蓼科、禾本科植物细胞膜对铝胁迫反应的比较研究

以4种蓼科植物(荞麦、金荞麦、虎杖、无辣蓼)和2种禾本科植物(水稻、小麦)为材料,比较研究不同科属植物的细胞膜对铝胁迫反应的差异。结果表明:(1)6种植物叶片的游离脯氨酸含量、MDA含量和根系质膜透性均随着Al3 胁迫浓度增加而增大,禾本科植物的游离脯氨酸含量高于4种蓼科植物,荞麦、金荞麦的质膜透性、MDA含量高于虎杖、无辣蓼、水稻、小麦。(2)荞麦、小麦叶片的SOD和POD活性随Al3 胁迫浓度持续增长,虎杖和水稻持续下降,金荞麦和无辣蓼在25 mg/L Al3 处理时最高,100 mg/L Al3 胁迫明显降低。综合细胞膜对铝胁迫反应的各种特征,可以说明蓼科植物细胞膜透性变化是Al3 引发氧化胁迫的一种受损表现,而禾本科植物细胞膜透性变化是对A3 胁迫的一种适应性反应。     

Isozyme relationships between cultivated artichoke and the wild relatives

Summary The genetic affinities between the cultivated artichoke Cynara cardunculus L. var. scolym (L.) Fiori [= C. scolymus L.] and its wild relatives were assessed by tests of 20 enzyme systems (28 loci). Six representative cultivars and the following wild taxa were examined: (i) wild cardoon C.cardunculus L. var. sylvestris (Lamk) Fiori, (ii) C. syriaca Boiss., (iii) C. cornigera (Lindley) [=C. sibthorpiana Boiss.], (iv) C. algarbiensis Cosson, (v) C. baetica (Spreng.) Pau [=C. alba Boiss.], and (vi) C. humilis L. Twenty one out of the 28 loci tested were polymorphic (mainly between species). The genetic identity between the cultivars and the wild cardoon forms ranged from 0.92 to 0.96; while that between these two taxa and the five other wild Cynara species ranged between 0.67 and 0.79. This implicates wild C. cardunculus in the wild ancestry of the cultivated artichoke.     

The wild ancestry of the cultivated artichoke

Summary The genetic affinities between the cultivated artichoke Cynara cardunculus L. var. scolymus (L.) Flori (= C. scolymus L.) and its wild relatives were tested by means of a crossing programme. The following wild taxa were involved: (i) wild cardoon C. carcundulus L. var. sylvestris (Lamk) Fiori, (ii) C. syriaca Boiss., (iii) C. cornigera Lindley, (iv) C. algarbiensis Cosson, (v) C. baetica (Spreng.) Pau (= C. alba Boiss.), and (vi) C. humilis L. Only the wild cardoon was found to be fully cross-compatible and fully infertile with the crop. In contrast, all other five wild Cynara species turned to be almost fully-or fully-cross-incompatible with the crop, and the few interspecific F₁ hybrids recovered were partly or almost fully sterile. These finds establish the wild cardoon as the wild ancestor of the cultivated vegetable.     

Eco-geographical distribution of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Lactuca aculeata</Emphasis> natural populations in northeastern Israel

The wild lettuce, Lactuca aculeata Boiss. et Ky., is closely related and fully interfertile with cultivated lettuce, Lactuca sativa L. Altogether, 155 accessions of this wild species, which is rare conserved within the world’s germplasm collections, were collected from 12 localities throughout northeastern Israel. Ten of these localities represent different sites across the Golan Heights, while two, high-density populations were suprisingly found at the Hula Plain (first report of this species in this region). Lactuca aculeata was recorded at various elevations (222–968 m a.s.l.) and habitats. The taxonomic status of 30 L. aculeata accessions was morphologically validated during ex situ seed regeneration of 31 random accessions representing all 12 localities. Characterization of 12 traits showed that the Israeli populations of L. aculeata do not exhibit broad morphological variability, but more great levels of variation were obtained for developmental traits. Relatively little variability was observed in the morphology of cauline leaves or in the distribution of anthocyanin pigmentation in bracteae. In two cases, L. aculeata plants lacked trichomes in the inflorescence, a typical feature in the majority of plants. These unique collections of wild lettuce may carry novel sources of genetic variation for a wide range of traits and, thus, should be of interest for careful evaluation and exploitation in lettuce breeding.     

