不同施肥制度对作物产量及土壤磷素肥力的影响

在潮棕壤上连续进行18年的定位试验, 研究了不同施肥制度对作物产量和土壤磷素肥力的影响.结果表明: 与对照处理相比, 施用磷肥有明显的增产和稳产作用.不施磷肥处理, 土壤磷素收支赤字, 土壤全磷和速效磷含量均明显下降, 且土壤磷收支的盈亏值与土壤速效磷的增减量呈显著直线相关; 施磷肥处理, 土壤磷素收支盈余, 18年间耕层土壤全磷含量均明显提高, 提高幅度为0.02～0.04 g·kg-1, 土壤速效磷含量亦明显增加, 特别是在试验的后几年, 土壤速效磷含量似有加速上升的趋势.施氮肥对玉米有明显增产作用, 施磷钾肥对玉米增产作用不明显; 大豆则相反, 施氮肥增产作用不明显, 施磷钾肥有显著增产作用.     

Long-term effects of crop rotation and fertilization on soil organic matter composition

Long‐term effects of crop rotation and fertilization are mostly observed with respect to the amount of soil organic matter (SOM) and measured in terms of soil organic carbon (SOC). In this paper, we analyze the SOM composition of samples from long‐term agricultural field experiments at sandy and clayey sites that include complex crop rotations and farm‐yard manure applications. The organic matter (OM) composition of the soil samples, OM(Soil), and that of sequentially extracted water, OM(W), and sodium pyrophosphate, OM(PY), soluble fractions was analyzed using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The fraction OM(PY) represented between 13 and 34% of SOC, about 10 times that of OM(W). Site specific differences in OM(Soil) composition were larger than those between crop rotations and fertilizer applications. The smaller C=O group content in FTIR spectra of OM(W) compared with OM(PY) suggests that analysis of the more stable OM(PY) fraction is preferable over OM(W) or OM(Soil) for identifying long‐term effects, the OM(Soil) and OM(W) fractions and the content of CH groups being less indicative. Farm‐yard manure application leads to a more similar content of C=O groups in OM(PY) between crop rotations and fertilizer plots at both sites. Short‐term effects from soil tillage or potato harvesting on composition of OM require further studies.     

施肥对不同品种苜蓿生产力及土壤肥力的影响

研究了不同施肥处理对生长7年的3个紫花苜蓿品种的产量及土壤养分的影响。结果表明,NP配施和单施K肥对苜蓿均有显著的增产效果,不同施肥对不同品种的生产力影响效果不同。N30P120处理巨人201+Z和牧歌401+Z产量最高,分别比对照增产41.1%和74.8%;单施K60处理,路宝比对照增产了76.7%。种植苜蓿可以提高土壤氮的有效性,生长7年的苜蓿根系固氮在土壤仍有累积。种植苜蓿,不施肥处理土壤全氮含量均有不同程度增加,而土壤全磷和全钾略有下降。随磷肥用量的增加而增加,N30P120处理土壤速效磷增加11.45～41.7 mg/kg;单施钾肥,土壤速效磷含量提高了3.71～4.41 mg/kg,全钾含量增加了0.06～1.69 mg/kg。     

长期轮作与施肥对农田土壤磷素形态和吸持特性的影响

通过对黄土旱塬地区长期定位施肥(26a)条件下的不同轮作系统的土壤磷素形态和吸持参数的测定,研究了轮作和施肥对土壤磷素吸持特性和磷素形态的影响,以及土壤磷素吸持参数与磷素形态之间的关系。结果表明,长期轮作与施肥都可以减低土壤磷素的最大吸附量（Qm）,相对于其它轮作和连作,在氮磷（NP）施肥下,小麦-玉米-豌豆轮作可以减低土壤的Qm,在氮磷有机肥（NPM）施肥下,小麦-玉米轮作可以减低土壤的Qm。在施肥相同的条件下,小麦-玉米轮作和小麦-豌豆轮作可以显著增加土壤中各形态无机磷的含量,长期轮作比连作可以增加土壤中的有效磷养分,尤其对Ca2-P的提高效果更为显著。相关分析表明,Qm和磷吸持指数（PSI）与全磷（T-P）、Olsen-P、CaCl2-P、Ca2-P、Ca8-P、Fe-P、Ca10-P和有机磷呈极显著负相关（p＜0.01）,与闭蓄态磷（O-P）呈显著负相关（p＜0.05）,与Al-P关系不显著。土壤有机质（SOM）与Qm、PSI和磷最大缓冲能力（MBC）之间存在极显著负相关关系,与磷吸持饱和度（DPSS）存在显著正相关。通径系数和逐步回归分析表明,在石灰性黑垆土土壤的无机磷形态中,Ca2-P对Olsen-P的贡献最大。     

