Effect of Nitrogen Application Timing on Yield Components,Fodder, Grain,and Oil Yields of Brassica Cultivars

The dual-purpose use of Brassica cultivars means cutting or grazing the crop as fodder and then letting it to re-grow and produce grain with little or no yield penalty. A field experiment was conducted in randomized complete block design with split plot arrangement with three replications. Three Brassica cultivars, three nitrogen application timing, and cutting treatments were included in the experiment. The findings indicated that Brassica cultivar Abasin-95 produced higher fresh and dry fodder yields, seeds pod^?1, seed, biological, and oil yields. However, NIFA Raya resulted in a higher number of pods and branches plant^?1. Likewise, fresh and dry fodder yields were higher with nitrogen (N) application all at sowing. Nitrogen applied in two splits resulted in a higher number of pods plant^?1 and grain yield. Cutting suppressed all parameters except 1000 grain weight. Uncut plots produced significantly higher branches plant^?1, pods plant^?1, seeds pod^?1, seed, biological, and oil yields than cut plots.     

The health status and yield of winter rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) grown in monoculture and in crop rotation under different agricultural production systems

In a field experiment, winter rapeseed was grown in 5-year monoculture and in crop rotation (winter rapeseed, winter wheat, field peas, spring wheat and winter rapeseed). Two open-pollinated cultivars (Californium and Castille) and one hybrid cultivar (Nelson) were compared in systems with three levels of agricultural inputs, low input, medium input and high input, characterized by different rates of nitrogen and sulfur fertilization and pesticide use. The severity of sclerotinia rot (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) and verticillium wilt (Verticillium spp.) on plants, dark spot (Alternaria spp.) and grey mold (Botrytis cinerea) on leaves and pods, as well as dry rot (Phoma lingam) on stems was evaluated during the growing season. The yield of winter rapeseed was calculated. Rapeseed grown after a 4-year break was characterized by less severe symptoms of dark spot on leaves and dry rot on stems, but more severe symptoms of grey mold on leaves and pods. The severity of dark spots on rapeseed pods (in crop rotation) was reduced with an increase in agricultural inputs. Cultivars Californium and Nelson were generally rarely infected by Verticillium spp., their leaves were less infected by Alternaria spp. and stems by Phoma spp. Nelson was the highest-yielding cultivar.     

Nutrient Distribution and Stem Length in Flowering Stems of Protea Plants

A study of nutrient distribution in the flowering stem of proteas was carried out in commercial protea plantations of each of the cultivars ‘Scarlett Ribbon’, ‘High Gold’, ‘Veldfire’, and ‘Sunrise’ of Leucospermum cordifolium, and of the species L. patersonii located in a subtropical zone (La Palma Island, Canarian Archipelago). Flowering stems were cut into different parts: flower bud, leaves from half proximal stem to the flower bud, leaves from half distal stem to the flower bud, half proximal stem to the flower bud, and half distal stem to the flower bud. Nutrient content of the different parts of the flowering stems of the cultivar and the species gave significant differences in some cases, depending on the nutrient and the cultivar. Occasional dissimilarities among the levels of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) were determined in comparisons among half proximal stems and half distal stems, independent of the cultivar. The same trend was observed when nutrient contents of the leaves from the half distal and the half proximal stems were compared. Phosphorus exhibited the lowest concentrations of all macronutrients in the different organs. Flower buds presented the smallest levels of macro-and micronutrients, while the leaves of the half distal and half proximal stems showed the highest values. The influence of nutrients of leaves from the half proximal stems on the stems length varied among cultivars.     

Yield components of soybean plants infected with soybean cyst nematode and sprayed with foliar applications of boron and magnesium 1