Evaluation of a wild lentil collection for resistance to vascular wilt

Vascular wilt caused byFusarium oxysporum f. sp.lentis Vasud. & Srin. is the major disease of the cultivated lentil (Lens culinaris Medikus). Host plant resistance is the most practical method of disease management. Wild lentils represent an unexplored potential source for disease resistance and other characters. Screening 219 accessions of wildLens Miller and 2 accessions ofVicia montbretii Fisch. & Mey. (syn.Lens montbretii (Fisch et Mey) Davis et Plitm.) for resistance to a Syrian isolate of this fungus at the seedling stage was conducted under artificial inoculation in a plastic house. Resistance at the reproductive growth stage was confirmed in pots in a plastic house and in a wilt-sick plot. Three accessions each ofLens culinaris ssp.orientalis (Boiss.) Ponert andL. nigricans M.B. Godr. ssp.nigricans Godr. and 2 ofL. nigricans ssp.ervoides (Brign.) Lad. maintained their resistance at the reproductive growth stage in the plastic house. All accessions ofL. culinaris ssp.odemensis Lad. andV. montbretii were susceptible. However, in the sick-plot only three accessions (ILWL 79 & ILWL 113 ofL. culinaris ssp.orientalis and ILWL 138 ofL. nigricans ssp.ervoides) maintained a good level of resistance. Resistance at the seedling stage was often found in accessions collected from northern and western sites of the distribution of the genus at low elevations. The most resistant accessions in the field at the reproductive growth stage were from Syria and Turkey.     

Edible ferns and fern–allies of North East India: a study on potential wild vegetables

The North East India houses around 130 ethnic tribal communities which exhibits unique tradition, dialect and culture. These communities collect edible plants from wild forming a common practice for livelihood and subsistence even today. Of the varieties of plant consumed, ferns and fern–allies also constitute an important food supplement. An inventory survey was conducted in order to assess the wild edible ferns and fern–allies which are used as vegetables by various ethnic communities of North East India. Altogether, twenty-three (23) ferns and fern–allies are found to be edible, and used in preparing various cuisines. Four species viz. Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw., Huperzia phlegmaria (L.) Rothm., Huperzia squarrosa (G. Forst.) Trevis. and Nephrolepis cordifolia (L.) C. Presl were cultivated in small scale for consumption and horticultural purposes, while the rest of the species were directly harvested from wild habitat. Role of these ferns in local cuisines, other reported uses and bioactive components were discussed. The study also emphasises on future development of ferns and its allies as potential vegetables in North East India.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Chaerophyllum byzantinum</Emphasis> Boiss. and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Trachystemon orientalis</Emphasis> (L.) G. Don—recently introduced from Turkish wild flora as new crop species among other interesting findings from immigrant gardens in western Germany

In western Germany, typical gardens of immigrant families were visited and periodically checked regarding their plant composition and cultivation techniques. A preliminary inventory of the cultivated plants of the Langenberg region south of Bonn is given. Chaerophyllum byzantinum Boiss. and Trachystemon orientalis (L.) G. Don as new crops, recently introduced from the wild flora of Turkey, and their utilization are shortly described. Most gardening immigrants originate from farmers’ families and introduce local knowledge from their native countries. Personal preferences to familiar or local varieties made them transfer the respective seeds or plants and in some cases even wild plants to their new settling areas. Vicinity to German or immigrant gardeners from other nationalities allowed for exchange of seed and experience. This way, German gardens became centers of increasing diversity for horticultural crops within the past few decades.     