不同施肥措施对小麦－玉米轮作中作物产量和土壤肥力的影响

A 15-year field experiment was carried out in Henan Province, China, to study the effects of different fertilization practices on yield of a wheat-maize rotation. Fertilizers tested contained N alone (N), N plus P (NP) or plus P and K (NPK), all with or without manure (M). Different long-term fertilization practices affected the yields under the rotation system of wheat and maize differently and the effects on yields was in a general trend of MNPK＞MNP＞MN＞NPK＞NP＞M＞N＞the control. The average contribution rate of soil fertility to the highest yield was 37.9%, and the rest 62.1% came from fertilizer applications. The yield effects of the chemical fertilizers were in the order of N＞P＞K and were increased by application of manure.Balanced fertilization with multielement chemical fertilizers and manure can be effective in maintaining growth in agricultural production. Combined application of chemical fertilizer and organic manure also increased the content of soil organic matter.     

长期不同施肥下紫色土综合肥力演变及作物产量响应

为了综合评价长期不同施肥处理下紫色土肥力的变化趋势,寻求既能提高土壤肥力又能获得高产的紫色土科学施肥模式,该文以国家紫色土肥力与肥料效益监测基地长期定位试验数据为基础,运用内梅罗指数法对土壤综合肥力进行评价。结果表明,20 a间不同施肥处理土壤肥力发生了不同的变化趋势,长期不施肥(对照)与偏施化肥氮肥、氮钾肥土壤综合肥力指数(integrated fertility index,IFI)随着时间的推移逐渐下降,平衡施肥的氮磷钾、氮磷钾+牛粪、1.5倍氮磷钾+秸秆还田、氮磷钾+秸秆还田处理的IFI指数随着时间的变化有一定的波动,但相对于试验前都有不同程度的提高。各平衡施肥处理年均IFI值比对照分别提高34.5%,36.8%,52.3%,50.1%;通过IFI指数与各养分指标之间相关分析发现,土壤有机质、全磷、速效磷含量对紫色土土壤肥力的贡献较大;20 a产量变化趋势表明,平衡施肥产量明显高于偏施肥处理,其中长期秸秆还田配施NPK肥,增产效果最佳;相对产量与IFI指数呈S型曲线关系,紫色土IFI指数维持在1.63~2.01之间,可以实现相对最高产量;作物产量与土壤综合肥力指数二者之间呈显著的线性正相关关系,应用改良的内梅罗指数法计算的综合肥力指数能较好地反映土壤肥力状况。长期平衡施肥可以提高作物产量和土壤肥力,其中氮磷钾化肥配合秸秆还田是维持土壤肥力、实现作物高产的最佳培肥方式。     

不同施肥措施对洞庭湖区旱地肥力及作物产量的影响

应用长期定位试验方法,研究了洞庭湖区非粮食作物棉花-油菜轮作下,农民习惯施肥(TF)、配方施肥(NPK)及有机肥和化肥不同配比模式[有机肥来源氮占配方肥总氮量的50%(50%OM)、30%(30%OM)和10%(10%OM)]的作物产量和土壤养分的变化,以期为相应作物种植制度下的合理施肥提供参考。研究结果表明:在本试验施肥量及有机无机肥配比下,有机肥和化肥配施显著提高了棉花和油菜的产量,且以50%OM处理产量最高,各处理产量的顺序为50%OM30%OM10%OMNPKTFCK(不施肥对照);当有机氮施用量占总氮量的50%时(50%OM处理),棉花和油菜产量分别比NPK处理高24.52%、29.57%,比习惯施肥(TF)处理分别高46.03%和49.07%。同时,施用有机肥各处理作物产量的年际变化均不到20%,明显小于NPK、TF和CK处理,即施用有机肥不仅能促进旱地作物高产,同时也能保证其稳产。有机肥与化肥配施能增加土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮和速效钾含量,且以50%OM处理效果最好,与试验前比较的增加幅度分别达57.5%、38.2%、65.1%和48.1%;土壤有效磷含量有随施入磷素量的增加而增加趋势;而CK处理土壤有机质和养分含量则均呈逐年下降的趋势。各处理土壤有机质和养分含量(Y)随试验年限(X)的变化均可用方程式Y=a X+b来表示。在洞庭湖区肥力较高的旱地土壤中,合理的有机肥和化肥施用比例对保障非粮作物高产稳产和耕地地力提升尤为重要,且本试验条件下当有机肥来源氮占总施氮量的50%时能获得最佳效果。     