Investigations into the effect of soybean cyst nematode (SCN, Heterodera glycines, Ichinoe) on the yield components of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] have shown that pod numbers are reduced with increasing SCN initial populations (Pi) present in the soil at planting. The main method by which SCN alters pod numbers is through reductions in the number of branches per plant. Foliar applications of boron (B) and B in combination with magnesium (Mg) (B+Mg) increase yield of soybean not infected with SCN by increasing pod number per plant, especially the number of pods on branches. The objective of this research was to determine if foliar applications of B and B+Mg ameliorates the effect of SCN by increasing yield on branches. Field experiments were conducted in 1993 and 1994 in 1 m² microplots to compare foliar applied B and B+Mg to a control treatment. Foliar applications were made at four intervals spaced throughout soybean reproductive development of Pioneer brand 9391, an SCN susceptible cultivar. There were 12 levels of SCN Pi in 1993 and 11 levels in 1994. For each treatment, including control, grain yield was regressed on SCN Pi. Yield was reduced with increasing SCN Pi in both years, but the rate of decrease did not differ among treatments. In addition, ANOVA of yield components revealed no treatment effects on the number of branches per plant, the number of branch pods per plant, or the total number of pods per plant. Thus, foliar applications of B or B+Mg did not ameliorate the effects of SCN on soybean.     

Carbon and Nitrogen Assimilation and Partitioning in Canola (Brassica Napus L.) In Saline Environment

ABSTRACT

Environmental stress strongly affects the fundamental processes of plant biology. This study was to investigate the growth, yield, carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) assimilation and partitioning of two canola (Brassica napus L.) cultivars (Qinyou 10 and Ningza 1838) under low and high soil salt-ion concentration levels (LSSC and HSSC) of 2.512 and 4.722 g kg^?1, respectively. There was no cultivar effect on agronomic traits other than the 1000-seed weight which was not affected by soil salinity. The increase of soil salt-ion concentration greatly reduced plant height, the numbers of primary branches, pods per plant or per hectare and the resultant seed yield. The C and N accumulations for whole plant and in different organs decreased significantly as soil salinity increased. The suppressive effects of high soil salinity were more strongly on C accumulation than N accumulation, and more obviously in shells and seeds than in roots, stems and leaves. As soil salinity increased, the C and N partitioning in vegetative organs of roots, stems, and leaves was enhanced greatly, while the C partitioning in shells and seeds and the N partitioning in seeds decreased significantly, suggesting an inhibition of C and N transporting from vegetative organs to reproductive organs. Our study revealed the high soil salinity profoundly suppressed canola growth and yield formation, by reducing C and N accumulations in all organs and alleviating C and N partitioning in reproductive organs.     

氮、磷、钾用量与种植密度对油菜产量和品质的影响

以华油杂9号为试验材料,固定氮（N）:磷（P2O5）:钾（K2O）比例为1:0.55:0.8,设置施纯氮量135、225、315 kg /hm2,以及种植密度15、45、75万株/hm2不同处理,研究施肥量与密度对油菜产量及品质的影响。结果表明,籽粒产量随施肥量、密度的增大而增加,增加施肥量的增产幅度大于增加密度;施肥水平较低时,提高密度的增产作用更为显著。改变施肥量与密度对经济性状、产量构成因素均可产生显著影响,但改变密度对单株有效分枝数及角果数的影响更大。不同肥力下密度每增加30万株/hm2,单株有效分枝数降低1.7～3.8个。主茎籽粒含油量高于分枝,蛋白质及硫苷含量低于分枝。随施肥量增加含油量下降,硫苷、蛋白质含量上升。随密度增加含油量上升,蛋白质含量下降,主茎与分枝的硫苷含量上升,但整株硫苷含量下降。因此,若以减少施肥、节本增效为前提,选择每公顷施纯氮135～225 kg、P2O575～124 kg、K2O 108～180kg,并且在45～75万株/hm2范围内适当提高密度,有利于获得3000kg/hm2以上的籽粒产量。     

Bragg soybeans grown on a southern coastal plains soil i. dry matter distribution,nodal growth analysis,and sample variability

Yields of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] are affected by the manner in which available resources are partitioned into component plant parts. Little is known about these partitioning processes and much of what has been reported describes indeterminate cultivars or comes from other than field studies. A field investigation was conducted, therefore, on a Goldsboro loamy sand (Aquic Paleudult) to characterize in detail the growth and development of a determinate soybean cultivar ‘Bragg’. Soybean were grown in well watered field plots in four replications from each of which 4 nested samples of 0.3 m² each were combined at each sampling. Leaf area, dry matter production, internode length, and sample variability were determined nodally at 10‐ to 14‐day intervals from 7 July to 17 October. Plant components at each node were separated into stems, leaf blades, pods, and petioles. Primary and secondary branches were combined in the petiole fraction.

