了明确农牧交错带播种期对春小麦的产量、生育期和资源利用效率的影响,从2011年到2012年在内蒙古进行了小麦分期播种试验。试验共设置了5个播种期,从4月26日开始至6月5日结束,每播期间隔10 d。结果表明,随着播期的推迟,5月6日之后播种的各处理小麦产量显著降低,最后播种的小麦产量相比4月26日播种的减产63.3%~72.3%,对应的收获指数和千粒质量也大幅下降,主要是由于小麦晚播后抽穗至成熟阶段日平均温度降低所致。播期导致各生育阶段所需要的天数特别是播种到出苗期产生差异,但全生育期所需要的生理发育时间(发育最低温度Tb为0,最适温度To为20℃)在不同年份和播种期处理下均没有显著差异,稳定为95.3个生理日数(当每日平均温度均为最适温度时所需要的发育天数)。水分利用效率随着播期推迟呈现明显降低的趋势,与4月26日播种处理相比,最后播种处理的水分利用效率降低了68.8%~74.3%,主要是晚播小麦麦穗干物质质量占地上部干物质质量的比例降低,营养体生长过旺,增加了各生育期内的日耗水量。不同播期下,春小麦地上部植株氮素累积吸收量为14.0~17.0 g/m2。播种期对春小麦氮素累积吸收量没有显著影响。但由于早播处理小麦的收获指数和产量较高,所以氮素的吸收转化利用效率显著高于晚播处理。在农牧交错带适时早播春小麦不但可提高产量,而且还能大幅度提高水氮资源的吸收利用效率,这对该区域实现春小麦高产和稳产有着实际指导意义。     

Yield structure components of autumn- and spring-sown pea (Pisum sativum L.)

ABSTRACT

Climate change brings increasing attention to winter sowing of traditionally spring sown crops. Crop stand height, soil coverage, grain yield and yield components of six winter pea varieties and one spring pea variety were compared in eastern Austrian growing conditions in 2014 and 2015. Crop stands of winter pea were taller up to the end of May before they declined and crop stands of spring pea were taller from early June on. Winter pea covered the soil at least partly over winter and showed faster soil coverage in spring. At the end of May, just some weeks before harvest, spring pea attained equal soil coverage. Grain yield of winter pea was almost double that of spring pea due to higher pod density whereas spring pea produced more grains pod^?1 than four out of six winter pea varieties and a higher thousand grain weight than all winter pea varieties. Consequently, grain density was higher for winter pea while the single pod yield was higher for spring pea. Growing winter peas in Central Europe might be a good strategy for increasing grain legume productivity and thereby European feed protein production.     

密度、氮肥互作对小麦产量及氮素利用效率的影响

为了探明小麦产量和氮素利用效率同步提高的最佳施氮量和种植密度,制定合理的栽培措施,实现高产高效提供理论依据,以大穗型品种泰农18（T18）和中穗型品种山农15（S15）为试材,在大田条件下设置4个播种密度（60、75、90和105 kg/hm2）和3个施氮水平（0、180和240 kg/hm2）,研究了氮密互作对小麦子粒产量和氮素利用效率的影响。结果表明,播种密度和施氮量均显著影响冬小麦产量及构成因素,且两者间存在明显的互作效应;两因素中密度是导致产量变化的主导因素。子粒产量提高引起氮肥农学利用效率和氮肥吸收利用率的协同提高。综合考虑产量和氮素利用效率等因素,在本试验条件下,泰农18的适宜播量为102 kg/hm2,适宜的施氮量为180 kg/hm2;而山农15的适宜播量为83 kg/hm2,适宜的施氮量为180 kg/hm2。说明在冬小麦高产栽培过程中,可以通过调节施氮量和播种密度,充分利用氮密互作效应,在提高氮素利用率的同时,获得较高的子粒产量。     