广西水库消落带植物群落调查

为探讨水库消落带植被重建技术,对广西一些有代表性的水库的消落带植被群落组成、分布以及生态特性等进行了系统调查。调查表明:在水深>15 m的消落带中,未发现有多年生植物;在水深0~15 m的消落带中,多年生的植物主要是草本类,有6科13种,其中有禾本科的硬骨草、扁穗牛鞭草、棒头草及类芦、羊茅等5种,蓼科的头花蓼等3种,苋科的空心莲子草,马鞭草科的过江藤,莎草科的粉被苔草、青绿苔草,以及蕨类的海金沙科的海金沙,其共同特点是耐淹、耐压又相对耐旱。硬骨草、扁穗牛鞭草、类芦及头花蓼各地都有,余则零星分布于各地。     

Allelopathic effect of some essential oils and components on germination of weed species

Abstract

In this study, allelopathic effects of some essential oil plants (Carum carvi L., Coriandrum sativum L., Foeniculum vulgare Mill., Lavandula stoechas L., Mentha spicata L.,Origanum onites L., Pimpinella anisum L., Rosmarinus officinalis L., Salvia officinalis L. and Thymbra spicata L.) were investigated against some common weed species (Alcea pallida Waldst. & Kit., Amaranthus retroflexus L., Centaurea salsotitialis L., Raphanus raphanistrum L., Rumex nepalensis Spreng., Sinapis arvensis L. and Sonchus oleraceus L.) that grow in field and horticultural crops. Different concentrations (3, 6, 10 and 20 µl) of the essential oils were tested against weed seeds in vitro and their effect on germination was determined. Inhibitory effects of essential oils and concentrations were analysed with Freadman's test and they were found significant. Essential oils from Carum carvi, Mentha spicata, Origanum onites and Thymbra spicata showed high inhibitory effect against weed seeds at lower concentrations. The main components (carvacrol, thymol, carvone, limonene) of these four essential oils were tested for seed germination at four different concentrations (500, 250, 125 and 62.5 µg/ml) against the same weeds.Thymol, carvacrol and carvone showed high inhibition even at low concentrations against weed seeds. Only Alcea pallida seeds showed resistance against all essential oils and components.     

Multivariate analysis of Prunus subgen. Cerasus germplasm in Iran using morphological variables

Knowledge of relationships among the cultivated and wild species of Cerasus, a subgenus of Prunus L., is important for recognizing gene pools, identifying pitfalls in germplasm collections and developing effective conservation and management strategies. In this study, morphological characterization of wild Cerasus subgenus species naturally growing in Iran, including P. avium L. (mazzard), P. mahaleb L., P. brachypetala Boiss., P. incana Pall., P. yazdiana Mozaff., P. microcarpa Boiss. subsp. microcarpa, P. microcarpa Boiss. subsp. diffusa and P. pseudoprostrata Pojark. and three commercial species, sweet cherry (P. avium L.), sour cherry (P. cerasus L.) and duke cherry (P. × gondouinii Rehd.) was investigated. Twenty-nine variables were recorded in 95 accessions of these species to detect similarities among them. All studied characteristics were showing a high degree of variability, but it was highly pronounced for plant height, leaf characters especially for dimensions and pubescence as well as for petiole and peduncle length. The majority of significant correlation coefficients were found in the characteristics representing plant size and growth habit with leaf size. Principal component analysis was performed for phenotypical diversity determination and grouping of species. Characters with high discriminating values were those related to growth habit, height, compactness, trunk diameter, leaf dimensions, petiole length, leaf tip and serration, flower color, peduncle length, fruit shape and stone shape. Based on the cluster analysis, species included in two main clusters, first those with large structure (sweet, sour and duke cherries, mazzard and mahaleb), second the other species with small structure which might be potentially suitable for rootstock breeding programs. Scatter plot using two first factors also confirmed the grouping by cluster analysis. The conservation of the highly diverse native populations of Iranian wild Cerasus species is recommended.     

Sources of resistance to ascochyta blight in wild species of lentil (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Lens culinaris</Emphasis> Medik.)