Maximum above ground plant dry weight achieved was 1027 g/m² and maximum combined nodal dry weight was 92 g/m² (at node 8), both occurring at the R7 growth stage. Canopy dry weight distribution over time was unique for each plant part. Growth analyses showed that RGR, NAR, LAR, and LWR declined with plant age at a rate that could be described with either linear or exponential models. A maximum CGR of 16.24 g/m²/day occurred at mid‐podfill and declined thereafter due to maturity. Leaf area per node peaked between nodes 7 and 12, decreasing uniformly toward the top of the canopy. Maximum nodal LAI was 0.79 at node 7 on 31 August.

Distribution of dry weight among parts varied with plant age and node position. Maximum dry weights of stems (276 g/m²), petioles (253 g/m²), and leaves (263 g/m²) were found during mid‐podfill. During mid‐August, the dry weights of the stems, petioles, and leaves were similar and approximately 250 g/m². Stem dry weights had the lowest coefficients of variation of all plant fractions once maximum dry weight was achieved. Internode length varied along the stem with the maximum at node 12. By bloom, expansion of the internodes lower than 12 had ceased; expansion of the eight higher internodes ceased three weeks later. During vegetative growth, the ratio of stem internodal dry weight to internodal length had peak values at the lowest and highest internodes. During reproductive growth, the ratio decreased linearly with internode number. Coefficients of variation (CV) for the combined weight of plant parts, and for stems, petioles, leaves, and pods were relatively constant during the season and were 24.8, 23.4, 38.2, 25.5, and 26.8%, respectively. The CV's for the combined weight of plant parts were somewhat higher at the lowest and uppermost nodes. This variability resulted from the abscission of petioles and leaves in the lower nodes and the initiation of leaves, petioles, and pods in the upper nodes where rapid growth and development was occurring. Time from node initiation to achievement of lowest stable CV was determined for each node and plant part. Plant node position and morphological part with the lowest CV was identified for each sampling date (and growth stage).     

Potential of landrace germplasm for genetic enhancement of white lupin in Egypt

Landraces of white lupin (Lupinus albus L.) collected in Egypt were evaluated along with locally developed cultivars and selected foreign germplasm for yield and major morphological characteristics in five different locations. These locations represent different soil types and climatic conditions in Egypt. The results showed an outstanding performance of the local cultivar checks across traditional locations for lupin cultivation, which supports the utilization of local germplasm for further improvement of locally adapted lupins in Egypt. The results further suggest that local landrace germplasm may be an important source of alleles for shortening the vegetative period, reducing plant height and stem length, as well as for improving some yield components as number of pods and seeds per plant. The genotype-by-location interaction was significant for all characteristics. Mass selection in the Egyptian germplasm collection of white lupin has the potential for enhancing yield, especially in germplasm adapted to newly reclaimed desert locations.     

Bioactive polyphenols in leaves, stems, and berries of Saskatoon (Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt.) cultivars

The Saskatoon berry is currently cultivated in many parts of the world for its suitability for various food products and due to its high content of nutrients and polyphenols. To determine the phytochemical profile of a Saskatoon plant, polyphenols from leaves, stems, and berries were screened from four cultivars grown in Finland using HPLC-DAD and HPLC-ESI/MS. The phenolic composition and concentrations varied among plant parts and cultivars. The main berry components were cyanidin-based anthocyanins (63% of the phenols), quercetin-derived flavonol glycosides, and hydroxycinnamic acids. The total anthocyanin content varied between 258.7 and 517.9 mg/100 fresh weight among cultivars. Protocatechuic acid was found for the first time in Saskatoon berries. The leaves consisted of quercetin- and kaempferol-derived glycosides (41% of the phenols), hydroxycinnamic acids (36%), catechins, and some neolignans. Quercetin 3-galactoside and 3-glucoside, (-)-epicatechin, and chlorogenic acid were the main phenolics in the leaves of all cultivars. The stem components were flavanone and flavonol glycosides (55% of the phenols), catechins (38%), and hydroxybenzoic acids. Concentrations of the main compound, eriodictyol 7-glucoside, varied among cultivars from 3.3 to 6.5 mg/g of stem dry weight. Very high proanthocyanidin contents were found in stems and leaves (10-14% of dry biomass), whereas berries contained a low amount of proanthocyanidins (3% of dry biomass). The findings reveal that leaves and stems of Saskatoon cultivars possess high amounts of various phenolic compounds that may offer new functional raw materials for a wide range of food and health products.     