氮、硫配施对冬小麦氮素利用效率及产量的影响

【目的】氮(N)、硫(S)是生物所必需的营养物质,对小麦籽粒产量和品质起着重要作用。硫素供应不足,特别是在当前大量氮素供应情况下引起的作物生理性缺硫将导致作物产量和含硫氨基酸蛋白质含量下降。本文旨在探索氮、硫配施对冬小麦氮素利用效率和籽粒产量的促进效果并提出合理的区域氮、硫施肥技术。【方法】20122013年,在河南温县以国审冬小麦品种豫麦49-198为供试材料,进行大田试验。设置不同施氮量0、120、180、240和360 kg/hm2(分别以N0、N120、N180、N240和N360表示)和施硫0和60 kg/hm2(S0和S60)试验,调查氮、硫对冬小麦干物质积累、氮素积累分配、籽粒产量和氮素利用效率的影响。【结果】对冬小麦生育后期干物质积累分析表明,干物质积累随施氮量增多而提高,相同施氮量条件下施硫较不施硫小麦干物质积累量显著提高,其中成熟期干物质积累量N180S60、N240S60和N360S60分别较N180S0、N240S0和N360S0提高2225、3607和3120 kg/hm2,而且氮素低的处理添加硫后干物质积累量高于氮素高不加硫处理,如N180S60N240S0、N240S60N360S0,处理间差异均达显著水平。随施氮量增多,冬小麦植株氮素积累总量增加,在N 240和360 kg/hm2水平,硫素供应显著增加小麦植株氮素积累。不同施氮量条件下施硫较不施硫均显著提高了小麦籽粒产量,分别提高了10.5%、18.3%、5.2%、5.6%和4.9%。随施氮量增多,氮肥偏生产力下降,氮回收效率、生理效率和农学效率则均以N 180达最高值。不同施氮水平下,施硫均显著提高了冬小麦氮素回收效率,但对氮生理效率影响不显著,其中在施N量为120、180和240kg/hm2时,施硫较不施硫氮肥偏生产力和农学效率均显著提高。【结论】在当前小麦生产中,采用控氮或减氮增硫技术措施,可实现小麦氮利用效率和籽粒产量的同步提高。在本试验地区小麦生产中,达到冬小麦稳产高效或增产高效的适宜施氮量为180 240 kg/hm2配合60 kg/hm2硫肥施用。     

Functional traits associated with nitrogen use efficiency in wheat

The association between functional traits and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) was investigated to assist the breeding of nitrogen (N) use-efficient bread wheat (Triticum aestivum ssp. aestivum) varieties. This study combined results from a climate chamber experiment involving 41 spring wheat varieties and a field experiment involving six winter and six spring wheat varieties grown with and without the application of mineral N fertiliser. The climate chamber experiment was analysed by partial least squares (PLS) regression, with several predictors and NUE as response, to identify traits related to NUE. Specific hypotheses were then tested in the field experiment. The PLS indicated six traits of particular importance for overall NUE: leaf chlorophyll (SPAD value) of the top leaf at stem elongation, grains ear^?1, ears pot^?1, straw biomass pot^?1, days between emergence and anthesis, and days between emergence and completed senescence. In the field experiment, the SPAD value of flag leaves of winter wheat around anthesis was positively correlated with NUE and total grain N, at both N levels. Fast development was positively correlated with high NUE and N uptake efficiency in spring wheat. Early senescence of the flag leaf was positively correlated with grain N concentration and negatively correlated with grain-specific N efficiency in winter wheat at low N fertilisation levels. The results indicate that high SPAD value of the top leaf might be a candidate trait that could be used in wheat breeding for improved NUE, while genetic variation in senescence could possibly be used to tailor varieties for different end-use quality when grown at low N. More studies are needed to validate these findings in other environments and for other genotypes.     

