不同施肥模式对赤红壤旱地作物产量和土壤肥力的影响

采用长期定位田间试验,研究不同施肥模式对赤红壤旱地花生一甘薯轮作制产量和土壤肥力的影响.5年定位试验表明,平衡施肥平均产量最高,花生和甘薯比常规施肥增产13.1％～13.5％,净增收提高14.0％;氮磷钾对花生和甘薯的增产率逐年提高,但花生和甘薯分别对缺磷和缺钾较敏感.年际间产量变化趋势表明,常规施肥对花生和甘薯产量的变异系数大于平衡施肥;不施肥区和氮磷钾缺素区的产量均呈现逐年下降,但缺氮对花生产量的敏感性大于甘薯,甘薯缺磷或缺钾对产量的敏感性高于花生.平衡施肥的氮磷钾利用率平均分别为40.9％、17.7％和24.2％;缺素区的土壤供肥量比不施肥区提高了近1倍;土壤有机质都有所提高,施用氮肥都使土壤酸度有所增加;不施肥区和氮磷钾缺素区都使相应的土壤速效养分明显下降;常规施肥使土壤有效磷下降22.5％,碱解氮和速效钾则基本维持不变,但平衡施肥使土壤有效磷含量基本不变,碱解氮和速效钾则分别提高26.2％和38.4％.     

长期不同施肥下紫色土综合肥力演变及作物产量响应

为了综合评价长期不同施肥处理下紫色土肥力的变化趋势,寻求既能提高土壤肥力又能获得高产的紫色土科学施肥模式,该文以国家紫色土肥力与肥料效益监测基地长期定位试验数据为基础,运用内梅罗指数法对土壤综合肥力进行评价。结果表明,20 a间不同施肥处理土壤肥力发生了不同的变化趋势,长期不施肥(对照)与偏施化肥氮肥、氮钾肥土壤综合肥力指数(integrated fertility index,IFI)随着时间的推移逐渐下降,平衡施肥的氮磷钾、氮磷钾+牛粪、1.5倍氮磷钾+秸秆还田、氮磷钾+秸秆还田处理的IFI指数随着时间的变化有一定的波动,但相对于试验前都有不同程度的提高。各平衡施肥处理年均IFI值比对照分别提高34.5%,36.8%,52.3%,50.1%;通过IFI指数与各养分指标之间相关分析发现,土壤有机质、全磷、速效磷含量对紫色土土壤肥力的贡献较大;20 a产量变化趋势表明,平衡施肥产量明显高于偏施肥处理,其中长期秸秆还田配施NPK肥,增产效果最佳;相对产量与IFI指数呈S型曲线关系,紫色土IFI指数维持在1.63~2.01之间,可以实现相对最高产量;作物产量与土壤综合肥力指数二者之间呈显著的线性正相关关系,应用改良的内梅罗指数法计算的综合肥力指数能较好地反映土壤肥力状况。长期平衡施肥可以提高作物产量和土壤肥力,其中氮磷钾化肥配合秸秆还田是维持土壤肥力、实现作物高产的最佳培肥方式。     

Effect of potassium fertilization on soil potassium pools and rice response in an intensive cropping system in China

In order to assess the changes in soil K pools as affected by K‐fertilizer application and the impact of the changes on K balance, grain yield, and K uptake, an experiment was conducted in Central Zhejiang Province, E China, in a continuous double‐cropping rice system. Two sites were selected: (1) the Agricultural Research Institute of Jinhua (ARI) where soil is calcareous and (2) the Shimen Research Farm (SM) where soil is acidic. Eight consecutive crops were grown (1997–2000) in ARI and five consecutive crops (1998–2000) at SM. Treatments included unfertilized control (CK) and three different fertilizer treatments (NP, NK, and NPK). Potassium extracted by ion‐exchange resin decreased from 26 mg kg^–1 to 5–10 mg kg^–1 after eight consecutive seasons of growth at the ARI site. Addition of 100 kg K ha^–1 for each rice crop was not enough to maintain initial K availability, especially in the calcareous soil at ARI site. In treatments with K, a small increase in readily available K was observed only in SM soil. The K extracted by HNO₃ also decreased significantly in the treatments without K addition and was increased slightly in the treatments with K application. In the NP treatment, the decrease in HNO₃‐K was several times greater than resin‐K, indicating that nonexchangeable K may be the major source of K supply to rice. Soil K depletion was greater for hybrid rice than for inbred rice, and this difference in K demand should be taken into account in developing fertilizer recommendations for irrigated rice.     

