Plasma Prolactin during the Luteal Phase and Pregnancy in Non-Parturient and Parturient Blue Fox Vixens

Abstract

Plasma prolactin secretion during the luteal phase and pregnancy was studied in 11 mated but non-parturient and 26 parturient blue fox vixens. Prolactin was measured in blood plasma once or twice a week using a heterologous double-antibody radioimmunoassay. Data for all females were fitted with an animal model. In both groups of females, prolactin concentrations increased slowly during the early post mating period. For the parturient vixens the prolactin values increased further until parturition, whereas there was only a slight increase in the non-parturient vixens. Statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed in prolactin release between the non-parturient and parturient animals from day 36 after mating. A possible role of prolactin may exist in the luteotrophic complex maintaining pregnancy in blue fox vixens, because higher levels of plasma prolactin and progesterone appeared in the parturient vixens compared to the non-parturient during the second half of gestation.     

北极狐电刺激采精技术的研究

1995～ 1 997年北极狐配种期对 41只雄狐进行 97次电刺激采精试验 ,成功 96次 ,成功率 98 9%。雄狐用安定注射液和盐酸氯胺酮进行复合麻醉。电刺激采精器频率调至 2 0～ 30Hz;通、断电间隔时间 7s;电压由 2V开始 ,进行电刺激 ,每持续 30s后再升高 2V ,直至升到 30～ 32V公狐即可排精。所得到精液品质优良 ,采精后公狐食欲、精神均正常。     

低蛋白质饲粮中添加DL-蛋氨酸和赖氨酸对冬毛期蓝狐生产性能、氮平衡及毛皮质量的影响

本文旨在探讨低蛋白质饲粮中添加DL-蛋氨酸和赖氨酸对冬毛生长期蓝狐生长性能、氮平衡和毛皮质量的影响,并研究低蛋白质饲粮中蛋氨酸和赖氨酸的最适添加量.对照组饲粮蛋白质水平为27%(P27),低蛋白质饲粮蛋白质水平为19%(P19),选择健康的生长后期雄性蓝狐120只(17周龄左右),随机分成10组,每组12只.本试验采用3×3双因子交叉试验设计,有3个赖氨酸水平(0.3%、0.5%、0.7%)和3个含硫氨基酸水平(0.4%、0.6%、0.8%),试验组编号分别为P27、L1M1、L1M2、L1M3、L2M1、L2M2、L2M3、L3M1、L3M2和L3M3,饲养试验试验期为61 d(2007-10-12～2007-12-12).结果表明,如果考虑蓝狐平均日增重、日氮沉积、氮沉积率,0.6%的蛋氨酸水平最佳;如果考虑日氮沉积和毛皮质量,0.3%和0.5%的赖氨酸水平最佳;如果考虑氮的表观消化率、日粪氮排出量,0.3%的赖氨酸水平最佳;各处理蓝狐的毛皮质量与对照组差异不显著(P＞0.05).综合各项指标,L1M2 (0.3% Lys×0.6% Met)组蓝狐生产性能最佳;低蛋白质饲粮中添加蛋氨酸和赖氨酸不影响冬毛期蓝狐的生产性能;应用低蛋白质饲粮降低了排泄物中氮的含量,减轻了环境污染,节约了蛋白质资源.     

Experimental Encephalitozoonosis in the Blue Fox: Clinical,Serological and Pathological Examinations of Vixens after Oral and Intrauterine Inoculation

Inoculations of vixens with Encephalitozoon cuniculi (E. cuniculi), performed orally, either before or in the gestation period, or directly into the uterus at oestrus, induced clinical encephalitozoonosis in the offspring. The infection of the vixens, indicated by a general E. cuniculi antibody response, appeared to run a subclinical course. Endometritis was detected in some of the vixens when examined at the end of the trial. A temporary increase of total protein, albumin and globulin in the inoculated vixens compared to the controls was detected in the final 2 weeks of the gestation, concomitantly with the rise in humoral E. cuniculi antibody titres. The antibody levels appeared significantly higher in the group of vixens inoculated directly into the uterus than in the orally inoculated groups. Vixens exposed to the parasite seemed to possess a certain degree of acquired resistance to re-infection with the parasite when exposed in the following breeding season.     