播量与氮肥用量对优质小麦产量和品质的影响

试验得出，播量与施氮量不同处理组合的产量以每公顷播量105kg施纯氮225kg的小麦产量6724．95kg／hm^2最高。施氮量因播量不同酌情增减，每公顷播种52．5、105及157．5kg的最大施氮量分别为270．285、210—225及195～210kg／hm^2，施用氮肥对提高小麦子粒品质的作用明显，播量与小麦品质无关。     

播量与氮肥用量对优质小麦产量和品质的影响

试验得出,播量与施氮量不同处理组合的产量以每公顷播量105kg施纯氮225kg的小麦产量6724.95kg/hm2最高。施氮量因播量不同酌情增减,每公顷播种52.5、105及157.5kg的最大施氮量分别为270～285、210～225及195～210kg/hm2,施用氮肥对提高小麦子粒品质的作用明显,播量与小麦品质无关。     

施氮模式对冬小麦/夏玉米产量及氮素利用的影响

采用大田试验,在小麦季N 250kg /hm2和玉米季N 200kg /hm2氮肥供应条件下,连续2年度（2007～2009）观测了不同施氮模式对冬小麦/夏玉米产量及氮素利用的影响。结果表明,与对照相比,常规施肥、有机无机复合肥、控释复合肥、控失复合肥以及改变氮肥基追配比处理均显著提高冬小麦/夏玉米子粒产量和干物质积累量,小麦季各处理产量大小依次为:控释复合肥控失复合肥有机无机复合肥改变氮肥基追配比常规施肥,提高幅度在107.5%～147.4%;玉米季各处理产量大小依次为:控释复合肥控失复合肥有机无机复合肥常规施肥改变氮肥基追配比,提高幅度在28.5%～56.1%。与常规施肥处理比较,控释复合肥、控失复合肥和有机无机复合肥处理冬小麦氮肥偏生产力和氮肥农学效率提高2.2～5.1 kg/kg,夏玉米提高3.6～7.6 kg/kg;但改变基追配比处理在小麦季高于常规处理,在玉米季则低于当地常规施肥处理。从产量和氮肥利用率方面综合分析,有机无机复合肥、控释复合肥、控失复合肥均可作为适宜研究区域推广的肥料品种,而改变基追配比处理相对较适宜冬小麦季。     

不同形态氮肥及其用量对强筋小麦氮素转运、产量和品质的影响

【目的】研究强筋小麦产量品质形成的适宜氮肥形态和施氮量,对增加小麦产量、提高籽粒品质及减少农田氮污染有重要意义,同时为合理精确运筹施氮提供理论依据。【方法】田间试验采用二因素裂区设计,氮肥形态为主区(硝态氮肥、铵态氮肥、酰铵态氮肥),氮肥用量为副区(低氮75kg/hm^2、中氮150kg/hm^2、高氮225kg/hm^2)。分析小麦的氮转运量和产量、品质。【结果】1)在同一形态氮肥下,小麦成熟期氮累积量、籽粒产量和收获指数均在中氮(150kg/hm^2)处理达到最大值,中氮(150kg/hm^2)处理能通过显著增加花前氮转运量和花后氮积累量进而提高籽粒含氮量。生物产量、籽粒蛋白质组分含量(除醇溶蛋白)、蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、面筋指数、总淀粉、直链淀粉、支链淀粉、可溶性糖和蔗糖含量均随施氮量增加而提高。2)在同一施氮量下,硝态氮肥和酰胺态氮肥处理的小麦各时期植株含氮量、生物产量和籽粒产量均显著高于铵态氮肥(P<0.05),硝态氮肥和酰胺态氮肥的籽粒产量处理无显著差异(除低氮处理)。铵态氮肥处理的品质最差,酰胺态氮肥处理更有利于增加蛋白质和淀粉含量,改善籽粒品质,酰胺态氮肥处理的氮素吸收效率和氮素生产效率最高。3)不同形态氮肥显著影响穗数,施氮量显著影响千粒重。产量和品质达到最优所需的氮肥用量不同,中氮(150kg/hm^2)时产量最高,高氮(225kg/hm^2)时品质最优。4)方差分析表明,不同形态氮肥和施氮量对冬小麦各生育阶段氮素积累量及所占比例有极显著的影响(P<0.01),且二者存在极显著的互作效应。通径分析表明,叶片花前氮转运量对产量的直接影响最大,直接通径系数为0.614。【结论】酰胺态氮肥是适合该地区的氮肥种类,酰胺态氮肥在中氮(150kg/hm^2)条件下能显著提高强筋小麦产量和籽粒含氮量,在高氮(225kg/hm^2)条件下能显著改善强筋小麦品质,因此在实际小麦生产中要根据产量品质要求合理运筹氮肥。     