长期不同施肥对(土娄)土肥力及作物产量的影响

在陕西关中典型土壤——塿土进行了连续25年的定位施肥试验。通过对25年来不同施肥小区土壤肥力差异的分析研究表明,多年连续施肥,可以明显提高土壤中有机质、全氮、全磷、碱解氮、速效磷含量以及作物产量,即单施化肥或有机—无机肥料配合施用,都可以增强土壤养分容量及其供应强度,有利于培肥土壤,提高作物产量,其中又以有机—无机肥料配合施用的效果更好。     

长期不同施肥下太湖地区黄泥土肥力的变化

对太湖地区典型水稻土———黄泥土进行了12年的长期定位不同施肥试验,并保持化肥的施用水平与本地区常规施用量相当。对12年来的肥力变化与不同施肥小区的肥力差异的分析研究表明,长期单施化肥下土壤耕层中养分都有所下降,且表层土壤养分的下降量不及亚表层土壤,年际间生产力不稳定。化肥配施有机肥(秸秆还田或猪粪),可长期保持土壤中的养分,稳定提高作物生产力;有机无机配合施肥下12年间全碳和全氮分别增加1.1g/kg和3.0g/kg,而全磷提高了0.3g/kg以上。同时也表明,表层土壤全氮的增加明显地促进了有机碳的固定。     

黄土高原旱地不同施肥对土壤肥力与产量的影响

Long-term fertility experiments have become an important tool for investigating the sustainability of cropping systems. Therefore, a long-term (18-year) fertilization experiment was conducted in Changwu County, Shaanxi Province, China, to ascertain the effect of the long-term application of chemical fertilizers and manure on wheat yield and soil fertility in the Loess Plateau, so as to provide a scientific basis for sustainable land management. The experiment consisted of nine fertilizer treatments with three replicates arranged in a completely randomized design: 1) CK (no fertilizer); 2) N (N 120 kg ha-1); 3) P (P 26.2 kg ha-1); 4) NP (N 120, P 26.2 kg ha-1-2); 5) M (manure 75 t ha-1); 6) NM (N 120 kg ha-1, manure 75 t ha-1); 7) PM (P 26.2 kg ha-1, manure 75 t ha-1); 8) NPM (N 120 , P 26.2 kg ha-1, manure 75 t ha-1); and 9) fallow (no fertilizer, no crop). N fertilizer was applied in the form of urea and P was applied as calcium super phosphate. The results showed that precipitation had a large effect on the response of wheat yield to fertilization. Manure (M), NP, PM, NM, and NPM treatments significantly increased (P < 0.05) average yield. In the NP, PM, NM and NPM treatments, the percentage increases in yield due to fertilization were highest in normal years, and lowest in the drought years. Long-term P application enhanced soil available P markedly, and manure applications contributed more to soil fertility than chemical fertilizers alone. Chemical fertilizers applied together with manure distinctly improved soil fertility. The results also showed that the soil nutrient concentration changed mainly in the 0--60 cm layers and fertilization and planting only slightly affected soil nutrients below the 100 cm layers.     