长期施钾对红壤水稻土水稻产量及土壤钾素状况的影响

研究了长期定位施肥试验中连续27年（1981～2007）施用钾肥对水稻产量和土壤钾素状况的影响。本试验选择了其中5个处理:CK（不施肥）、NP（施氮、磷肥）、NPK（施氮、磷、钾肥）、NP+RS（施氮、磷肥和稻草）和NPK+RS（施氮、磷、钾肥和稻草）。结果表明,施钾能明显提高水稻产量,施钾肥的NPK和NPK+RS处理27年的早稻平均产量分别比NP和NP+RS处理增加15.2%和10.9%;晚稻增产17.2%和9.1%;在27年54季水稻种植期间,不同施肥处理早、晚稻产量的变化趋势不同。CK、NP处理的早、晚稻产量随时间的推移呈负变化趋势,而NPK、NP+RS和NPK+RS处理的早、晚稻产量呈正变化趋势。施钾的NPK和NPK+RS处理不同土层中土壤全钾、缓效钾和速效钾含量均高于NP和NP+RS处理的相同土层;除NPK+RS处理外,其它各处理表观钾平衡均为负值,其中CK和NP处理钾的负平衡值最大。长期施用钾肥能提高水稻产量和维持土壤钾素肥力。     

Efficacy of Potassium Humate and Chemical Fertilizers on Yield and Nutrient Availability Patterns in Soil at Different Growth Stages of Rice

Potassium humate (PH) is a promising natural resource to be utilized as an alternative for increasing crop production. A pot experiment was conducted during 2009 and 2010 to assess the efficacy of application of potassium humate (0, 5, and 10 mg kg^?1 soil) alone and in combination with chemical fertilizers (75% and 100% recommended dose of nitrogen–phosphorus–potassium) on yield and nutrient availability patterns in soil at different growth stages of rice. Two doses of zinc, viz. 0 and 12.5 mg kg^?1, were also applied. Sole and combined application of potassium humate with nitrogen–phosphorus–potassium (NPK) and zinc significantly (p < 0.05) improved the yield and availability of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, zinc, and dehydrogenase activity in soil. Application of 10 mg kg^?1 potassium humate along with 100% NPK and 12.5 mg kg^?1 zinc sulfate proved significantly superior when compared to 75% and 100% of NPK alone.     

富硅稻壳灰施用对土壤镉活性和不同品种水稻镉积累的影响

施硅（Si）可以有效减少水稻镉（Cd）积累,但稻壳灰（rice hull ash,RHA）作为一种广泛易得的富Si材料能否减控水稻Cd积累尚未清楚。为探究RHA对水稻Cd积累的影响,寻找一种可应用到田间的低成本富Si控Cd材料,该试验按土壤质量比分别添加0.2%、1.0%、4.0%的RHA,种植湘晚籼（低Cd积累品种）和玉针香（高Cd积累品种）两种水稻,探究RHA对两个水稻品种Cd积累的影响。结果显示,施加RHA提高了土壤Cd活性,促使铁锰氧化物结合态Cd向可交换态Cd和碳酸盐结合态Cd转换。RHA对水稻Cd积累的影响因水稻品种而异,施加RHA可抑制湘晚籼体内Cd转运,使秸秆Cd含量降低25%～44%,由白根至秸秆、节点I至节间I、节点I至旗叶的转移系数分别降低42%～48%、2%～55%、30%～70%;RHA对玉针香吸收与转运Cd则无抑制作用。该研究结果揭示了RHA对水稻Cd积累的差异影响,为减控水稻Cd吸收提供了一种低成本的富Si材料。     

Characterization of biochar and their influence on microbial activities and potassium availability in an acid soil