Cultivated lentil (Lens culinaris Medik. subsp. culinaris) has a relatively narrow genetic base and many commercial cultivars are susceptible to ascochyta blight caused by Ascochyta lentis Vassilievsky. A total of 375 accessions of six wild species of lentil received from ICARDA and 18 cultivated genotypes were screened for resistance to A. lentis under both field and greenhouse conditions in Saskatoon, Canada. A mixture of three monoconidial isolates of A. lentis was used as an inoculum and the level of infection rated using the Horsfall-Barratt scale (0–11). Accessions with resistance to A. lentis were observed in all wild species except for L. culinaris subsp. tomentosa (Ladiz.) Ferguson et al. showing no resistant accessions. Several consistently resistant accessions were found among entries of L. ervoides (Brign.) Grande and L. nigricans, (M. Bieb.) Godr., both of which belong to the secondary gene pool and a few in L. culinaris subsp. orientalis (Boiss.) Ponert and L. culinaris subsp. odemensis (Ladiz.) Ferguson et al. belonging to the primary gene pool. Some accessions of L. ervoides exhibited lower disease ratings and AUDPC values than the resistant control cv. ‘Indianhead.’ Thirteen accessions, previously reported as resistant to Syrian isolates of A. lentis were also resistant to the Canadian isolates; some also had resistance to anthracnose. The highest frequency of resistance was found in accessions of L. ervoides which originated from Syria and Turkey. These wild accessions represent a useful and untapped source for improving disease resistance in lentil.     

Tocopherol composition and antioxidant activity of Spanish wild vegetables

Traditional use of noncultivated vegetables has decreased with the development of agriculture and global supply chains. However, some species are still consumed as part of our traditional Mediterranean diet. Plants are among the most important sources of natural antioxidants for retarding lipid oxidative rancidity in foods or for pharmaceutical applications against chronic diseases related to free radicals production. The present study reports tocopherols composition and antioxidant activity of eight wild greens traditionally used in Spain. According to the edible part consumed, two groups were differentiated. Leafy vegetables whose young stems with leaves are consumed (Apium nodiflorum (L.) Lag., Foeniculum vulgare Mill., Montia fontana L. and Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke), and wild asparagus whose young shoots with leaf buds scarcely developed are eaten (Asparagus acutifolius L., Bryonia dioica Jacq., Humulus lupulus L. and Tamus communis L.). Among the leafy vegetables, Silene vulgaris and Apium nodiflorum presented the highest antioxidant capacity and antioxidants contents. Among the wild asparagus, the highest antioxidant capacity was obtained in Humulus lupulus.     

Mobility and phytoavailability of arsenic in an abandoned mining area

The mobility and phytoavailability of arsenic in an area affected by the abandoned exploitation of an arsenical tungsten-tin deposit was studied to establish the current and eventual environmental risks and to propose possible remediation practices. Soil and plant samples were collected at different distances from the polluting sources and analyzed for their As content and distribution. Critical soil total concentrations of As were found, with values in the range 175-2300 mg kg^− 1. The readily labile As contents represent < 0.2% of the total concentrations, whereas the As contents more prone to be mobilized could rise up to 25%. Different phytostabilizing plants were identified, namely, Agrostis castellana (Boiss. & Reut.), Centaurea jacea L., Eryngium campestre L. and Scirpus holoschoenus L.. Such plants show important root bioaccumulation factor values in relation to the labile As contents (up to 197, 58, 201 and 88, respectively) and low translocation factor values (down to 0.170, 0.032, 0.173 and 0.036, respectively). Additionally to promote the revegetation with these plants, the species Rumex acetosella L. should be eliminated as this behaves as an index plant, reaching above-ground As concentrations up to 218 mg kg^− 1.     

Sources of Resistance to Anthracnose (Colletotrichum truncatum) in Wild Lens Species

Lentil anthracnose (Colletotrichum truncatum (Schwein.) Andrus et W.D. Moore is a potential threat in many lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) production regions of North America. In the lentil germplasm maintained in Germany and North America, 16 lines were reported to have resistance to race Ct1, but none has resistance reported to race Ct0. The objective of this study was to examine accessions of wild Lens species for their resistance to races Ct1 and Ct0 of lentil anthracnose. Five hundred and seventy-four wild accessions of six species and control lines were screened in two replications under both field and greenhouse conditions using a 1–9 scoring scale (1, highly resistant; 2–3, resistant; 4–5, moderately resistant; 6–7, susceptible; and 8–9, highly susceptible). Indianhead and PI 320937 were resistant while Eston and Pardina were susceptible to race Ct1 as expected. However, none of the check lines were resistant to race Ct0. Among the six Lens wild species tested, accessions of Lens ervoides (Brign.) Grande had the highest level of resistance, 3–5 to race Ct1 and Ct0 followed by L. lamottei Czefr. in the field and greenhouse. Lens orientalis (Boiss.), L. odemensis L., L. nigricans (M. Bieb.) Godron and L. tomentosus L. were highly susceptible, 8–9 to race Ct0 in the greenhouse. The highest frequency of resistance, especially in L. ervoides (Brign.) Grande, was found in accessions originating from Syria and Turkey. The usefulness of these L. ervoides (Brign.) Grande accessions as sources of resistance to the more virulent race of anthracnose in a lentil breeding program is discussed.     

