华北山前平原农田土壤养分循环的酶学调控

土壤酶是推动土壤养分循环的生物催化剂, 研究华北山前平原农田养分循环的酶学调控机制将有助于评价该地区土壤养分状况。试验用土壤取自中国科学院栾城农业生态系统试验站, 分析了土壤脲酶与碱性磷酸酶活性在0~10 cm、10~20 cm、20~30 cm 和30~40 cm 4 个土层中的分布, 研究了土壤粗砂(2 000~200 μm)、粉砂(200~63 μm)、粉粒(63~2 μm)和黏粒(2~0.1 μm) 4 个颗粒组中土壤酶活性与土壤养分之间的相关性。研究结果表明: 土壤脲酶活性与碱性磷酸酶活性均随土壤深度增加而降低, 土壤酶活性随土壤粒径减小而升高。在土壤粗砂和粉砂组分中, 土壤酶活性与养分含量显著相关, 而在土壤粉粒和黏粒组分中, 土壤酶活性与土壤养分含量并不总是显著相关。这些结果说明: 土壤酶活性在土壤养分循环中起到重要的调控作用, 土壤粗砂和粉砂中的土壤酶具有较高的田间实际催化活性, 对土壤养分循环的贡献较大; 与此相反, 土壤粉粒和黏粒中的土壤酶由于土壤无机矿物的吸附作用而失去部分田间催化能力, 降低了其对土壤养分循环的贡献。     

霍甫水丝蚓（Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri）扰动对表层沉积物细菌群落结构和多样性的影响

为研究大型底栖动物霍甫水丝蚓（Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri）对表层沉积物中细菌群落结构和多样性的影响,设计了沉积物-水微宇宙的实验,模拟太湖梅梁湾霍甫水丝蚓（Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri）的自然分布特征,运用末端限制性片段长度多态性技术（T-RFLP）比较了有无霍甫水丝蚓（Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri）分布的沉积物样品中细菌群落的动态变化。结果表明,水丝蚓组和对照组沉积物细菌群落结构相似性无显著差异（P〉0.05）,可见太湖梅梁湾目前的水丝蚓生物量引起的生物扰动对表层沉积物细菌群落结构影响不明显;实验中后期只在处理组中出现的206 bp以及处理组含量高于对照组的370 bp T-RFs都可能是Nitrosomonas属的氨氧化细菌,提示大型底栖动物霍甫水丝蚓的存在可能为氨氧化细菌提供了适合的生态位。     

关于测定土壤有效磷总量的研究

本文主要探讨实验室测定土壤有效磷总量的方法,以耗竭试验法得到的作物吸磷总量为土壤有效磷总量的标准值,研究了一般只用来衡量土壤有效磷相对数量的Ｏｌｓｅｎ法,阴离子树脂法,混合树脂法,ＥＤＴＡ＋ＮａＨＣＯ３法及Ｃｏｗｅｌｌ法来估计土壤有效磷总量的可能性。结果表明,Ｃｏｗｅｌｌ全磷法能比较直接地测定出土壤有效磷总量,两者数值相近并呈极显著相关。Ｃｏｗｅｌｌ法提取的有机磷是土壤有效磷总量的一个重要组成部分     

扬州市土壤有机质和速效磷钾的分布研究

研究表明,我市土壤有机质和速效P含量总体上处于中等偏低水平,速效K含量处于中等水平;90％以上的土壤有机质含量在10～40g/kg之间,速效P含量在2～29mg/kg之间,速效K含量在25～125mg/kg之间;在集中分布区,土壤有机质和速效P近似于呈偏正态分布,速效K近似于呈正态分布：各养分的变异程度以速效P最大,速效K最小。各县(市、区)中,以宝应、高邮两地的土壤肥力较高。     

不同秸秆还田方式对旱地红壤细菌多样性及群落结构的影响

为明确不同秸秆还田方式下土壤细菌群落结构变化特征,以南方典型旱地红壤为研究对象,基于中国科学院鹰潭红壤生态实验站玉米单作系统不同秸秆还田方式的长期试验,利用高通量测序明确了不同秸秆还田方式对土壤细菌多样性及群落结构的影响。结果表明：1）秸秆还田对土壤肥力提升显著,以秸秆猪粪配施（NPKSM）提升效果最佳;2）常规化肥处理（NPK）对细菌多样性无显著影响,但秸秆还田（NPKS）、秸秆猪粪配施（NPKSM）以及生物质炭（NPKB）处理均显著提升土壤细菌多样性;3）速效磷（AP）和土壤有机碳（SOC）变化是影响细菌多样性指数的主要因素,而速效钾（AK）、pH、总磷（TP）以及总氮（TN）均显著驱动细菌群落结构变异。研究结果从培育红壤肥力与微生物多样性的角度,为农业生态系统生物功能和土壤健康的协同提升提供了科学依据。     