Application of biochar to soil has increased considerably during recent years because of its effectiveness as a soil amendment causing beneficial effects on soil health. However, the effects have been reported to vary and depend upon types of feedstock and pyrolysis conditions during biochar production. Therefore, characterization of biochar is extremely important for its efficient utilization as a soil amendment. In the present study, biochar was prepared from agro-industrial by-products (rice husk and sugarcane bagasse) and weeds (Parthenium and Lantana) under similar pyrolysis conditions. Lantana biochar (LBC) showed the highest pH (10.4) while the lowest value (8.5) being recorded in rice husk biochar (RHBC). The energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis indicated that LBC and Parthenium biochar (PBC) were superior with respect to potassium (K) content than sugarcane bagasse biochar (SBBC) and RHBC. The Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) study exhibited the existence of different functional groups in biochar. All the biochar treated soils showed significantly higher microbial activities with different degrees. Application of LBC and PBC at 4.50 g kg^?1 soil significantly increased K availability in soil. Lantana biochar and PBC amended the soil at 9 g kg^?1 significantly increased the soil pH thus makes these biochar as potential liming materials.     

不同措施改良反酸田及水稻产量效果

【目的】针对反酸田土壤酸性强、有效磷含量极低、活性铝铁毒性重及结构性差等特征,研究不同措施改良反酸田土壤理化性质,提高水稻产量的效果,为施用合理的改良剂消减各种障碍因素、提高土壤肥力、恢复土壤生产力提供理论依据。【方法】通过三年田间定位试验,设置不施肥(CK1)、专用肥(NPK,CK2)、NK+钙镁磷肥、NK+磷矿粉、专用肥+石灰、专用肥+粉煤灰、专用肥+生物有机肥7个处理,研究不同改良措施对华南稻区反酸田水稻产量、土壤酸度、养分状况、团聚体及腐殖质组分的影响。【结果】连续3年添加改良剂钙镁磷肥、磷矿粉、石灰、粉煤灰和生物有机肥的处理早、晚稻平均产量较CK1处理均显著增加,其增幅分别为38.78%~75.00%和38.31%~56.75%;与CK2处理相比,添加改良剂的处理三季早稻和两季晚稻平均产量均有所增加,其增幅分别为9.15%~26.10%和5.71%~13.33%,且添加石灰、粉煤灰和生物有机肥的处理水稻增产率大于钙镁磷肥和磷矿粉处理。添加改良剂的处理土壤p H、有效磷和速效钾含量较CK1和CK2处理均有所增加,而交换性H+、交换性Al3+、有效硫含量则显著降低。与CK1和CK2处理相比,各添加改良剂处理5 mm粒级水稳性团聚体占团聚体比例均显著提高,而2~1 mm、1~0.5 mm以及0.5~0.25 mm粒级团聚体所占比例均有所下降。添加粉煤灰和生物有机肥处理有利于提高0.25 mm水稳性团聚体数量及稳定性,其团聚体破坏率分别降低至14.11%和16.99%。与CK1处理相比,添加石灰处理土壤有机碳含量略有下降,而其他施肥处理均有增加;各施肥处理土壤胡敏酸碳和胡敏素碳含量较CK1处理均有增加,而富里酸碳含量均呈下降趋势。与CK2处理相比,连续3年添加钙镁磷肥和生物有机肥的处理显著提高了土壤总有机碳含量,添加粉煤灰和生物有机肥处理显著提高了土壤水溶性碳和胡敏酸碳含量。施肥处理HA/FA比值较CK1处理均有所提高,其增幅为16.44%~47.69%;与CK2处理相比,添加粉煤灰、生物有机肥处理其值增幅最大,分别提高26.83%和24.53%。【结论】添加粉煤灰或生物有机肥处理对反酸田土壤的改良效果最佳。     