长期不同施肥下红壤性水稻土综合肥力评价及其效应

以江西进贤红壤性水稻土长期试验为基础,运用模糊数学及统计学方法进行土壤肥力综合评价及其效应研究,以期达到土壤培肥的目的.结果表明,有机质、速效氮、速效磷、速效钾、物理性粘粒、团聚度和团聚体稳定率为研究区土壤肥力评价最小数据集,由其所得评价结果具有高度代表性和科学性.NPKM的SFI值最大且与其他处理均呈显著差异.NPKM、2NPK、NPK各处理SFI值分别高出对照(CK) 31.3％、13.0％和10.1％.SFI值的时间演变为NPKM处理先增后降,临界年限在第12年,N和CK处理缓降,其它处理缓增.一定范围内,二次曲线较直线更能揭示作物产量与SFI的关系,进一步拟合发现,SFI和作物相对产量间符合“S”型波尔兹曼生长曲线,SFI增至0.60时,相对产量增幅趋零,NPKM处理(SFI=0.688)已属于此;模拟可知,作物产量趋稳时相应施肥年限表现为NPKM (2a) ＜2NPK (8a) ＜NPK (9a) ＜NP (11a) ＜K、NK (13a)＜P(14a)处理.综上,长期平衡施肥(NPKM、2NPK和NPK)明显提高土壤综合肥力,NPKM更为显著,但其现状对作物增产已无效,应减施或不施若干年;长期偏施肥对土壤肥力贡献不力,尤其是长期单施氮反使土壤肥力下降.     

有机-无机肥长期配施对潮土土壤肥力和作物产量的影响

以24年(19812～004年)的肥料长期定位试验为基础,分析探讨了有机-无机肥长期配施对潮土土壤肥力和作物产量的影响。研究结果表明,除增施秸秆外,增施化肥也能提高土壤有机质的含量,但同时增施化肥和秸秆更有利于土壤有机质的积累。在提高有机质复合量方面,施用化肥的效果好于施用秸秆,而有机-无机肥结合效果较单一施用秸秆或化肥都要高;随秸秆或化肥施用量的增加有机质的复合度逐渐降低,但有机-无机肥结合施用可以提高有机质的复合度。有机-无机结合有利于改善土壤的物理性状,降低了土壤容重,提高了土壤田间持水量和饱和含水量,增加了土壤总孔隙度和毛管孔隙。单施秸秆肥和单施化肥均有显著的增产效应,而化肥的增产幅度远远大于秸秆肥,有机-无机结合的增产幅度在同等施肥量下较单独施用秸秆或化肥的产量都要高。结果表明,有机-无机结合较单一施用秸秆肥或化肥能更有效地提高潮土的土壤肥力,提高作物产量。     

粮油轮作中施肥对产量和土壤肥力的影响

采用田间定位方法连续4年研究钾肥、有机肥对产量和土壤耕层化学性质的影响,结果表明,油菜—夏玉米—冬小麦—夏玉米轮作连续4年施钾仍有显著的增产作用,玉米平均增产447kg/hm2,油菜240kg/hm2。有机肥对3种作物有显著增产作用,玉米平均增产538kg/hm2,油菜286kg/hm2,小麦353kg/hm2。夏玉米施有机肥比油菜、小麦增产显著,土娄土施有机肥土壤钾素收支基本平衡。     

旱地多熟间套作不同培肥方法对作物产量和土壤肥力的影响

通过设三季秸秆还田、三季秸秆＋冬绿肥还田、三季栏肥还田、冬绿肥还田及主施化肥为对照等5个处理，研究了山区旱地多熟间套作不同培肥方法的培肥效果，试验结果表明，各种培肥方法的培肥效果依次为三季栏肥还田〉三季秸秆〉冬绿肥还田〉三季秸秆还田〉冬绿肥还田〉对照。     

长期施肥对盐渍化土壤肥力的影响

The long-term effects of annual fertilizer applications on the fertility of salt-affected soils under the rotation system of wheat （Triticum aestivum L.） and maize （Zea mays L.） are not well documented. In 1984, research plots were established to test the effects of annual applications of different rates of nitrogen （N） and phosphorus （P） fertilizers on the fertility of a salt-affected soil （Typic Ustochrept） at the Quzhou Experimental Station, Quzhou County, Hebei Province, China. In October 2001, composite soil samples （0-20 and 20 40 cm） were collected from each plot and analyzed for soil fertility indices. Seventeen years of N and P fertilizer applications increased the soil organic matter （SOM） in the surface layer. With combined N, 270 （N1） and 540 （N2） kg N ha^-1 year^-1, and P, 67.5 （P1） and 135 （P2） kg P205 ha^-1 year^-1, fertilizer applications, total soil N mostly significantly decreased （P〈0.05）. Soil total P in the 0-20 cm layer of the P2 treatment significantly （P （0.05） increased as compared to those of the other treatments. Rapidly available P （RP） in the 0-20 cm layer of the N1P2 treatment was significantly higher than those in the other treatments except the P2 treatment; and RP in the 0-20 cm layer of the P2 treatment significantly increased as compared to those of the other treatments except the P1 and N1P2 treatments. RP in the subsurface soil layer （20-40 cm） of the P2 treatment （4.2 mg P kg^-1） was significantly （P〈0.05） higher than those in the other treatments. Nevertheless, long-term N fertilization did not significantly increase the alkali-hydrolyzable N in the soil. However, in the salt-affected surface soils the application of combined N and P fertilizers over 17 years significantly （P〈0.05） decreased rapidly available potassium （K）. The results suggested that while under long-term fertilizer applications some soil fertility parameters could be maintained or enhanced, careful monitoring of soil fertility was necessary as other nutrients such as K could become depleted.     