不同烤烟种植模式对贵州土壤养分、酶活性及细菌群落结构的影响

贵州是我国第二大烤烟种植省份,为获得更高的经济效益,烟区常采用连作的种植模式。本研究采取大田试验,通过设置4个处理:烤烟连作(T)、白菜-烤烟轮作(C-T)、豌豆-烤烟轮作(P-T)、绿肥-烤烟轮作(GM-T),分析不同烤烟种植模式对贵州土壤养分、酶活性及细菌群落结构的影响。结果表明,烤烟轮作使土壤有机质(SOM)、阳离子交换量(CEC)、全氮(TN)、微生物量碳(MBC)、微生物量氮(MBN)和微生物量磷(MBP)分别提高了0.77%~12.44%、10.78%~38.51%、11.76%~17.65%、10.65%~20.67%、36.58%~160.36%和14.66%~36.21%;土壤中铵态氮(AN)、硝态氮(NN)、有效磷(AP)和速效钾(AK)含量分别降低了1.01%~71.67%、19.29%~24.32%、23.09%~52.21%和6.18%~10.09%。与T处理相比,烤烟轮作提高了土壤脲酶和蔗糖酶活性,提升幅度为12.38%~42.96%和4.00%~22.67%,以GM-T处理效果最佳。同时,烤烟轮作提高了细菌OTU数量,并改变了细菌群落的相对丰度,但未对细菌群落组成产生影响。此外,轮作还增加了土壤中有益细菌类群数量,尤其是杆菌类细菌。冗余分析(RDA)结果显示,MBP是驱动群落变异的主要因子,且与黄杆菌属和褚氏杆菌属呈正相关关系。综上所述,通过烤烟轮作可以均衡土壤养分、改善土壤微环境,以GM-T处理效果最佳。本研究结果可为贵州省烤烟的种植提供理论参考,为解决烤烟连作问题提供技术支撑。     

模拟增温和降水调控对土壤微生物碳氮、群落基质利用模式及群落组成的短期影响

Soil microorganisms are major drivers of soil carbon(C) cycling;however,the response of these microorganisms to climate change remains unclear.In the present study,we investigated how 18 months of multifactor climate treatments(warmed air temperature by 3℃ and decreased or increased precipitation manipulation by 30%) affected soil microbial biomass C and nitrogen(N),community substrate utilization patterns,and community composition.Decreased and increased precipitation significantly reduced microbial biomass C by 13.5% and 24.9% and microbial biomass N by 22.9% and 17.6% in unwarmed plots,respectively(P0.01).Warming enhanced community substrate utilization by 89.8%,20.4%,and 141.4% in the natural,decreased,and increased precipitation plots,respectively.Particularly,warming significantly enhanced the utilization of amine and carboxylic acid substrates among all precipitation manipulation plots.Compared with the natural air temperature with natural precipitation treatment,other treatments affected fungal community richness by -0.9% to 33.6% and reduced the relative abundance of the dominant bacterial and fungal groups by 0.5% to 6.8% and 4.3% to 10.7%,respectively.The warming and/or precipitation manipulation treatments significantly altered Zygomycota abundance(P0.05).Our results indicate that climate change drivers and their interactions may cause changes in soil microbial biomass C and N,community substrate utilization patterns,and community composition,particularly for the fungal community,and shifts in the microorganism community may further shape the ecosystems function.     

石灰性土壤施磷、铁对柠条生长及根际土壤环境的影响

采用随机区组和裂区设计,通过盆栽和根箱模拟试验研究了石灰性土壤,在水分充足的条件下施磷及磷、铁对柠条生长发育及根际土壤养分有效性的影响。盆栽试验结果表明,柠条的生物产量随着施磷水平的增加而增加;在低磷或磷胁迫条件下,柠条的地上部生长受到抑制,根冠比增大,土壤pH值迅速降低。根箱模拟试验发现,不同的铁、磷施肥配比对柠条生物产量的影响不同,当磷和铁的施用量分别为P2O50.15 g kg-1 和FeSO4·7H2O0.03g kg-1时能明显提高柠条的生物量。不同铁、磷配比对柠条根际土壤有效磷含量影响的根际范围是0-6 mm之间,在此范围内供试土壤有效磷含量随距离快速下降,并与根际土壤pH值呈反比。柠条对根际土壤pH的调控主要受磷水平的影响,而施铁水平对根际和根外土壤pH值的影响比较小。     

Phosphorus fractions in Brazilian Cerrado soils as affected by tillage

No-tillage systems lead to physical, chemical and biological changes in soil. Soil fertility is responsive to changes in tillage as it depends on nutrient status, soil water content and biological characteristics. This work aimed to determine long term changes in phosphorus forms and availability in the profile of two tropical soils under conventional and no-till systems, and to discuss the significance of these changes on plant growth and demand for P fertilizers. Undisturbed soil cores with 20 cm in diameter were collected to a depth of 40 cm, accommodated in PVC tubes and taken to a greenhouse, where the experiment was conducted. Two soils were collected in Central Brazil, in areas under Cerrado. Both soils had been cropped for at least 10 years under conventional tillage and no-till. In the greenhouse, pots received phosphorus fertilization or not at 43.7 kg ha⁻¹, and soybean was grown for 60 days, when soil P fractions were determined. Labile P fractions in the soil profile were not affected by management systems, and there was no accumulation of available P under no-till. A large amount of P added as fertilizer was adsorbed in soil and remained in moderately labile fractions, mainly on uppermost soil layers. Therefore, the phosphate fertilizer has promoted P accumulation on less available fractions in soil, remaining P on the soil after crop harvest. Eventually this phosphorus could migrate to more labile fractions and be available for crops grown in succession.     