水生植物堆肥替代部分氮肥提高水稻产量与稻田土壤肥力

为评价太湖流域水生植物堆肥对水稻产量及稻田土壤肥力效应,在太湖流域典型稻田连续进行4a的田间定位试验,比较在等氮条件下不同比例的水生植物有机堆肥替代处理(有机氮替代率分别为0、20％、40％、60％、80％和100％)引起的水稻籽粒产量、产量构成因子、氮磷钾吸收量以及土壤碳氮含量和pH值变化.结果表明:与单施尿素相比,水生植物有机堆肥与尿素配施利于水稻产量的提高,并随着有机肥替代率增加,水稻产量呈先增后降;当有机肥替代率达40％和60％时产量最高.单施有机肥和单施尿素处理水稻籽粒产量相当.单施有机肥显著降低了有效穗数,有机肥和尿素配合施用则可减轻甚至消除这一效应;有机肥替代率在40％和60％时,有效穗数、穗粒数和结实率均较高.随着有机肥施用量增加,水稻秸秆氮浓度降低,籽粒氮浓度无影响;水稻磷浓度和吸收量均无显著差异;有机肥与尿素配施均显著提高了秸秆钾吸收量,有机肥替代率在80％时可显著提高籽粒钾吸收量.表层土壤全氮和有机碳含量及土壤pH值均与有机肥替代率呈显著正相关关系.有机肥-尿素配施处理下土壤全氮和有机碳均较4a前显著提高.有机肥替代率为80％和100％,土壤pH值较试验前土壤分别显著升高.由此可见,水生植物有机肥与尿素配施可以提高太湖稻作区水稻产量,增加土壤有机质含量和减缓土壤酸化程度,可作为太湖稻作区一项环保型施肥技术.     

Improvement in nitrogen availability, nitrogen uptake and growth of aerobic rice following soil acidification

A yield decline and increase in soil pH under continuous cropping of aerobic rice have been reported in previous studies. However, the underlying mechanisms governing the poor growth and low yield of aerobic rice following an increase in soil pH are unknown. The objective of the present study was to determine the effect of soil acidification on the soil nutrient availability, plant nutrition and growth of aerobic rice grown in continuously cropped aerobic soil. Two pot experiments were conducted using soil from a field where aerobic rice had been grown for 13 consecutive seasons. Soil was acidified by adding 50–300 mL of 0.05 mol L^–1 sulfuric acid to 3.0 kg of air-dried soil to achieve a range of soil pH levels. Rice was grown aerobically with N rates of 0–1.2 g per pot using urea or ammonium sulfate. Soil chemical properties were measured as were leaf nutrient concentrations, plant growth parameters, and the above-ground N uptake. A 5.5-fold and 1.5-fold increase in soil ammonium and nitrate were observed, respectively, after adding sulfuric acid. Plant growth and N uptake improved significantly with soil acidification, regardless of N rates or N sources, and were associated with an improvement in plant N nutrition. The application of N had greater positive effects on plant growth and N uptake than soil acidification. The growth response to soil acidification reduced as the rate of N application increased. These results suggest that the yield decline of continuous aerobic rice is probably associated with a reduction in soil N availability and plant N uptake as a result of a gradual increase in soil pH.     

稻作对酸性硫酸盐土酸分布及迁移的影响

【目的】酸性硫酸盐土(ASS)酸含量极高,Fe、 Al、 Mn、 As等有毒金属移动性强。许多开发利用方式不仅影响其成土母质黄铁矿的氧化程度并可能带来生态风险,稻作利用被认为是生态风险较低的方式。本研究开展水田和荒地两种利用条件下ASS中酸含量调查研究,探讨稻作利用方式对ASS酸含量的影响。【方法】于2013年8月,在广东省台山市发育于珠江三角洲滨海ASS的水稻田和严重酸化的长期撂荒地采集土壤样品,从土表向下0—300 cm范围内采用宽45 mm的土钻每20 cm采集1个样品,每个剖面共采集15个样品。比较两种利用方式下ASS各土层土壤pH值、 水溶性酸、 交换性酸、 吸持性酸含量,探讨稻作利用方式对ASS酸分布及运移的影响。【结果】珠江三角洲平原ASS的酸含量极高,在0—80 cm深度范围内,总存在酸含量随着土层深度加深而提高,土层深度每下降20 cm,总存在酸含量就平均提高61.62%; 80 cm以下土层总存在酸含量随着土层深度下降逐渐降低,其中80—180 cm深度范围内的降幅较大,土层深度每下降20 cm,总存在酸含量就平均降低61.62%; 当土层深度下降至220 cm时,pH值上升到6.0,酸含量非常低。稻作利用方式显著影响ASS的酸含量及其在土壤剖面的迁移情况。与荒地比较,稻田0—80 cm土层的总存在酸含量显著降低,其中水溶性酸、 交换性酸和吸持性酸含量平均降幅分别为77.01%、 36.75%、 27.74%,水溶性酸和交换性酸的差异达到显著水平,吸持性酸仅在0—20 cm 和60—80 cm土层的差异达到显著水平; 100—120 cm深度范围内稻田的总存在酸含量显著高于荒地,其中水溶性酸、 交换性酸和吸持性酸含量的增幅分别为128.19%、 54.87%、 154.96%,120—240 cm土层中,稻田的交换性酸和吸持性酸含量稍高于荒地,但差异不显著; 240—300 cm土层中,稻田的酸含量与荒地基本相同。总体上,稻作方式改变了ASS中酸在土壤剖面的分布,其中0—80 cm土层中酸含量显著降低,而100—120 cm土层的酸含量显著提高,并以吸持性酸为主要形式固定累积下来。稻田在0—80 cm深度范围内的水溶性硫含量显著低于荒地; 而稻田100—120 cm土层的水溶性硫含量则显著高于荒地,其他土层的差异不显著。水溶性硫与水溶性酸、 交换性酸和吸持性酸均显著正相关,表明稻作利用方式可能通过影响硫酸盐矿物的转化过程而改变ASS的酸分布及迁移。【结论】稻作利用方式显著降低上层土壤酸含量,并加强了酸淋洗下移作用,使100—120 cm土层中的酸含量大幅提高,并以黄钾铁矾等羟基硫酸盐次生矿物暂时吸持固定下来。因此,稻作利用方式有效降低ASS酸含量水平,降低ASS对实地作物的危害作用,但因其强淋溶作用可能加大了对地下水体污染的风险。     