The effect of crop rotation and fertilization on dry matter yields and organic C content in soil in long-term field experiments in Prague

The dry matter yields of the main and second product in the years 2001–2010 and organic C content in 2007–2010 were used to evaluate the productivity of two rather different crop rotations, a 9-year crop rotation and an alternate growing of spring wheat and sugar beet in long-term field experiments in Prague. A comparative effect of farmyard manure and cattle slurry plus straw in combination with mineral fertilization was also evaluated. Crop rotation positively affected dry matter yields in the non-fertilized variants. The alternate growing of spring wheat and sugar beet was more dependent on external mineral nutrients input in order to reach yields comparable with crop rotation. There was no substantial difference in the effect of crop rotation on the organic C content in the topsoil. Mineral fertilizers significantly increased the organic C content in the topsoil compared with non-fertilized plots. The effect of mineral nitrogen fertilizers on simplified carbon balance was strongly positive, whereas its effect on nitrogen balance was slightly positive. There was no significant difference between the effects of farmyard manure and cattle slurry plus straw on the dry matter yields of crops.     

西南黄壤性水稻土长期不同施肥模式下作物产量及氮肥利用率演变特征

为了解西南黄壤性水稻土长期施肥效应,通过连续19年长期定位试验,分析了西南黄壤性水稻土单施化肥(NPK)、单施有机肥(M)、1/2有机肥和1/2化肥配施(0.5MNPK)、全量有机肥和全量化肥配施(MNPK)4种施肥模式对作物产量、氮肥利用率的影响及变化特征。结果表明:长期施用化肥或有机肥可显著增加作物产量,NPK、M、0.5MNPK、MNPK比CK分别显著增产56.2%、57.8%、65.0%、74.0%;各施肥处理氮肥偏生产力(PFP_N)、氮肥内部利用率(IE_N)、氮肥回收利用率(RE_N)、氮肥累积利用率(ARE_N)分别为10.9~20.7kg·kg~(-1)、44.7~53.8 kg·kg~(-1)、13.6%~19.6%、12.0%~16.9%,均以0.5MNPK最高,MNPK最低,高量氮肥施用导致氮肥利用率较低;长期单施化肥处理氮肥利用率随时间保持持平或呈下降趋势,施用有机肥的各处理氮肥利用率随时间呈显著上升趋势,尤其是氮肥累积利用率呈极显著上升趋势。长期施用有机肥尤其是有机无机配施作物产量稳定且氮肥利用率稳步提高。因此,常年高量施氮的黄壤性水稻土可适量减少氮肥用量,相应的进行有机无机肥料的合理配施是提高作物产量和肥料利用率的有效措施。     