Adaptive strategy of six native herbaceous species growing over the whole region of Mt. Daisen: characteristics of N,P, K,Ca, and Mg accumulation in leaves

The number of native species growing at all altitudes on Mt. Daisen, which is the highest mountain in the Chugoku District of Japan, is seven. Since soil physical and chemical properties and climate vary due to differences of elevation and habitat, it is logical to assume that they have an adaptive strategy to cope with such changes in the environment. To understand the growth strategy in these species, in the period from July 26 to October 17, 2007, leaves of six herbaceous species (Athyrium vidalii (Fr. et Sav.) Nakai, Carex foliosissima Fr. Schm., Aruncus dioicus (Walt.) Fern., Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. et Zucc., Artemisia princeps Pamp., and Plantago asiatica L.) were sampled at the different altitudes [Site A; 850?m, Site B; 1200?m, Site C; 1500?m above sea level (a.s.l.)] and nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) concentrations were determined. Soil chemical properties at sampling day and air and soil temperature during sampling periods at each site were also measured. As a result, we could classify adaptive strategies to the environment for those six species into three types. Type I: mineral accumulation in leaves depends on the habitat and is affected by growing environment with the exception of soil mineral concentration (Pteridophyta, A. vidalii). Type II: mineral accumulation in leaves hardly depends on the habitat and the autonomy of mineral absorption is high, although Ca and Mg concentrations in leaves are affected by soil mineral concentrations and cumulative air temperature (Magnoliophyta, monocotyledon, C. foliosissima). Type III: mineral accumulation in leaves strongly depends on the habitat and soil N concentration, but is also affected by the growing environment, and the autonomy of mineral absorption is weak (Magnoliophyta, dicotyledon, A. dioicus, P. cuspidatum, A. princeps, and P. asiatica).     

Characteristics of the root system in the diploid genome donors of hexaploid wheat (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Triticum aestivum</Emphasis> L.)

Wild crop relatives are of considerable interest in plant breeding and significant efforts have been made to transfer their genetic variation into modern crops. Of the three diploid progenitors of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), only Aegilops tauschii Coss. has been explored and exploited and only for some above ground characteristics. The three wild progenitors (Aegilops speltoides Tausch., Triticum urartu Tumanian ex Gandilyan, and Aegilops tauschii) have never been assayed for root traits. Here we report such a root study, and include Triticum monococcum L. subsp. boeoticum (Boiss.) Hayek and T. turgidum L. subsp. dicoccoides (Koern. ex Asch. et Graebn.) Thell. Fifteen accessions were selected from the above wild species and tested in the presence of one bread wheat cultivar Pavon F76. Significant variation was observed between and within the taxa. Of all accessions tested, cv. Pavon F76 had the smallest root system at maturity while A. speltoides had the largest root system. Moreover, Aegilops spp. had larger mean values for root biomass when compared with Triticum spp. These results suggest there is significant unexplored potential for the use of wheat wild relatives in wheat breeding to improve the root system, or to develop synthetic mapping populations to study root traits.     