Microbial response of an acid forest soil to experimental soil warming

 Effects of increased soil temperature on soil microbial biomass and dehydrogenase activity were examined on organic (O) horizon material in a low-elevation spruce-fir ecosystem. Soil temperature was maintained at 5  °C above ambient during the growing season in the experimental plots, and soil temperature, moisture, microbial biomass, and dehydrogenase activity were measured during the experiment. An incubation study was also conducted under three temperature regimes, 5, 15, and 25  °C, and under four moisture regimes of 20, 120, 220, and 320% to further evaluate these environmental factors on dehydrogenase activity and microbial biomass. Soil moisture content and microbial biomass controls were significantly lower (30% and 2 μg g^–1 soil, respectively) in the heated plots during the treatment period, suggesting that moisture content was important in controlling microbial biomass. In the incubation study, temperature appeared more important than moisture in controlling microbial biomass and dehydrogenase activity. Increasing temperature between 5  °C and 25  °C resulted in significant decreases in microbial biomass and dehydrogenase activity. Received: 7 August 1998     

在施钾条件下灌溉水稻的养分吸收和利用效率研究

Potassium is one of the most important nutrients for rice production in many areas of Asia, especially in southeast China where potassium deficiency in soil is a widespread problem. Field experiments were conducted for four consecutive years in Jinhua City, Zhejiang Province, to determine utilization of nutrients (N, P and K) by inbred and hybrid rice and rice grain yields as affected by application of potassium fertilizer under irrigated conditions. Grain yield and nutrient harvest index showed a significant response to the NPK treatment as compared to the NP treatment. This suggested that potassium improved transfer of nitrogen and phosphorus from stems and leaves to panicles in rice plants. N and P use efficiencies of rice were not strongly responsive to potassium, but K use efficiency decreased significantly despite the fact that the amount of total K uptake increased. A significant difference between varieties was also observed with respect to nutrient uptake and use efficiency. Hybrid rice exhibited physiological advantage in N and P uptake and use efficiency over inbred rice. Analysis of annual dynamic change of exchangeable K and non-exchangeable K in the test soil indicated that non-exchangeable K was an important K source for rice. Potassium application caused an annual decrease in the concentration of available K in the soil tested, whereas an increase was observed in non-exchangeable K. It could be concluded that K fertilizer application at the rate of 100 kg ha^-1 per season was not high enough to match K output, and efficient K management for rice must be based on the K input/output balance.     

