中国黄土高原区轮耕对土壤团聚体、有机碳氮含量的影响

In rain-fed semi-arid agroecosystems, continuous conventional tillage can cause serious problems in soil quality and crop production, whereas rotational tillage (no-tillage and subsoiling) could decrease soil bulk density, and increase soil aggregates and organic carbon in the 0-40 cm soil layer. A 3-year field study was conducted to determine the effect of tillage practices on soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), water-stable aggregate size distribution and aggregate C and N sequestration from 0 to 40 cm soil in semi-arid areas of southern Ningxia. Three tillage treatments were tested: no-tillage in year 1, subsoiling in year 2, and no-tillage in year 3 (NT-ST-NT); subsoiling in year 1, no-tillage in year 2, and subsoiling in year 3 (ST-NT-ST); and conventional tillage over years 1-3 (CT). Mean values of soil bulk density in 0-40 cm under NT-ST-NT and ST-NT-ST were significantly decreased by 3.3% and 6.5%, respectively, compared with CT, while soil total porosity was greatly improved. Rotational tillage increased SOC, TN, and water-stable aggregates in the 0-40 cm soil, with the greatest effect under ST-NT-ST. In 0-20 and 20-40 cm soils, the tillage effect was confined to the 2-0.25 mm size fraction of soil aggregates, and rotational tillage treatments obtained significantly higher SOC and TN contents than conventional tillage. No significant differences were detected in SOC and TN contents in the >2 mm and <0.25 mm aggregates among all treatments. In conclusion, rotational tillage practices could significantly increase SOC and TN levels, due to a fundamental change in soil structure, and maintain agroecosystem sustainability in the Loess Plateau area of China.     

黄土高原半湿润区苜蓿草地土壤氮素消耗特征研究

本文研究了黄土高原地区生长年限分别为4a、6a、10a、12a、18a及26a苜蓿草地土壤氮素的变化特征。结果表明,在0—1000 cm土层,不同生长年限苜蓿草地土壤全氮与碱解氮含量呈现规律性的变化,即随土层深度的增加,全氮及碱解氮含量下降,350cm土层以下,变化趋势平缓。在0—200 cm土层,26a苜蓿草地全氮、碱解氮含量低于4a、6a苜蓿草地,高于10a、12a苜蓿草地;在200—1000 cm土层,土壤全氮、碱解氮含量在不同生长年限之间差异不大,表明苜蓿生长超过一定年限,土壤氮素有一定恢复,但受土壤氮素累计消耗的影响,只能使土壤上层的氮素逐步得到恢复,而深层土壤氮素难以恢复;苜蓿草地有机碳与全氮、碱解氮及C:N之间均为正相关关系。苜蓿生长6a以后,应对苜蓿草地进行合理施肥,以维持苜蓿草地氮素平衡。     

黄土高原某些耕作土壤中土壤微生物生物量C、N与矿化N的关系

The chloroform fumigation-incubation method was used to measure the soil microbial biomass C (SMBC) and N (SMBN) in 16 loessial soils sampled from Ansai, Yongshou and Yangling in Shaanxi Province. The SMBC contents in the soils ranged from 75.9 to 301.0 μg C g^-1 with an average of 206.1 μg C g^-1, accounting for 1.36%~6.24% of the total soil organic C with an average of 3.07%, and the SMBN contents from 0.51 to 68.40 μg N g^-1 with an average of 29.4 μg N g^-1, accounting for 0.20%~5.65% of the total N in the soils with an average of 3.36%. A close relationship was found between SMBC and SMBN, and they both were positively correlated with total organic C, total N, NaOH hydrolizable N and mineralizable N. These results confirmed that soil microbial biomass had a comparative role in nutrient cycles of soils.     