银狐、蓝狐及貉松果体的形态及组织结构初步研究

银狐、蓝狐及貉松果体的形态位置相近。３ 种动物松果体的不同之处是：蓝狐松果体体积最大,细胞密度最小,毛细血管最丰富,银狐松果体毛细血管比貉多一些,细胞密度稍小,银狐松果体细胞核直径平均为５－２ μｍ ,蓝狐平均为４－６ μｍ ,貉平均为４－３ μｍ 。     

妊娠北极狐流产菌的分离与鉴定

从妊娠 35～ 50天的北极狐流产胎儿脏器中分离到一种革兰氏阴性杆菌 ,经培养特征、形态、生理生化、致病力测定 ,证实为鸡伤寒沙门氏菌 ,确定该菌为引起狐流产的病原菌     

Experimental Encephalitozoonosis in the Blue Fox: Transplacental Transmission of the Parasite

Spores of Encephalitozoon cuniculi were recovered from foetal and placental tissues from blue fox females orally inoculated with the parasite. The results provided evidence for transplacental transmission of the causative agent of fox encephalitozoonosis.     

Experimental Encephalitozoonosis in the Blue Fox: Neonatal Exposure to the Parasite

Newborn and young pups up to the age of 15 days were exposed to E. cuniculi, either by keeping the pups in cages together with orally inoculated foster-mothers and their offspring, or by oral inoculation with E. cuniculi spores. A majority of pups appeared sero-positive to E. cuniculi with the india-ink immuno-reaction from 35 to 87 days post exposure; spores of E. cuniculi were detected in organs of some of the animals. The non-inoculated pups kept together with the orally inoculated pups became seropositive from 49 to 129 days after the oral inoculations. However, the exposure of newborn and young pups failed to induce clinical encephalitozoo-nosis, and when killed at the time of pelting the body weights and fur quality appeared to be within the normal range in all exposed foxes. No macroscopic lesions were detected in the various organs. Histologically focal interstitial nephritis occurred in the great majority of the seropositive animals. Meningoencephalitis was seen in some of the foxes, whereas slightly thickened walls of some arteries, mainly in the myocardium, were found in a few animals. The lesions of the brain and kidneys seem to be very similar to those seen in chronic cases of rabbit encephalitozoonosis. Polyarteritis nodosa and severe encephalitis and interstitial nephritis with extensive proliferations of plasma cells, which are almost constant findings in cases of clinically diseased foxes, were not detected in any of the subclinically infected animals. Various factors that might be of significance in the pathogenesis of the disease are discussed, and it is concluded that intrauterine infection of the pups via the transplacental route appears to be an essential supposition for the establishment of clinical fox encephalitozoonosis.     

蓝狐化脓性子宫内膜炎的诊断与防治

通过对 4起蓝狐化脓性子宫内膜炎的临床症状、病理变化 ,进行病理学观察和病原分析 ,提出该病诊断要点和合理的防治方案。     

蓝狐卵母细胞的体内外成熟

对蓝狐卵母细胞成熟时间和超数排卵后卵母细胞的发育阶段进行了研究。采集间情期 (11～ 12月份 )蓝狐卵巢 ,用切割法回收卵泡中的卵母细胞 ,每个卵巢平均获得 8个卵丘卵母细胞复合体 (COCs:cumulus oocyte complexes,480个卵 / 6 0个卵巢 )。COCs在成熟液 (TCMI99+10 %FCS+10 μg/ L EGF+10 IU/ m L PMSG+10 IU/ m L h CG)培养 ,并在不同时间将卵母细胞固定、染色观察其成熟阶段。结果表明 ,核网期卵母细胞在培养前的比例为 80 .70 %(P<0 .0 1) ;GV期卵母细胞在培养 2 4h比例最高 (34 .0 4%,P<0 .0 1) ;GVBD期卵母细胞也是在培养 2 4h比例较高(4 4.6 8%,P<0 .0 5 ) ;M 期卵母细胞在培养 48～ 12 0 h比例较高 (P<0 .0 5 ) ,48h最高 (30 .0 0 %) ;M 期卵细胞在培养 72～ 96 h比例较高 (P<0 .0 5 ) ,72 h比例最高 (2 9.41%) ;卵母细胞在培养 12 0 h退化比例最高 (2 2 .2 2 %,P<0 .0 1)。因此 ,间情期卵母细胞体外培养 72～ 96 h为最佳。对繁殖季节 (3月份 )蓝狐进行超排处理 ,回收卵巢卵泡中卵母细胞及输卵管、子宫角的卵母细胞 ,固定、染色 ,观察其所处的发育阶段。母狐皮下注射 5 0 0 IU PMSG,48h后皮下注射 2 5 0 IU h CG,一组在 72 h后屠宰 ,结果表明 ,母狐卵巢体积虽然有所增大 ,但没有排卵 ,将卵泡中     