台湾地区红壤性水稻土速效氮磷含量对棘孢木霉菌及配施秸秆与氮肥的响应

以台湾苗栗红壤上发育的水稻土为研究对象,采用室内培养的方法,研究了棘孢木霉菌及配施秸秆与氮肥对土壤速效磷和速效氮含量的影响,以期了解棘孢木霉菌对台湾地区红壤性水稻土的培肥效果,同时为棘孢木霉菌在农业土壤肥力方面的应用提供合理依据。结果表明:(1)添加棘孢木霉菌可提高台湾地区红壤性水稻土速效磷含量0.65~1.81 mg kg~(-1),并在第35 d时达到最大值5.74 mg kg~(-1)(P0.05),明显高于秸秆和氮肥单独施用的效果。红壤性水稻土速效磷含量对棘孢木霉菌与秸秆和尿素配合施用的响应最大,增幅范围为2.09~3.37 mg kg~(-1),培养21 d时速效磷含量达到最大值8.08 mg kg~(-1)(P0.05)。(2)单独添加棘孢木霉菌对台湾地区红壤性水稻土速效氮含量没有产生有效影响,与试验预期效果不符。棘孢木霉菌及配施秸秆与两种氮肥(尿素和硫酸铵)施用对红壤速效氮含量有一定的提升影响,增幅范围分别为8.07~34.73 mg kg~(-1)和28.62~52.46 mg kg~(-1),分别在培养28 d和42 d时达到速效氮含量最大值36.88和54.57 mg kg~(-1)(P0.05)。红壤性水稻土速效氮含量对单施硫酸铵的响应最好,增幅范围为32.54~59.21 mg kg~(-1),培养35 d时速效氮含量最大值为61.06 mg kg~(-1)(P0.05)。试验成果为棘孢木霉菌及配施秸秆与氮肥应用于土壤营养改良提供理论参考。     

接种溶磷真菌对玉米和大豆根际细菌群落结构多样性的影响

Application of phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms （PSMs） has been reported to increase P uptake and plant growth. However, no information is available regarding the ecological consequences of the inoculation with PSMs. The effect of inoculation with phosphate-solubilizing fungal （PSF） isolates Aspergillus niger P39 and Penicillium oxalicum P66 on the bacterial communities in the rhizospheres of maize （Zea mays L. ‘Haiyu 6＇） and soybean （Glycine max Merr. ‘Heinong 35＇） was examined using culture-dependent methods as well as a culture-independent method, polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （PCR-DGGE）. Compared with the control, the number of culturable microbes for soybean was significantly greater with P39, whereas for maize, the same was significantly greater with P66. In addition, a greater number of microbes were found in the rhizosphere of maize compared with soybean. The fingerprint of DGGE for 16S rDNA indicated that inoculation with PSF also increased bacterial communities, with the P66 treatment having higher numbers of DGGE bands and a higher Shannon-Weaver diversity index compared with P39; the composition of the microbial community was also more complex with the P66 treatment. Overall, complex interactions between plant species and exotic PSMs affected the structure of the bacterial community in the rhizosphere, but plant species were more important in determining the bacterial community structure than the introduction of exotic microorganisms.     

芦苇定居后铜尾矿细菌群落结构的变化

Soil samples were collected from both bare and vegetated mine tailings to study the changes in bacterial communities and soil chemical properties of copper mine tailings due to reed (Phragmites communis) colonization. The structures of bacterial communities were investigated using culture-independent 16S rRNA gene sequencing method. The bacterial diversity in the bare mine tailing was lower than that of the vegetated mine tailing. The former was dominated by sulfur metabolizing bacteria, whereas the latter was by nitrogen fixing bacteria. The bare mine tailing was acidic (pH = 3.78), whereas the vegetated mine tailing was near neutral (pH = 7.28). The contents of organic matter, total nitrogen, and ammonium acetate-extractable potassium in vegetated mine tailings were significantly higher than those in the bare mine tailings (P < 0.01), whereas available phosphorus and electrical conductivity were significantly lower than those in the bare mine tailings (P < 0.01). The results demonstrated that 16S rRNA gene sequencing could be successfully used to study the bacterial diversity in mine tailings. The colonization of the mine tailings by reed significantly changed the bacterial community and the chemical properties of tailings. The complex interactions between bacteria and plants deserve further investigation.