晋西黄土高原半干旱区刺槐林分需水量的研究

通过对人为给水和自然水分条件下的1.5m×6m和1.5m×3m密度的刺槐(Robiniapseudoacacia)林的林地蒸发和林木蒸腾定位观测,并结合气象观测资料和水面蒸发观测结果,应用Penman-Monteith方程对该林分日、月蒸腾量和需水量及其季节变化进行了估算。结果表明,在5～10月,自然水分条件下的1.5m×6m和1.5m×3m密度刺槐林地的土壤蒸发量分别为123.1mm和134.24mm,林木蒸腾量分别为76.62mm和62.33mm,林分耗水量分别为199.77mm和196.54mm。人为给水控制土壤水分条件使土壤水分条件接近于林木正常生长所适宜的低限土壤含水量阈值,两密度林分的林地蒸发量为320.92mm和254.98mm,林木蒸腾量为109.52mm和91.32mm,林木需水量为430.44mm和346.3mm。     

黄土高原北部生长季土壤氮素矿化对植被和地形的响应

氮素矿化是陆地生态系统氮循环的重要过程,对氮素有效性有着重要影响。本文在黄土高原北部六道沟小流域选取退耕年限相近的油松和柠条坡地,用原位培养法测定生长季节(4—10月)不同坡位冠层下和冠层外0~10 cm和10~20 cm土层土壤氮素矿化速率,以确定该区氮素矿化的季节动态特征和主要影响因素。结果表明,研究区生长季土壤矿质氮以铵态氮为主,其含量在0~10 cm和10~20 cm土层分别占矿质氮总量的61%和70%,并随生长季的推移而升高。油松林上坡位和中坡位土壤铵态氮显著高于下坡位土壤,柠条林不同坡位铵态氮差异不显著。土壤硝态氮和矿质氮不受坡位的影响,但与林型和采样位置有关,冠层下硝态氮在油松林与冠层外相近,在柠条林则高于冠层外。生长季土壤氮素矿化在0~10 cm土层由硝化作用引起,在10~20 cm土层则由硝化和铵化作用共同引起。铵化速率在生长季初期较高,中期较低,并受坡位、林型和采样位置的影响。土壤硝化和矿化速率在油松林不受采样位置影响,但是在柠条林则以冠层下较高。硝化和矿化速率在冠层下以下坡位土壤最高,在冠层外则以下坡位土壤最低。柠条林促进了冠层下土壤氮素的硝化和矿化过程,有利于矿质氮的积累;油松林对矿质氮和氮素矿化的影响不受采样位置影响。     

华南受干扰林和成熟林氮素流失对模拟氮沉降的响应

Current nitrogen (N) leaching losses and their responses to monthly N additions were investigated under a disturbed pine (Pinus massoniana) forest and a mature monsoon broadleaf forest in southern China. N leaching losses from both disturbed and mature forests were quite high (14.6 and 29.2 kg N ha^-1 year^-1, respectively), accounting for 57% and 80% of their corresponding atmospheric N inputs. N leaching losses were substantially increased following the first 1.5 years of N applications in both forests. The average increases induced by the addition of 50 and 100 kg N ha^-1 year^-1 were 36.5 and 24.9 kg N ha^-1 year^-1, respectively, in the mature forest, accounting for 73.0% and 24.9% of the annual amount of N added, and 14.2 and 16.8 kg N ha^-1 year^-1 in the disturbed forest, accounting for 28.4% and 16.8% of the added N. Great N leaching and a fast N leaching response to N additions in the mature forest might result from long-term N accumulation and high ambient N deposition load (greater than 30 kg N ha^-1 year^-1 over the past 15 years), whereas in the disturbed forest, it might result from the human disturbance and high ambient N deposition load. These results suggest that both disturbed and mature forests in the study region may be sensitive to increasing N deposition.     

半干旱区人工林生长与水分生态研究

对黄土高原半干旱区5种主要造林树种生长状况及土壤水分变化规律进行了研究分析,比较了5种人工林的生长与水分适应性。结果表明:(1)不同人工林生长受坡向、坡位等立地因子影响;几种主要人工林总体生长水平,乔木林山杏>小叶杨,灌木林山桃>沙棘>柠条;(2)不同立地条件下,土壤含水率变化特点为阳坡<半阳坡<半阴坡;不同立地土壤含水率呈现出相同的变化趋势,即随坡位上升土壤水分呈下降趋势,0~200 cm为主要的水分利用层,200 cm以下土壤含水率均为逐渐上升,说明植物根系对水分的吸收在逐渐减弱;(3)不同人工林土壤平均含水率为8%左右,表现出土壤干旱的特点。不同人工林对土壤水分的利用可分为2种情况,山杏、沙棘和柠条,属于对水分利用强度大的树种,而小叶杨和山桃属于水分利用强度较低的树种,水分利用强度由大到小为:柠条>沙棘>山杏>小叶杨>山桃。     