平衡施肥对白浆土水稻产量及品质的影响

通过土壤测试、田间试验和品质分析,明确了三江平原桦川县创业乡丰年村白浆土养分供应状况和水稻平衡施肥效果。结果显示,该土壤98.4%缺氮,76.6%缺磷,97.7%缺钾,72.7%缺锌,35.9%缺硼。与最佳处理(OPT)相比,不施氮肥减产26.2%,不施磷肥减产12.1%,不施钾肥减产10.3%,不施锌肥减产24.2%,不施肥(CK)减产39.9%。与OPT处理相比,不施氮肥、磷肥、钾肥、锌肥、硼肥和CK的经济效益分别降低3936、1774、1527、4070、886和5643元/hm2。平衡施肥(OPT)与农民习惯施肥(FP)相比增产20.3%,经济效益增加3283元/hm2,粗蛋白含量增加0.13个百分点,直链淀粉含量降低0.84个百分点,胶稠度增加1.7 mm,对改善稻米品质有积极作用。     

重庆酸性紫色土马铃薯的高产优质与养分平衡

Over a period of two years,field experiments were conducted on four silty loam soils grown with foliar vegetable crops inculding Chinese cabbage(Brassica pekingensis Rupr.,cv.Lu-Bai 3),autumn greens (B.chinensis L.,cv.Piao-Geng-Bai),winter greens(B.var.rosularis Tsen et Lee,cv,You-Dong-Er),and summer greens(B.chinensis L.,cv.Zao-Shu5),respectively,Each eperimpent included one CK treatment without K,N and Pfertilizers applied,and four treatments with from low to high doses,0-300 kg hm^-2 for Chinese cabbage,0-150 kg hm^-2 for autumm and winter greens and 0-180 kg hm^-2 for summer greens,of K fertilizers in the form of sulfate of potash(SOP)applied together with N and P fertlizers,One treatment of K fertilizer in the form of muriate of potash(MOP) applied at high levels(150 or 180 g hm^-2)together with N and P fertilizers was included in the experiments of autumn,winter and summer greens ,respectively,in order to compare the effcts of SOP and MOP ,The market yields of the tested crops incresaed significantly with the increasing rate of K application.The crops supplied with K fertilizers yielded more stably as the CV% of their yields decreased with the rate of K application.K fertilization increased not only K contents but also the amounts of N ,P and K absorbed in shoots of autumn,winter and summer greens,which were atatistically significantly correalted to their yields.In can aslo be found that potassium improved the quality of the foliar vegetable crops as their dry mater contents were generally increased and Vc contents obviously increased and nitrate contents markedly decreased ,As compared to MOP,SOP was more effective on the yields and quality of autumn,winter and summer greens at the high levels of fertilization.     

长期绿肥与氮肥减量配施对水稻产量和土壤养分含量的影响

为探明湘南双季稻区绿肥还田下的氮肥适宜施用量,设计了始于2008年冬季开展的长期田间定位试验(2009-2017),研究绿肥与氮肥减量配施对双季稻的产量、氮肥农学效率、氮肥偏生产力以及2017年稻田耕层土壤养分含量的影响。共设计6个施肥处理:不施氮肥空白对照、仅紫云英、习惯施肥、紫云英与100%无机氮配施、紫云英与80%无机氮配施、紫云英与60%无机氮配施。结果表明:与习惯施氮量相比,绿肥结合习惯施肥以及绿肥与化肥氮减量20%～40%配施均能保持甚至提高2009-2017年稻谷周年产量,显著提高早、晚稻氮肥偏生产力和氮肥农学效率。绿肥与化肥氮减40%时,产量变异系数最低和产量可持续指数最高。试验9 a后,与2008年相比,稻田土壤有机质和全氮含量呈上升趋势。与习惯施肥相比,绿肥与化肥氮减量20%～40%能维持土壤磷素与钾素的供给。综合考虑,紫云英还田下,化肥氮减施40%仍能获得高产稳产,且氮肥利用率最高,产量稳定性最好,并可缓慢提高土壤肥力,是湘南双季稻种植区较好的施肥模式。     