甘蓝型油菜不同氮素子粒生产效率品种的氮素分配特性研究

以甘蓝型常规油菜品种（2006～2007年度73个、2007～2008年度98个）为材料,通过测定成熟期不同器官干重、氮素含量,采用组内最小平方和动态聚类方法对供试品种的氮素子粒生产效率（NUEg） 进行聚类并研究了不同NUEg 类型的氮素积累与分配特性。结果表明,不同类型间NUEg达显著差异。随着NUEg增加,子粒产量、子粒氮素积累量以及子粒中的氮素占全株氮素比例都逐渐增加;而茎枝和果壳中的氮素积累量以及占全株氮素的比例都逐渐减小。生产上提高油菜NUEg,可以通过高NUEg品种的选择以及合理栽培措施调节使营养器官氮素更多向子粒中输送。     

EFFECTS OF ORGANIC AMENDMENTS APPLICATION ON GRAIN YIELD,LEAF CHLOROPHYLL CONTENT AND SOME MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS IN SOYBEAN CULTIVARS

A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of organic amendments on grain yield, leaf chlorophyll content, and some morphological characteristics of three soybean cultivars in Mazandaran province located at north of Iran in 2006. Chemical fertilizer (75 kg ha^?1 potassium sulfate and triple superphosphate), two levels of municipal solid waste, vermicompost and sewage sludge biosolid (20 and 40 Mg ha^?1) enriched with%50 chemical fertilizers needed by soil were applied to soybean cultivars (‘032’ and ‘033’ promising lines and ‘JK’ cultivar). The experiment was carried out in split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Some important plant characters such as grain yield, leaf chlorophyll content, number of branches, number of nodes on the main stem, length of internodes, stem diameter, first pod height and plant height were determined. Results showed that application of 40 Mg ha^?1 sewage sludge enriched with chemical fertilizers increased plant grain yield and stem diameter and application of 40 Mg ha^?1 vermicompost enriched with half chemical fertilizer increased the number of nodes on the main stem, significantly. The maximum length of internodes, first pod height and plant height were obtained when the 40 Mg ha^?1 sewage sludge and vermicompost enriched with half chemical fertilizer in ‘032’ line was used. Biomass, number of branches, stem diameter, number of nodes on the main stem of soybean cultivars had a positive and significant correlation with grain yield.     

Effect of nitrogen fertilization on yield component distribution and assimilate translocation of determinate and indeterminate soybean lines

Studies were conducted to compare the main‐stem and branch yield component distribution of two soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] lines differing in architecture and growth habit, and to relate the partitioning of carbon assimilates during pod filling and seed filling stages. An indeterminate line (MI) and a determinate line (MD) were planted in early May on a fine, mixed mesic Udic Haplustalf soil in southwestern France. For the N treatment, N fertigation was applied at the end of the vegetative phase and the early stages of reproductive growth. Pod production on branches was stimulated in response to N application for the determinate line, and N also enhanced the weight of seeds located on branches for both lines. At different stages during pod setting and seed filling, mid‐canopy‐level leaves were allowed to assimilate ¹⁴CO₂ and 24 h after exposure, radioactivity was measured in different organs and levels of the whole plant. ¹⁴C‐assimilates appeared to be preferentially transferred to the lower level of the main‐stem in MI and to the lower level and branches in the MD line. For N‐treated plants, radiocarbon accumulation was particularly marked in pods located on the lower level and on branches; this was consistent with the yield component distribution patterns seen at harvest.     