半干旱黄土区地上生物量对立地因子的响应

半干旱黄土区地形破碎、沟壑纵横、生态环境脆弱,其生态恢复过程受到全世界生态学者的普遍关注.生物量是生态系统获取能量的表现形式.以位于黄土丘陵沟壑区的植被自然恢复10a的合沟流域地上生物量为研究对象,分析不同立地因子对地上生物量的影响规律.结果表明:1)不同立地类型地上生物量从大到小依次为沟底、阴向沟坡、阴向梁坡、阳向沟坡、梁顶、阳向梁坡;2)梁坡和沟坡的地上生物量随坡度升高均呈现反S形态,梁坡的地上生物量最大值出现在20°～25°处,最小值出现在35°～40°处,沟坡的地上生物量的最小值出现在30°～35°处,最大值出现在40°～45°处;3)坡向对地上生物量的影响是显著的(P=0.049),其余因素的影响不显著.可知,该区地上生物量的分布规律是植被对不同立地类型水分、光照等自然条件综合利用的结果.     

黄土高原沟壑区不同年限苹果园土壤碳氮磷变化特征

管理措施是影响土壤质量演变的重要因素.分析和讨论了5、10、15年苹果园耕层(0―20 cm)和0―200 cm土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷、有效磷和硝态氮含量及其影响因素。结果表明,5年、10年和15年的塬面苹果园表层土壤有机碳依次为7.5、6.7和6.7 g/kg;全氮依次为0.94、0.85和0.83 g/kg;但土壤全磷和速效磷含量随着种植年限而增加,与5年苹果园相比,塬面10年苹果园土壤全磷、速效磷含量分别提高了11%、60%,并且磷素的变异性随年限而增加。坡地10年、15年和20年苹果园土壤有机碳依次为6.3、6.2 和6.5 g/kg,全氮依次为0.76、0.76 和0.81 g/kg;与10年苹果园相比,15年苹果园土壤全磷、速效磷含量分别提高了20%、28%。土壤剖面0―80 cm内不同土地利用方式土壤碳、氮、磷含量随土层加深而降低,80 cm以下不同利用条件苹果园土壤碳、磷含量差异不大,氮素含量在土壤100 cm下随苹果园种植年限增加而增加。     

Soil chemical properties and microbial biomass after 16 years of no-tillage farming on the Loess Plateau, China

Data from a 16-year field experiment conducted in Shanxi, on the Chinese Loess Plateau, were used to compare the long-term effects of no-tillage with straw cover (NTSC) and traditional tillage with straw removal (TTSR) in a winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) monoculture. Long-term no-tillage with straw cover increased SOM by 21.7% and TN by 51.0% at 0–10 cm depth and available P by 97.3% at 0–5 cm depth compared to traditional tillage. Soil microbial biomass C and N increased by 135.3% and 104.4% with NTSC compared to TTSR for 0–10 cm depth, respectively. Under NTSC, the metabolic quotient (CO₂ evolved per unit of MBC) decreased by 45.1% on average in the top 10 cm soil layer, which suggests that TTSR produced a microbial pool that was more metabolically active than under NTSC. Consequently, winter wheat yield was about 15.5% higher under NTSC than under TTSR. The data collected from our 16-year experiment show that NTSC is a more sustainable farming system which can improve soil chemical properties, microbial biomass and activity, and thus increase crop yield in the rainfed dryland farming areas of northern China. The soil processes responsible for the improved yields and soil quality, in particular soil organic matter, require further research.     