甘肃省黄土高原旱地冬小麦—玉米轮作制长期定位施肥的增产效果

在黄土高原冬小麦—玉米轮作制中通过连续24年的田间试验,研究了旱地长期定位施肥的增产效果。结果表明,各肥料处理的产量大小及其增产趋势是基本一致的,干旱年和正常年为MNP>SNP>NP>M>N>CK;丰水年为NP>MNP>SNP>M>N>CK。干旱年产量降低顺序为N>NP>CK>M>MNP>SNP;丰水年产量增加顺序是N>CK>NP>M>MNP>SNP。降水对化肥尤其是氮肥的增产效果有明显的影响,而有机肥+化肥处理(SNP、MNP)的产量受降水影响较小。在肥料的增产中,化肥(NP)的平均贡献率56.28%,土粪(M)43.72%。在干旱、正常、丰水年型中,化肥的贡献率依次是53.25%、54.00%、59.93%,土粪为46.75%、46.00%、40.07%;NP处理中,N的贡献率依次为19.48%、34.76%、49.61%,而P(P2O5)的贡献率为80.82%、65.24%、50.39%,尤其是干旱年份P的贡献率高达88.4%～145.6%;秸秆(SNP处理)在丰水年的增产贡献率为31.42%,与土粪在对应年份的贡献率相差不大,但正常和干旱年增产贡献率达到66.46%和83.63%,较土粪处理的贡献率提高20.46%和36.88%。随着施肥年限的延长,长期施用氮肥增产作用下降,而秸秆还田及有机无机配合则有逐年递增趋势。     

长期不同施肥措施下黑土作物产量与养分平衡特征

为了明确长期不同施肥措施下黑土作物产量及养分平衡特征,利用开始于1979年的哈尔滨黑土肥力长期定位试验,以小麦-大豆-玉米轮作(3a)为一个周期,选取对照(不施肥,记作CK)、常量氮磷钾化肥配施(小麦施N、P2O5量分别为150、75 kg/hm2,大豆施N、P2O5量分别为75、150 kg/hm2,玉米施N、P2O5量分别为150、75 kg/hm2,K2O共施75 kg/hm2,记作NPK)、常量有机肥(施肥18 600 kg/hm2,记作M)、常量化肥有机肥配施(化肥施量同NPK,有机肥施量同M,记作MNPK)和二倍量氮磷化肥有机肥配施(小麦施N、P2O5量分别为300、150 kg/hm2,大豆施N、P2O5量分别为150、300 kg/hm2,、玉米施N、P2O5量分别为300、150 kg/hm2,有机肥共37 200 kg/hm2,记作M2N2P2)5个处理,研究了不同作物的平均产量、产量年际变化和土壤养分表观平衡。结果表明:1)较CK,长期平衡施用化肥或化肥配施有机肥提高了作物产量,多年平均增产率分别在82.5%~91.6%(小麦)和35.6%~40.9%(玉米)之间。长期不同施肥措施增产效果表现为M2N2P2MNPKNPKM,有机无机肥配施与单施化肥处理间作物产量差异不显著。2)长期不施肥处理小麦和玉米产量随试验年限推移呈下降趋势,降幅分别为13.93和42.61 kg/(hm2·a),大豆则以7.409 kg/(hm2·a)的速率增加。施肥处理小麦、大豆和玉米产量随试验年限的增加呈总体上升的趋势。3)在该试验条件下,长期施用常量化肥处理(NPK)和常量化肥有机肥配施处理(MNPK)土壤氮亏缺量分别为29.7和17.5 kg/hm2,磷盈余量分别为33.4和61.2 kg/hm2。各处理土壤中钾素均表现为亏缺,亏缺量在30.4~73.0 kg/hm2之间。MNPK处理氮、钾供应状况有所改善,较NPK处理分别增加12.2和27.6 kg/hm2。4)作物产量与土壤有机质、碱解氮、有效磷、降雨量、生育期日平均气温呈显著正相关关系(P0.05)。5)在黑土小麦-大豆-玉米典型轮作制度下,基于土壤养分平衡特征提出"稳氮、减磷和增钾"的施肥策略。该研究为评价和建立长期施肥模式、促进粮食持续生产提供依据。     

长期不均衡施肥对紫色土肥力质量的影响

利用长期定位试验研究了不均衡施肥对紫色土土壤肥力、肥料利用率和养分平衡状况的影响。结果表明,连续11年不施肥,耕层土壤有机质和全氮含量降低,施用化肥的各个处理土壤有机质和氮素含量稳中有升,其中以NPK均衡施用增幅最大。所有施磷处理,土壤速效磷含量与试验前相比都有大幅度提高;无论施钾与否,土壤缓效钾含量均比试验前降低,稻草还田土壤缓效钾下降最少。不均衡施肥降低了肥料利用率和肥料的增产效果。每季施N.150kg/hm2,维持了土壤氮素肥力;每季施P2O560～75.kg/hm2,磷素都有赢余;除秸秆还田处理钾素有盈余外,其余各处理钾都亏缺。