蓝狐多巴胺受体D2基因部分序列的克隆测序

对蓝狐多巴胺受体D2(dopamine receptor,DRD2)基因进行克隆测序,为进一步探讨蓝狐DRD2基因与自咬行为的相关分析及染色体定位提供理论基础。本试验参考狗的DRD2基因序列(GenBank登录号:AF293962.1)设计特异引物,对蓝狐的基因组进行PCR扩增、克隆和测序,并进行序列的同源性分析。试验获得蓝狐DRD2基因序列819 bp,其序列与家犬的同源性最高,达97%,而在水貂和人及小鼠这些哺乳动物的同源性为85%~91%。本研究成功克隆了蓝狐DRD2基因的部分序列,表明其在物种间具有较高的保守性。     

应激诱导对蓝狐自咬症及血清生化指标的影响

本研究模拟蓝狐在饲养管理过程中的不良环境,结合10种血清生化指标研究环境应激对蓝狐自咬症发生的影响。选用体重相近的健康蓝狐90只(公母各半),其中试验组60只,对照组30只。采用摇床、转移栋舍、限制、拥挤、饥饿、休息等6种不同的应激诱导方式对蓝狐进行应激诱导,结果显示,应激诱导持续30 d,试验组血清中GPT、ALP、GSH-Px和CAT活性极显著低于对照组(P＜0.01),MDA含量显著低于对照组(P＜0.05),SOD活性极显著高于对照组(P＜0.01);应激诱导60 d,ALP、CK、GSH-Px、CAT和MDA活性极显著高于对照组(P＜0.01),SOD活性极显著低于对照组(P＜0.01),GPT活性显著低于对照组(P＜0.05);GOT、LDH、GLU活性在整个应激诱导过程中没有显著差异(P＞0.05)。应激诱导组与对照组蓝狐自咬症发病率没有显著差异(P＞0.05),一般的环境应激对蓝狐自咬症的产生没有明显影响。     

Experimental Encephalitozoonosis in the Blue Fox: Clinical and Serological Examinations of Affected Pups

Two groups of blue fox pups about 1½— 2 and 2½—3 months old, respectively, suffering from experimental encephalitozoonosis, were examined clinically and serologically. Antibodies to Encephalitozoon cuniouli were detected in all pups, the titres varying within the range 10–12,800. In addition to unspecific signs of disease the pups showed various neurological disturbances including ataxia, posterior weakness, lameness and circling behaviour, terminaiting in recumbency, paralysis or convulsions. Reduced sight or blindness was observed occasionally. Some of the pups appeared thirsty. Haematological examinations revealed pronounced leukocytosis without any conspicuous shift within the various groups of leukocytes. Biochemical examinations of serum showed significant elevated values of urea nitrogen, creatinine, and magnesium concentrations, reflecting renal dysfunction. Alanine aminotransferase was found significantly depressed in both groups. Raised levels of total protein were demonstrated due to pronounced hyperglobulinaemia. This finding, together with the common occurrence of generalized polyarteritis nodosa and proliferations of plasma cells in clinically affected pups, is probably a result of autoimmune disturbances initiated directly or indirectly by the protozoan infection.     