Soil inorganic P fractions in a long-term fertility experiment on the Loess Plateau of China

Phosphorus (P) is an essential element for plant growth, so proper application of P fertilizers to farmland is necessary. High levels of P fertilization often cause P accumulation in soil and thereby increase P loss to the environment. The effect of long-term P fertilization on soil inorganic P (Pi) fractions and available P (Pa) stocks were investigated in order to provide a reference for rational management of P fertilization. A 27-year experiment was initiated in September 1984 in Changwu County on the southern part of the Loess Plateau, northern China. The experiment included five treatments of P fertilization: 0, 20, 40, 60, and 80 kg P ha^?1. With zero P application, soil Pi fractions decreased and were even depleted over time. In fertilized plots, soil Pi content in available and unavailable fractions increased over time, regardless of the application rate. P fertilization increased the content and change rate of soil Pi fractions between three sampling times (1991, 2001, and 2011). Soil Pa stocks and plant P uptake increased with increasing application rate of 20–60 kg P ha^?1, indicating increased input and output of P in the soil–plant system. Higher application rates (≥60 kg P ha^?1) did not change soil Pa stocks or plant P uptake but increased the annual change rate of Pi fractions, maintaining a balance between the supply and demand of P. This study has implications for reducing P fertilization level and decreasing associated environmental risks in agricultural soil on the Loess Plateau.     

Microbial Properties of a Loess Soil as Affected by Various Nutrient Management Practices in the Loess Plateau of China

Microbial biomass phosphorus (MBP) and its relationships with other biological and chemical properties were studied on loess soil with an 11-year long-term fertilization experiment. The results indicated that inorganic fertilizers (F) improved soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC), nitrogen (MBN), and MBP levels and F plus maize stalk (SNPK) improved MBC and MBN. Manuring markedly increased soil MBC, MBN, and MBP levels. Fertilization decreased the ratios of MBC/MBN, MBC/MBP, and MBN/MBP. Microbial biomass phosphorus was positively and linearly correlated with MBC, MBN, organic carbon (SOC), total phosphorus (TP), water-soluble P, and Olsen P but negatively correlated with soil pH. Microbial biomass phosphorus constituted 2% of TP on control (CK) and inorganic fertilizer treatments and 12% on manure plots. Microbial biomass phosphorus to Olsen P ratios were 50% on CK, F, and SNPK and 80% on manure treatments. Measurements of MBP in soil containing high Olsen P were subject to analytical problems of unknown reasons.     

黄土高原典型土壤全氮和微生物氮剖面分布特征研究

为阐明黄土高原典型土壤全氮和微生物氮含量随土壤类型、土层和土地利用方式变化规律,研究了从北向南依次分布的干润砂质新成土(神木)、黄土正常新成土(延安)和土垫旱耕人为土(杨陵)等典型土壤的全氮和微生物氮含量的变化特征。结果表明,不同土壤类型、不同土层全氮和微生物氮含量存在显著差异。从南到北,全氮和微生物氮含量显著下降(P0.05)。对同一土壤类型,全氮和微生物氮含量在060.cm随土层深度增加下降很明显,60120.cm有轻微下降,120.cm以下低而稳定。微生物氮含量随土壤类型的变化趋势与全氮完全相同,其与土壤全氮、有机碳及微生物碳含量均存在极显著正相关关系(P0.01)。土壤微生物氮与全氮比值变化在0.42%9～.44%之间。虽然土地利用对土壤全氮和C/N比影响不显著,但却显著影响微生物氮含量和微生物氮与全氮的比值;与农田土壤相比,草地土壤微生物氮含量和微生物氮与全氮比值均明显增加。这一结果说明微生物氮含量和微生物氮与全氮比值更能有效、快速地反映土壤质量的变化。     