Potato yield and quality under potassium and gypsum levels in southeastern Brazil

Abstract

This work was established to study the effects of sources and levels of potassium (K) along with gypsum and the residual effects of K on growth and yield of two potato (Solanum tubrosum L.) cultivars. Two experiments were conducted under field conditions at the experimental station of “Sao Sebastião do Paraíso”; Southeastern Minas Gerais, Brazil. Tuber quality, yield components, and branches and leaves mineral composition were analyzed. In the first year, using the ‘Monallsa’ cultivar, there were significant effects of treatments on plant height, tuber dry matter, and plant mineral composition. In the second year, using the ‘Achat’ cultivar, the K application plus residual gypsum from the first year reduced plant physiological anomaly known as tuber cracking.     

黄土塬区不同玉米品种间作的竞争力表现

为探明不同玉米品种间作下植株对资源的竞争力变化, 以及竞争对植株生长和产量的影响, 本文利用紧凑型玉米品种"郑单958"和半紧凑型玉米品种"沈单16号", 在两个密度(低密度: 45 000株·hm^-2, 高密度: 75 000株·hm^-2)条件下进行隔行间作田间试验, 测定了不同玉米品种茎叶干物质积累量、株高、穗位高度和根系干物质量及收获期产量和产量构成因素的变化。研究结果表明: 随着生育期的延伸, 玉米茎叶比呈先增加而后逐渐稳定的变化趋势; 茎叶比在营养生长阶段呈明显增长, 灌浆期后间作竞争明显降低了茎叶比; 低密度间作茎叶比有所增加, 高密度间作茎叶比显著降低, "郑单958"表现突出。间作栽培下根冠比随间作密度的增加显著降低, 低密度间作处理之间根冠比差异显著。穗位比、收获指数随间作密度的增加而增加, 穗位比在低密度间作时显著低于单作, 高密度间作时显著增加, "沈单16号"变化较明显; 间作收获指数较单作明显增加, 且随间作密度的增加而增加, "郑单958"变化不稳定, 低密度间作时较单作显著增加, "沈单16号"具有稳定而明显的变化。品种间作竞争可以改变间作种群的产量构成, 穗长和穗粗明显减小, 秃尖长明显缩短。竞争系数具有品种差异, "郑单958"强于"沈单16号"。说明品种间作竞争具有提高玉米产量的能力, 有效利用竞争效应, 有可能实现高效利用资源和发掘玉米增产潜力。     

大麦不同氮利用效率品种筛选及GS2基因的表达分析

为探明大麦品种的不同氮利用效率差异及质体型谷氨酰胺合成酶基因的表达差异,以48份大麦品种为材料,并利用不同氮水平营养液水培8周,研究其在低氮(0.4 mmol·L~(-1))、中氮(2.0 mmol·L~(-1))及高氮(5.0 mmol·L~(-1))下根、茎、叶的相关性状,筛选氮高效利用和氮低效利用的大麦品种,并利用qRT-PCR对筛选到的大麦氮高效和氮低效品种的GS2基因表达特性进行分析。结果表明,中氮下,除根干重和根含氮量外,其余的大麦苗期根、茎、叶各生物性状在品种间差异极显著,根据不同氮处理下的48份大麦品种苗期性状以及氮利用效率,筛选到1个氮高效品种(Z0099001)和2个氮低效品种(ARr-91和甘啤7号)。3个氮处理水平下,氮高效品种GS2基因的相对表达量高于氮低效品种,并且氮高效品种和氮低效品种根、茎、叶中GS2基因的相对表达量也各不相同,其中,叶中最高,茎中次之,根中最低。低氮条件下,根茎叶中,Z0099001的GS2基因的相对表达量高于甘啤7号,ARr-91最低。中氮条件下,根、茎、叶中均表现为氮高效品种高于氮低效品种,但在根中差异不显著,茎和叶中差异显著。高氮条件下,3个品种在根中GS2基因的相对表达量较低;在茎和叶中,Z0099001的相对表达量显著高于ARr-91和甘啤7号,且Z0099001叶中GS2基因的相对表达量在所有性状中最高。本研究结果为进一步解析大麦氮高效利用率奠定了基础。     