重度联合免疫缺陷（SCID）小鼠排卵,胚胎发育能力及妊娠母体激素动态

为探讨先天性Ｔ－Ｂ淋巴细胞联合缺陷对生殖功能的影响,用正常ＢＡＬＢ／ｃ小鼠作对照,对重度联合免疫缺陷（ＳＣＩＤ）小鼠的排卵,胚胎（胎儿）发育能力及妊娠体外周血浆促黄体素（ＬＨ）和孕酮（Ｐ）水平的变化进行了研究。首先,观察了妊娠期、窝产仔数,发现ＳＣＩＤ小鼠大多在妊娠第２０天（检栓当天为第１天）凌晨分娩,平均窝产卫数为３．８６±１．６７）只,ＢＡＬＢ／Ｃ小鼠多在妊娠第２０天较晚或第２１天凌晨分娩,平     

孕酮在反刍动物早期妊娠中的免疫耐受作用

孕酮的内分泌调节与免疫功能对动物早期妊娠建立和维持十分重要。目前,在反刍动物生产中,胚胎丢失、早期流产等问题一直困扰着养殖户,而孕酮引起的免疫耐受机制还不很清楚。作者通过介绍孕酮的来源及作用方式、孕酮与机体免疫、孕酮介导妊娠免疫耐受等内容,阐述了孕酮在反刍动物早期妊娠中的免疫耐受作用,为孕酮在妊娠免疫耐受方面的研究提供理论参考。     

蓝狐消化道5-羟色胺和生长抑素免疫组化定位

采用免疫组织化学SP法.研究蓝狐消化道内5-羟色胺和生长抑素2种免疫阳性细胞的形态结构与分布密度.结果表明,消化道中这2种免疫阳性细胞形态多呈圆形、椭圆形或锥体形,主要集中分布在胃腺上皮、肠上皮及肠腺上皮细胞之间.5-HT免疫阳性细胞数量以结肠最多,直肠和空肠次之,胃底腺区、十二指肠、回肠和幽门腺区较少,食管、贲门腺区和盲肠中未见:SS免疫阳性细胞大量出现于幽门腺区,食管、责门腺区和盲肠中未见;根据其形态推测,蓝狐消化道这2种免疫阳性细胞有内、外2种分泌功能.     

不同水平脂肪对冬毛期蓝狐生产性能及消化代谢的影响

采用单因素随机试验设计,选择冬毛期蓝狐72只,随机分成4组(Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组),公母各半,分别饲喂在基础日粮中添加1%、4%、7%和10%豆油的4种试验饲粮,以探讨不同水平脂肪对冬毛期蓝狐生产性能和消化代谢的影响。结果表明:不同水平脂肪对日采食量和干物质消化率影响差异不显著(P>0.05);Ⅱ组的日增重高于其他组,Ⅱ组公狐的日增重显著高于Ⅲ组(P<0.05);Ⅱ组的料肉比低于其他组,其中Ⅱ组母狐的料肉比显著低于其他组(P<0.05)。公狐Ⅱ组的日食入氮显著高于Ⅰ组(P<0.05);日粪氮排出量各组间差异不显著(P>0.05);Ⅳ组公狐和母狐的日尿氮排出量分别显著(P<0.05)和极显著(P<0.01)高于其他组;Ⅱ组的日沉积氮、氮沉积率、氮表观消化率和氮生物学效价高于其他组,并且日沉积氮、氮沉积率和氮生物学效价显著(P<0.05)或者极显著(P<0.01)高于Ⅳ组。随着脂肪添加量的增加,蓝狐的食入脂肪量、脂肪消化率和可消化脂肪量也随之增加,达到了显著(P<0.05)或者极显著(P<0.01)的差异。母狐Ⅰ组的总胆固醇极显著地低于Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组(P<0.01);甘油三酯以Ⅲ组最低,公狐Ⅲ组的甘油三酯显著低于Ⅰ组和Ⅳ组(P<0.05),母狐Ⅲ组极显著低于其他组(P<0.01);对高密度脂蛋白胆固醇无影响(P>0.05);随着脂肪水平的提高,血清总蛋白呈现先升后降,公狐以Ⅱ组最高,Ⅰ组最低,两组之间差异极显著(P<0.01)。不同水平脂肪对冬毛期蓝狐的体长、干皮长、针毛长度和针毛直径的影响差异不显著(P>0.05),母狐Ⅱ组的绒毛长度极显著地高于Ⅳ组(P<0.01),公狐Ⅰ组的绒毛直径显著地高于Ⅲ组(P<0.05)。综合各项试验指标,冬毛期蓝狐日粮中添加4%的豆油效果较好。     