陇中黄土高原不同耕作措施下土壤磷动态研究

依托陇中黄土高原旱作农田已实施13 a的保护性耕作试验,研究传统耕作、免耕、传统耕作秸秆还田、免耕秸秆覆盖、传统耕作地膜覆盖和免耕地膜覆盖6种耕作措施下土壤全磷及磷组分动态变化特征。结果表明:试验期各处理土壤全磷和总无机磷均逐年增长;两个秸秆还田处理总有机磷逐年增长,免耕地膜覆盖和免耕处理总体增长,传统耕作和传统耕作地膜覆盖处理相对稳定;各无机磷组分均总体增长,其中氢氧化钠提取态无机磷、水溶态无机磷和碳酸氢钠提取态无机磷涨幅较大,平均涨幅分别为253.6%、128.6%和66.9%;保护性耕作可不同程度地提高水溶态无机磷、碳酸氢钠提取态无机磷和氢氧化钠提取态无机磷含量,相同覆盖条件下免耕较传统耕作效果明显,尤其免耕秸秆覆盖处理最明显;耕作方式对浓盐酸提取态无机磷和残留磷的影响不明显;保护性耕作可提高碳酸氢钠提取态有机磷和氢氧化钠提取态有机磷含量,两个秸秆还田处理最明显,两处理也可提高浓盐酸提取态有机磷含量,但免耕、传统耕作地膜覆盖和免耕地膜覆盖处理下该组分含量降低。综上,采取保护性耕作可适当减少磷肥用量,保护性耕作尤其是免耕秸秆覆盖方式值得在该区推广。     

黄土高原南部夏季不施肥种植玉米对旱地土壤残留养分的利用

夏季降水是造成我国西北黄土高原区旱地土壤硝态氮淋溶的主要原因。通过田间长期定位试验研究了冬小麦收获后,不施肥种植夏玉米而利用土壤残留养分阻止硝态氮淋溶的效应。结果表明,小麦播前施氮量增加,夏玉米收获期生物量和子粒产量增加,但磷肥用量增加对其影响不明显。小麦播前施氮量增加,夏玉米氮磷钾累积增加,施磷量增加,氮钾素累积降低,磷素累积无显著变化。土壤剖面含水量随小麦播前施氮量增加而降低,不同施磷量土壤剖面水分累积量的差异显著减少。不施肥种植夏玉米可以有效阻止和减少土壤剖面硝态氮淋溶,但在小麦播前施氮240和320kg·hm^-2时仍有较明显淋溶,其累积峰逐渐向深层土壤转移,造成氮素损失。施磷时,土壤剖面0-220cm硝态氮累积量下降,220cm以下土层变化不明显。     

黄土高原北部水蚀风蚀交错带坡面降雨分析

为探明黄土高原北部水蚀风蚀交错带的降雨特点,进而为该地区开展土壤侵蚀、开发利用降雨及地表径流的研究提供科学依据,该文对黄土高原六道沟流域5 a （2006－2010年）雨季的坡面降雨进行了分析。采用Box Car Pro 4.3软件对降雨数据在时间轴上进行分割,分割时间间隔分别为3、5、10 min和1 h,分析了六道沟流域雨季的坡面雨强、降雨历时及降雨量的分布。结果表明,3、5、10 min和1 h时间间隔的最大雨强分别为2.2、2.08、1.68和0.7 mm/min,各时间间隔 5 a内雨季所有降雨历时的平均雨强分别为0.12、0.09、0.06和0.03 mm/min。随着单位时间间隔的增加平均降雨强度降低,各时间间隔的小雨强发生概率远高于大雨强发生概率。3 min时间间隔雨强大于1 mm/min、5 min时间间隔雨强大于1 mm/min、10 min时间间隔雨强大于0.8 mm/min以及1 h时间间隔雨强大于0.4 mm/min发生的概率分别为0.4%、0.2%、0.2%和0.1%。降雨历时小于30 min的降雨事件占总降雨事件的近50%;降雨历时在2 h以上的降雨事件约占总降雨事件的23%,其中降雨历时大于12 h的降雨事件只占总降雨事件的2.6%。降雨量小于等于1 mm 的降雨事件占年均雨季降雨事件的近50%,但其总降雨量不足年均降雨量的7%;降雨量大于20 mm的降雨事件年均5次,其降雨量占年均雨量超过20%。研究结果在一定程度上揭示了黄土高原北部水蚀风蚀交错带的坡面降雨特征。     