不同品种水稻的产量构成因素及其对氮磷吸收的差异研究

为筛选出适合江苏地区种植的高产、高效水稻品种,采用盆栽试验,测定了江苏地区常见的11个水稻品种的株高、产量、结实率、总干物质量以及不同部位N、P含量,分析了水稻产量与其构成因素、氮磷积累量、氮磷收获指数间的相关关系。结果表明,水稻平均产量为16.85 g pot~(-1),变化幅度为8.28~25.18 g pot~(-1),品种间产量差异显著(P0.05),其中泰瑞丰5产量最高。水稻各部位氮素含量从大到小依次为:籽粒叶≈根茎谷壳,其中苏秀9籽粒中氮含量显著高于其他品种。磷素在水稻各部位中的含量分布为:籽粒根≈茎叶≈谷壳,籽粒中的磷含量最多的是南粳5055。相关分析表明,水稻的产量与总干物质量、穗粒数、氮磷积累量及氮磷收获指数均存在显著的相关性。不同品种水稻的产量、籽粒氮磷含量存在显著差异,这为高产、高效水稻品种的筛选提供了重要的科学依据。     

Influence of irrigation and growth stage on element concentrations of soybean plant parts

Abstract

A three‐year field study was conducted to determine the influence of irrigation on the nutrition of the “Lee 74” cultivar, a determinate soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.). The objectives were to measure seasonal concentrations of N, K, Ca, and Mg in steins, leaves, and pods for soybeans grown on a Crowley silt loam (Typic Albaqualf) and a Kobel clay (Vertic Fluvaquent) under irrigated and nonirrigated moisture regimes. Fluctuations in element concentrations in relation to plant growth stage for irrigated and nonirrigated leaves and stems were modeled using multivariate regression. Elements in the pods as effected by irrigation and growth stage were also compared.

During 1974, a wet year, element concentrations of the leaves, stems, and pods were unaffected by irrigation. In the dry years of 1975 and 1976, significant differences in the concentration of N, K, Ca, and Mg in the plant component parts were found due to irrigation. Generally, element concentrations of stems, leaves, and pods of irrigated plants were greater than those of water‐stressed stems, leaves, and pods at several growth stages. Element concentrations in stems and leaves that were significantly affected by irrigation also were reflected in the pods, Regression models generally accounted for the majority of the seasonal element variation. Irrigation improved the predictability of the K and Ca regression models.     

Drought stress effects on two common bean cultivars with contrasting growth habits

In most rainfed production areas where wheat fallow is common, crop yield could be improved by changing to more diverse crop rotations. It seems necessary to identify crop cultivars suitable for such diversification. This study was aimed at determining the responses of two common bean cultivars with different growth habits (Sayyad as an indeterminate and D81083 as a determinate cultivar) to drought stress. The study was conducted in a greenhouse during the 2008 growing season. A factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with four replications and four water levels [100, 75, 50 and 25% of field capacity (FC) by weight] was used. The results showed that plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, number of pods, pod dry matter (DM) and total plant DM weights of both cultivars were significantly reduced under drought stress. Furthermore, at 50 and 25% FC, all plant pods of both cultivars were aborted. The common bean cultivar with a determinate growth habit appeared to have potential as a dryland rotation crop for farming in arid regions. Further field research might shed more light on the sensitivity of bean cultivars to drought stress with the aim of crop diversification for dryland areas, where adequate moisture supply is a limiting factor for crop production.     

多效唑对花生种子萌发及植株生长的影响

以不同浓度的多效唑，对花生种子进行浸种处理和盛花期叶面喷施，观测种子萌发、幼苗生长情况和植株农艺性状，收获时进行产量测定。结果表明：(1)多效唑浸种延缓花生种子萌发，使发芽率有所下降，矮化植株；(2)盛花期喷施适宜浓度的多效唑能抑制花生地上部分的生长，促进其横向生长，使主茎和分枝比对照的短，分枝数、单株结荚数、饱果率和产量均比对照的高，其中以喷施150mg／L多效唑的处理产量最高，达3806．3kg／hm^2，比对照增产12．60%。     

播期与施氮量对花生干物质、产量及氮素吸收利用的影响

[目的]在大田条件下,研究播期与施氮量对不同类型花生产量、干物质积累、氮素吸收及利用的影响,为花生高产和养分资源高效利用提供技术支撑.[方法]选择普通型大花生品种'花育22号'和高油酸花生品种'冀花16号'为材料,设3个施氮水平:0、120、240?kg/hm2?(分别表示为N0、N120、N240);4个播期:4月3...