蓝狐MITF-M基因序列扩增及生物信息学分析

试验旨在研究蓝狐MITF-M基因核心启动子活性区、转录因子结合位点、基因编码蛋白结构及功能,为探究该基因的表达调控机制提供理论依据。从成年蓝狐背部皮肤组织中采集1 cm×1 cm样品,采用RT-PCR扩增及测序技术首次获得MITF-M基因序列3 880 bp（包括5'侧翼区2 262 bp、CDS区1 260 bp、3'侧翼区358 bp）,编码419个氨基酸残基。生物信息学分析结果显示,蓝狐MITF-M基因5'侧翼区存在潜在的启动子区域（-86~-336 bp）,且发现TATA框、CAAT框、GC框和CRE等调控元件及CREB、LSF和Sp1等多种转录因子。MITF-M基因编码的蛋白是定位于细胞核和细胞质的不稳定、可溶性亲水蛋白质。亚细胞定位结果提示该蛋白在细胞核、细胞质和线粒体的概率较高,分别为65.2%、17.4%和8.7%。DNAMAN软件对MITF-M基因编码蛋白的二级结构预测发现,该蛋白由α螺旋（33.66%）、β折叠（16.66%）和无规卷曲（49.68%）组成,且不存在跨膜区域和信号肽。蓝狐与其他物种MITF-M基因编码的氨基酸序列同源性对比和系统进化树分析均提示蓝狐与犬的遗传亲缘关系最近,与哺乳动物和禽类均具有较高的同源性（>89.1%）,说明MITF-M基因编码区在物种进化过程中较为保守。本研究为深入研究MITF-M基因调控狐狸被毛颜色的分子遗传机制奠定了理论基础。     

不同锌源对蓝狐生长及肝脏中锌铁含量的影响

为了考察在日粮中添加有机锌和无机锌对于蓝狐生长及肝脏中锌铁含量的影响。选取60日龄断乳蓝狐90只,于2007年8月2日~12月27日进行饲养试验。结果表明:在日粮中添加不同锌源的添加剂对于蓝狐生长及肝脏中锌铁含量的影响是不同的。与无机锌组比较,有机锌低剂量组和有机锌高剂量组在整个试验期的平均日增重分别提高了9.62%和12.67%,而且均差异显著(P<0.05);有机锌低剂量组与有机锌高剂量组之间的差异不显著(P>0.05)。有机锌低剂量组和有机锌高剂量组的肝脏中的锌含量比无机锌组分别提高了4.23%、15.15%,其中有机锌高剂量组极显著高于其他试验组(P<0.01),无机锌组与有机锌低剂量组的差异不显著(P>0.05)。有机锌低剂量组和有机锌高剂量组肝脏中铁的含量虽都比无机锌组略有提高,但差异均不显著(P>0.05)。     

使用PMSG、HCG调节繁殖末期母蓝狐发情和产仔效果的试验研究

为了提高乏情母狐的利用率,第1年对50只没有发情表现的青年母蓝狐同时一次注射PMSG200IU/只,5d后再注射HCG100IU/只,有42只出现明显发情症状并接受公狐爬跨,发情率84%。对发情母狐实施子宫内输精,结果无一产仔;第2年对50只非典型发情的青年母蓝狐同时一次注射PMSG200IU/只,5d后再注射HCG100IU/只,全部出现明显的发情症状并接受交配。对其实施子宫内输精3次,结果有24只产仔,产仔率48%。试验结果表明,在母狐繁殖末期,联合使用PMSG和HCG对没有发情表现的青年母蓝狐有促使其发情的作用,但不能使其产仔;对有发情表现但不明显的青年母蓝狐有促进其发情并能使其部分怀孕和产仔的作用。