黄土丘陵区不同降水量带生物结皮对土壤氮素的影响

黄土丘陵区生物结皮广泛发育,可通过固氮作用影响土壤氮素水平,但该区生物结皮对土壤氮素水平的影响鲜见报道.本文通过野外调查结合采样分析,研究了黄土丘陵区不同降水量带生物结皮组成、覆盖度差异及其对土壤氮素水平的影响.结果表明,1)黄土丘陵区不同降水量带生物结皮覆盖度无显著差异,但组成有差别;2)不同降水量带土壤氮素含量剖面分布具有明显的分层特征,生物结皮显著增加了结皮层土壤氮素含量,对下层土壤影响较小,结皮层下0-2 cm、2-5 cm、5-10 cm土层中氮素含量差异不显著;3)生物结皮层土壤全氮、碱解氮及微生物氮在不同降水量带差异不显著,而0-2 cm、2-5 cm、5-10 cm土壤全氮、碱解氮及土壤微生物氮含量在200～300 mm降水量带小于300～600 mm降水量带.研究结果揭示了黄土丘陵区生物结皮对土壤氮素的贡献,而不同降水量带生物结皮对土壤氮素的贡献差异不显著的原因有待于进一步研究.     

黄土半干旱区油松苗木蒸腾特性与影响因子的关系

 为分析土壤水分与气象因子对油松蒸腾作用的影响程度,提高造林成活率,并为林地水分管理提供科学依据。在2004年生长季典型晴天,采用盆栽试验,人为控制土壤水分,利用针叶Li-1600稳态气孔仪和BP-3400精密天平等仪器,对黄土半干旱区油松苗木的蒸腾特性及其影响因子的关系进行研究。结果表明:在不同的土壤水分条件下,油松蒸腾速率和气孔阻力的日变化曲线分别呈“双峰型”和“W”型;在典型晴天下,蒸腾速率与土壤含水量的关系呈三次曲线相关,7、8和10月份,油松叶片蒸腾速率达到最大值时所对应的土壤含水量分别为17.7%、19.8%和17.5%。蒸腾速率除自身生理特性的影响外,还受土壤水分和气象因子综合影响,当土壤水分充足时,蒸腾速率与气象因子相关性高;当土壤水分产生胁迫时,蒸腾速率与气象因子相关性降低。在严重土壤水分胁迫下,7和8月份气温对蒸腾作用的影响最大,10月份光合有效辐射的影响最大。在土壤充分供水的条件下,7月份空气相对湿度对蒸腾作用的影响最大,8月份是气温,10月份是叶温。     

Nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizations alter nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium resorption of alfalfa in the Loess Plateau of China

Abstract

Nutrient resorption from senescing leaves is a pivotal component of nutrient conservation strategy in a plant. Thus understanding the response of nutrient resorption to fertilization is of great help to minimize fertilizer use and further optimize fertilization management. However, little is known about how nutrient resorption responds to fertilization in N₂-fixing species. Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilizers were applied at different rates to alfalfa stands in the Loess Plateau. N fertilization hardly affected leaf N and K resorptions, but tended to increase P resorption. P fertilization increased N and K resorptions but affected P resorption in various ways. However, effect of N or P fertilization was significantly interplayed by P or N rate. At N100P60, alfalfa had the maximum biomass accumulation and less leaf resorption. Therefore, alfalfa could be performed well with 100?kg N ha^?1 and 60?kg P₂O₅ ha^?1 in this region.     

氮肥施用对黄土高原中部雨养农业区土壤硝态氮分布与累积的影响

黄土高原中部雨养农业区春小麦氮肥试验表明,氮肥施用量对土壤硝态氮的移动深度没有影响,但显著影响土壤硝态氮的含量与累积。连续施氮3年后第3季春小麦收获时,0～200cm土壤剖面中累积大量的硝态氮,其中48.96%～81.38%的总累积量和60.49%～122%的当年净累积量存在于0～110cm土层中。在确定春小麦适宜施氮量时应考虑到0～110cm土层中残留硝态氮的累积量。不施氮和氮磷比例为1:1时,连续施氮三年后土壤硝态氮总累积量最低,数量几乎相等;第3季春小麦收获后较播种时,土壤硝态氮发生亏缺。施氮量为52.5 kgN hm-2时土壤硝态氮的三年总累积率和第3季春小麦当年的净累积率居各处理之首(146.55%和138.21%)。合理的氮磷配比可有效减少土壤硝态氮的累积,不合理的氮磷配比下,低施氮量也会造成土壤硝态氮的大量累积。