氮素对冬小麦生长发育及产量的亏缺和补偿效应

通过盆栽试验研究了正常灌水条件下不同生育阶段氮素亏缺对冬小麦生长发育及产量的影响。结果表明,越冬期不施氮能明显减少冬小麦的分蘖数和地上、地下部生物量,对地上部影响大于地下部,使根冠比增大;越冬期和拔节期不施氮能显著降低冬小麦的产量,而后期缺氮对产量的影响不大;越冬期不施氮能明显降低冬小麦的有效穗数,拔节期不施氮对千粒重影响较大;而抽穗期和成熟期不施氮则对穗粒数具有显著的影响。总的来看,冬小麦对氮素的亏缺敏感期在越冬期和拔节期,补偿有效期在拔节期。     

Choice of nitrogen fertilizer affects grain yield and agronomic nitrogen use efficiency of wheat cultivars

Abstract

Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) is low in cereals especially in wheat. Different wheat cultivars may vary in NUE due to inherited biological nitrification inhibition (BNI) potential. In this study, three wheat cultivars (Punjab-2011, ARRI-2011 and Millat-2011) were fertilized at the rate of 140?kg ha^?1 with three N sources [nitrophos (NP), urea and calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN)]. The soil nitrate (NO₃^?)-N contents were significantly enhanced coupled with simultaneous decrease in ammonium (NH₄⁺)-N contents in the rhizosphere of cultivar Punjab-2011, fertilized with NP; however, cultivar Millat-2011 receiving urea behaved in contrast. Wheat cultivar Punjab-2011 fertilized with NP had the highest grain yield and agronomic NUE than other treatments due to significant increase in chlorophyl contents, allometric and yield parameters. The highest net benefit was recorded from the cultivar Punjab-2011 fertilized with CAN. In conclusion, use of NP in Punjab-2011 enhanced the grain yield and agronomic NUE.     

牛场肥水灌溉对冬小麦产量与氮利用效率及土壤硝态氮的影响

【目的】本研究利用田间小区试验,研究牛场肥水灌溉对冬小麦产量、 氮利用效率及土壤硝态氮的影响,以期为提高灌溉肥水中氮利用效率,降低养殖肥水灌溉的氮损失提供理论依据。【方法】通过田间小区定位试验,以华北平原典型冬小麦种植系统为研究对象,定量研究牛场肥水灌溉对冬小麦产量、 氮素积累、 氮效率及土壤硝态氮的影响。试验共设5个处理,分别为: 不施肥、 小麦各生育期进行清水灌溉(CK); 在冬小麦生育期内进行2次牛场肥水灌溉(越冬期和灌浆期,肥水灌溉带入氮量为160 kg/hm2),其他生育期清水灌溉(T1); 在冬小麦生育期内进行3次牛场肥水灌溉(越冬期、 拔节期、 灌浆期,肥水灌溉带入氮量为240 kg/hm2),其他生育期清水灌溉(T2); 在冬小麦生育期进行4次牛场肥水灌溉(越冬期、 拔节期、 抽穗期和灌浆期,肥水灌溉带入氮量为320 kg/hm2),不进行清水灌溉(T3); 农民习惯施肥,冬小麦播种时施复合肥(15-21-6)375 kg/hm2、 拔节期追肥尿素600 kg/hm2(氮投入量为332 kg/hm2),全生育期灌溉清水(CF)。每个处理重复3次,冬小麦全生育期灌水4次,灌水定额为830 m3/hm2,灌水量用超声波流量计计量。【结果】牛场肥水灌溉对冬小麦产量和氮的影响主要有以下几个方面: 1)连续三年冬小麦产量均随牛场肥水灌溉次数的增加表现为先增加后降低的趋势,肥水灌溉带入氮为240 kg/hm2(灌溉3次)时,冬小麦产量最高。2)牛场肥水灌溉显著增加冬小麦植株地上部氮积累量。2011年和2012年肥水灌溉的三个处理之间及与习惯施肥处理之间差异不显著,2013年T2和T3处理植株氮吸收量显著高于T1处理和习惯施肥处理。3)冬小麦肥水氮利用率和农学效率随肥水灌溉带入氮量的增加而降低。三年均以T1最高,分别为48.57%和37.15 kg/kg。4)每季冬小麦收获后,随着灌溉带入氮量的增加,0100 cm土层NO-3-N积累量增加。肥水灌溉带入氮为320 kg/hm2时,0100 cm剖面NO-3-N积累量显著高于肥水灌溉带入氮为160~240 kg/hm2处理。【结论】牛场肥水灌溉显著增加冬小麦产量,随肥水灌溉带入氮的增加冬小麦产量呈先增加后降低的趋势。冬小麦肥水氮表观利用率和农学效率均随肥水灌溉带入氮量的增加而降低,肥水灌溉带入氮为320 kg/hm2,80100 cm土层有大量NO-3-N累积,且有向下淋溶的趋势。本试验条件下,综合产量、 冬小麦植株氮积累量及氮效率等方面考虑,牛场肥水灌溉冬小麦适宜氮带入量为160~240 kg/hm2。     