Reduced sexual compatibility between cultivated and wild chicory and their F1 hybrids

Crops were domesticated from wild plants not too long ago and have subsequently diverged from the wild ones, especially in traits used by humans. Whether divergence between the cultigen and wild forms has also lead to reduced reproductive compatibility is unknown for many species. Chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) has been bred as a crop at least since Roman times. To test if this has led to a loss in reproductive compatibility with wild chicory, we planted cultivar, wild, and F₁ hybrid plants into two field plots, and let them pollinate freely. On 2?days, in the beginning and middle of the flowering season, we counted the numbers of flowering capitula and open flowers per capitulum, which in combination with counts of viable pollen per flower were used to estimate the expected proportion of seeds fathered by cultivar, wild, and hybrid plants. Open capitula on wild and hybrid plants were marked, and when seeds were ripe we determined whether cultivar, wild or hybrid plants had pollinated the seeds, using AFLP markers. Cultivar plants fathered much fewer seeds than expected, both on wild and hybrid plants, suggesting that some degree of incompatibility has evolved between cultivar and wild chicory. Hybrid plants fathered more seeds than expected on some of the hybrid plants, indicating that hybrids do not suffer much from outbreeding depression. Our study thus suggests that cultivated and wild chicory, even though they belong to the same species, have diverged to an extent where reproduction between them is somewhat impaired.     

Screening and selection of faba beans (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Vicia faba</Emphasis> L.) for cold tolerance and comparison to wild relatives

Since autumn-sown faba beans possess several advantages including higher seed yield over the spring cultivars, the study was aimed to screen and select cold tolerant accessions of faba beans (Vicia faba L.) and compare these to wild species in the highland of the west Mediterranean region, Turkey. A total of 114 accessions of Vicia species including 109 accessions of faba bean, three accessions of narbon bean (V. narbonensis L.) and two accessions of V. montbretii Fisch. et C.A. Mey. were screened for cold tolerance at seedling stage in two successive years, 2005–2006 and 2006–2007 growth seasons. Accessions were evaluated for cold tolerance using a 1 (Highly cold tolerant)-5 (Highly cold susceptible) visual scale. Considerable variation was found for cold tolerance and some agronomical characteristics in faba beans. Wild relatives of faba bean were found to be more tolerant to cold than those of cultivated faba beans. Although some pigmented accessions were free from freezing damage at −9.6°C without snow cover, accessions with white flowers were damaged. The proposed screening technique could easily be used to evaluate many faba bean accessions for cold tolerance. To increase yield, it was concluded that the cold tolerant accessions with high yield could be grown as autumn-sown crop in the target environment.     

龙舌兰科二种观赏植物的病原真菌鉴定

调查鉴定了广州地区龙舌兰科观叶木本植物也门铁树[Dracaena arborea（Willdo）Link.]和象脚丝兰（Yucca elephantipes Regel ）上的11种真菌病害,其病原真菌分别为：可可球二孢（Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat.）、辣椒炭疽菌（Colletotrichum capsici Butler ＆ Bisby）、弯孢霉（Curvularia sp.）、围小丛壳[Glomerella cingulata（Stonem.） Spauld. et Schrenk]、龙舌兰小球腔菌（Leptosphaeria agaves Syd. et Butl.）、钝孢小球腔菌（L.obtusispora Speg.）、龙血树拟茎点霉（Phomopsis dracaenae Sahni）、龙血树生拟茎点霉（P.dracaenicola Z.D.Jiang, P.G. Xi et P.K. Chi）、丝兰拟茎点霉[P. yuccae（Cooke） Grove]和丝兰叶点霉（Phyllosticta yuccae Bissett）.其中,围小丛壳引起的也门铁树炭疽病和钝孢小球腔菌引起的象脚丝兰叶斑病发生普遍而严重.     

Sources of resistance to bacterial blight of stock (Matthiola incana R. Br.)

Summary Accessions ofM. tricuspidata (L.) R. Br.,M. aspera Boiss. andMatthiola longipetala (Vent.) DC. were tested for their reaction to bacterial blight of stock (M. incana R. Br.), caused byXanthomonas campestris pv.incanae. Potted plants were sprayed with bacterial cell suspension, adjusted to 10⁸ cells/ml. The tested accessions of the three species were found highly resistant, while control plants ofM. incana were severely infected. InterspecificF ₁ hybrid plants betweenM. incana andM. tricuspidata also exhibited high resistance to the disease. The implications and the expected difficulties in breeding stock for bacterial blight resistance are discussed. Contribution from the Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel. No 1235-E, 1993 series.