长期不同施肥棕壤玉米地的酶活性之时空变化

为揭示长期不同施肥对棕壤玉米地酶活性时空变化的影响,利用31年长期肥料定位试验研究了玉米生育期内3种主要土壤酶活性的时空变化及其与土壤理化性质的关系。结果表明,棕壤上各种酶随玉米生育期推进而有规律地变化。土壤脲酶、转化酶活性高峰出现在玉米拔节期,酸性磷酸酶活性高峰出现在玉米大喇叭口期;玉米收获后,土壤转化酶、脲酶均高于播前或与播前相当,而酸性磷酸酶活性则低于播前。在同样化肥水平上增施有机肥能增加脲酶、转化酶活性,而降低酸性磷酸酶活性;3种酶活性的空间分布规律均遵循随土层深度加深而不断减小的规律,长期培肥对深层土壤酶活性亦有影响。相关分析结果显示,土壤脲酶同转化酶呈极显著正相关（r=0.636**）;脲酶、转化酶同土壤有机碳、pH、含水量、碱解氮、速效磷基本呈极显著正相关;酸性磷酸酶同各因子无显著关系。土壤酶与土壤肥力因素关系密切,可作为衡量土壤肥力的敏感指标。     

长期不同施肥对红壤性水稻土产量及基础地力的影响

利用长期定位施肥试验并结合盆栽试验,研究长期不同施肥模式对双季稻产量和土壤基础地力的影响,并分析水稻产量和肥料贡献率对土壤不同基础地力的响应。结果表明:长期施用氮磷钾肥(NPK)或氮磷钾肥配施稻草(NPKS)有利于双季稻产量的增加。NPK处理的早稻产量、晚稻产量和年总产量分别较对照(CK)处理增产100.7%、67.0%和81.9%,NPKS处理分别增产113.8%、77.7%和93.7%。CK处理早稻基础地力产量随试验年限的增加呈极显著下降趋势(p0.01),晚稻基础地力产量在试验的前9年随年限增加呈极显著下降(p0.01),之后基本维持稳定。长期施用氮磷钾肥或氮磷钾肥配施稻草有利于土壤基础地力的提升。土壤基础地力产量和基础地力贡献率均表现为NPKSNPKCK。NPK和NPKS处理早稻基础地力产量分别较CK提高38.5%和68.1%,晚稻分别提高25.8%和49.0%。NPK和NPKS处理早稻基础地力贡献率分别较CK提高21.4%和54.9%,晚稻分别提高12.8%和22.8%。无论施肥或不施肥,早晚稻产量均随土壤基础地力产量提高而增加;肥料对早晚稻产量贡献率随基础地力产量提高而极显著降低。土壤有机质、全氮、速效钾是影响土壤基础地力的主要养分因子,土壤全磷、全钾、碱解氮、有效磷对土壤基础地力也产生重要影响。     

长期施用绿肥对红壤稻田水稻产量和土壤养分的影响

通过对26年长期定位试验结果的统计分析,结果表明:绿肥与化肥长期配合施用有利于水稻稳产增产,减少化肥的使用量,提高化肥NPK养分的农学利用效率达60%以上。26年水稻平均产量以OM3处理(紫云英+猪粪)最高,比CK增产64.47%,比NPK处理增产6.86%;其化肥养分农学效率为16.33kg/kg,比NPK处理化肥养分农学效率高118.9%。绿肥与化肥长期配合施用土壤有机质、全氮和全磷均有所积累,积累的量与肥料施用量及有机肥种类相关,以紫云英+猪粪处理最优。土壤钾素均表现亏缺,土壤全钾和速效钾均低于试验前,亏缺幅度最小的是紫云英+稻草处理,其土壤全钾和速效钾分别比对照高4.28%和13.94%。通过对土壤有机质、全氮、全磷和全钾与水稻产量关性分析,相关系数最高的为土壤全钾(r=0.808**),说明缺钾已成为限制红壤稻田高产的主要肥力因子。     

长期稻草还田对紫色水稻土肥力和生产力的影响

通过8年淹水条件下一季中稻的田间定位试验,研究了长期稻草还田以及稻草与不同化肥配合施用对紫色水稻土生产力和土壤肥力的影响。结果表明,稻草与N、P、K化肥配合施用能维持或提高紫色水稻土的生产力和土壤肥力;水稻获得了持续高产,土壤有机质和全氮含量提高,土壤磷的有效性增加,速效钾与试验前基本平衡。纯化肥处理尤其是N、NP、NK处理水稻产量、土壤氮和钾含量逐年降低,不能维持系统生产力和土壤肥力。稻草还田对翌年水稻具有显著的增产作用,8年平均稻草还田处理比对照增产39.5%,稻草的增产作用还随着稻草还田时间的延长而逐年升高。稻草还田携入的钾与化学钾肥具有相同的营养功效,稻草可替代部分化学钾肥。