Response of photosynthetic active radiation interception,dry matter accumulation,and grain yield to tillage in two winter wheat genotypes

ABSTRACT

To examine the effects of winter wheat genotypes on dry matter (DM) accumulation and grain yield (GY) under no-tillage conditions in North China Plain (NCP), a field experiment was conducted using the genotypes Tainong 18 (F) and Jimai 22 (J). Two tillage systems were tested, conventional tillage (CT) and no-tillage (NT) during the 2015/2016 and 2016/2017 winter wheat growing seasons. Genotypes and tillage systems were compared regarding DM accumulation, GY, leaf area index (LAI), photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) interception, and flag leaf fluorescence parameters. LAI, PAR interceptions, and flag leaf fluorescence parameters were significantly higher under CT than under NT conditions. This suggests that the efficiency of light harvesting by the PSII reaction center of leaves can increase due to CT. DM accumulation was significantly higher under CT than under NT. Spike DM accumulation was higher in F than in J in the heading and the filling stages. In both growing seasons, GY was significantly higher under CT than under NT, GY of NTF was significantly higher than that of NTJ, which was due to a significantly higher number of kernels per spike. This indicates that genotype F can compensate for a low GY due to NT.     

Influence of calcium carbide formulations on growth,yield and nitrogen uptake of wheat under field conditions

Field experiments were conducted in 2006–2007 and 2007–2008 to evaluate the effects of three calcium carbide (CaC₂) based formulations (slow release sources of acetylene and ethylene) - matrix-1 [(M-1)(21% CaC₂, 58% polyethylene and 21% plaster of paris)], matrix-2 [(M-2)(42% CaC₂, 48% polyethylene and 10% plaster of paris)] and paint coated [(PC)(35% CaC₂, 44% paint and 21% plaster of paris)] - on nitrification inhibition; growth, yield and nitrogen (N)-uptake of wheat. All the three CaC₂ formulations (CCF,s) inhibited nitrification, reduced plant height, and improved N-uptake, spike bearing tillers, 1000-grains weight and yield of Inqulab-91 and Bhakhar-02 wheat cultivars. Increase in grain yield was found maximum (22% over the control) with M-1 applied at 30 kg CaC₂ ha^?1; followed by M-2 and PC. Furthermore, CaC₂ significantly reduced lodging in Bhakhar-02 plots. It is concluded that grain yield of wheat can be enhanced by the application of CaC₂ formulations particularly M-1 along with NPK fertilizers.     

不同氮效率基因型冬小麦生理特征的比较研究

采用田间小区试验,通过对两个不同氮效率基因型冬小麦小偃22(XY22)和小偃6号(XY6)产量和构成因素,氮素吸收利用效率以及关键生育期的硝酸还原酶、叶水势、叶绿素含量等生理指标测定,探讨了其对氮素利用的差异及其机理。结果表明,不施氮处理,子粒产量、硝酸还原酶活性、叶水势、叶绿素含量明显降低,而施氮后明显提高;氮素吸收利用效率、叶水势、叶绿素含量在施N150 kg/hm2时保持在较高水平。两个基因型中,小偃22比小偃6号的生理代谢更加旺盛,施氮加强了这种作用,这可为进一步选育氮高效利用型小麦品种提供科学依据。     

播种方式对稻茬小麦生长发育及产量建成的影响

目前稻茬麦机播面积不断扩大,为研究播种方式转变对小麦播种出苗、生长发育与产量建成的影响,2009-2012年,在成都平原稻茬麦区开展撒播(免耕+人工撒种+人工覆盖稻草)与机播(免耕+稻草粉碎覆盖+2BMFDC-6型播种机播种)比较试验。结果表明,机播处理的播种效率、出苗率、麦苗均匀度,以及中前期的个体与群体质量均显著高于撒播处理。但到了生育后期,机播小麦的个体与群体质量反而不及撒播小麦,进而影响穗部性状。机播小麦开花期干物质积累量和叶面积指数的年均值较撒播小麦低1.8%、8.9%,成熟期单穗结实小穗数和穗粒数较撒播处理低4.2%、3.5%,但千粒质量较撒播高4.9%,籽粒产量则基本相当。机播小麦开花期耕层土壤的速效氮含量较撒播处理低7.8%,植株全氮含量低19.4%。增施氮肥后,机播小麦个体和群体质量得到改善,增产趋势明显。表明,2BMFDC-6型机播有利于提高稻茬小麦播种效率和质量,但需要适当提高施氮水平以提高中后期个体与群体质量,进而实现高产。研究结果可为稻茬小麦高产高效栽培技术的熟化完善提供理论和技术依据。     

氮肥分配对冬小麦-夏玉米轮作产量和氮肥效率的影响

通过田间小区试验研究了控制氮肥总量(N 420 kg/hm2)条件下氮肥分配对冬小麦/夏玉米轮作体系内的作物生物量、产量、纯收益、农学效率及肥料利用率的影响,结果表明,氮肥在冬小麦/夏玉米轮作体系的分配量及比例显著影响冬小麦/夏玉米轮作的产量、纯收益和氮肥的效率,冬小麦季施总氮55％ (N 231 kg/hm2)、夏玉米季施总氮45％ (N 189 kg/hm2)时,获得最高的轮作总产量(13 026 kg/hm2)和最大的净收益(22 146元/hm2),氮肥的农学效率和利用率较其它分配方式均有所提高,是晋南地区冬小麦/夏玉米轮作氮肥分配的适宜比例.就单季小麦而言,施N 189 kg/hm2可以获得较高的产量和较高的氮肥效率.值得指出的是,由于作物生长期间受春寒和夏旱的影响,冬小麦/夏玉米轮作体系内的氮农学效率和氮肥利用率均表现较低,仅分别为4.6 kg/kg和20.8％.     

不同水氮处理对冬小麦生长及产量影响的田间试

该文以促进农业用水增效为目的,开展了作物水肥生理调控技术研究,选用主要农作物冬小麦,进行不同水肥耦合的灌溉试验,对冬小麦生理指标(株高、干物质质量、叶面积指数、光合作用和籽粒产量等)进行了统计分析,初步探索了冬小麦对水肥(氮)需求影响的规律。通过对冬小麦生理生育指标的统计分析及比较可知各个处理之间各生物指标的生长趋势相同,而200kg/hm2氮处理的各生物指标普遍优于100kg/hm2氮处理的各生物指标,这表明在低肥力条件下适当的增施氮肥,可以提高产量,不过各个处理下冬小麦籽粒产量和总生物量并无显著性差异。在水分处理上灌浆水和返青水很关键,只是在灌灌浆水时已进入雨季,可以减少灌溉水量而充分利用雨水。为减少对环境的污染,建议在生产上考虑选择100kg/hm2氮肥量,并不显著影响冬小麦的生长及最终产量。