草鱼细菌性烂鳃病病原菌的分离及其特异性卵黄抗体的初步研究

试验从患典型烂鳃病草鱼病变部位分离到1株柱状黄杆菌(FC-3株),采用0.4%甲醛灭活制成免疫原,接种健康120日龄桃源蛋鸡,收集鸡蛋并提纯卵黄抗体(IgY),并以此IgY为基础建立间接ELISA方法。结果:用FC-3株制备的IgY经初步提纯后电泳分离可见重链和轻链2条蛋白条带,获得了IgY多克隆抗体。建立的间接ELISA方法检测柱状黄杆菌纯培养液的检出限值为1×10^7cfu/mL,抗原包被最佳浓度和抗体最佳工作浓度分别为1∶100和1∶512,辣根过氧化物酶标记兔抗鸡IgY最佳工作浓度为1∶4000。结论:建立的间接ELISA方法对柱状黄杆菌有明显的检测特异性,与其他菌株无交叉反应,重复性好。     

盐碱池塘主养鲤鱼高产试验

不使用增氧机和增氧剂,池塘不换水,采用自制配合颗粒饲料,训练投饲,两口池塘主养丰鲤,生长期105d,亩产分别为560.2kg和556.5kg,出塘规格750g/尾和650g/尾,增重倍数18.8和16.3,饲料报酬1.8和2.0,亩纯利润871.8元,亩成本利润率达40.9％.     

姜黄素对草鱼肝损伤修复作用研究

为了考察姜黄素对草鱼肝损伤的修复作用,选用患有肝胆综合症草鱼为研究对象,以草鱼肝组织形态及血清生化指标为主要考察指标,进行了姜黄素的肝损伤修复作用初步研究.试验结果显示,姜黄素拌饲投喂7d后,给药组、对照药组与空白对照组相比,肝功能相关的生化指标(MDA、AST、ALT、LDH、T-SOD、CAT、GSH-PX)以及肝脏病理得到较为显著改善.结果表明,姜黄素对草鱼肝损伤具有一定的修复作用.     

氯霉素在草鱼和复合四倍体异育银鲫体内的比较药代动力学

研究并比较了给草鱼和复合四倍体异育银鲫（简称高倍体鲫鱼）单次腹腔注射氯霉素１００ｍｇ／ｋｇ后的药代动力学特征。采用ＨＰＬＣ测定血液中氯霉素的浓度。试验期间水温为（２０±２）℃。结果表明,氯霉素在这２种鱼体内的处置过程相似,均可用带一级吸收的二室开放模型进行描述;药物从腹腔吸收迅速,给药后分别在０．９２ｈ和０．６３ｈ血中浓度达到高峰,无吸收时滞;在草鱼和高倍体鲫鱼体内药物的ｔ１２β相近,分别为１１．９ｈ和１１．１ｈ,但体清除率（ＣｌＢ）相差较大;氯霉素在高倍体鲫鱼体内比在草鱼体内有更强的亲组织性,总表观分布容积（Ｖｄ）分别为２．０７和１．２０Ｌ／ｋｇ。     

椰子粕在草鱼配合饲料中的应用初步研究

<正>最近几年,饲料原料资源短缺,主要蛋白原料市场异常波动,价格一路攀升,尤其是鱼粉由于资源限制,供需矛盾越来越突出,价格持续攀升,价格已达1.3万元/吨以上,创下历史新高。同时,几乎平     

草鱼巨噬细胞的集结及相关的组织变化

给草鱼腹腔注射细微炭粒（墨汁）后不同时间取样,比较观察了草鱼胸腺、肝、脾、头肾和肾组织中巨噬细胞集结（ｍ ａｃｒｏｐｈａｇｅ ａｇｇｒｅｇａｔｉｏｎ , Ｍ Ａ）状况及相应组织的变化。结果表明,在头肾和脾组织中, Ｍ Ａ 的数量和体积均较肝和肾中的多而大,胸腺中所产生的 Ｍ Ａ 数量较肝和肾中的少,体积也小;注射墨汁后 １～３ 周内,在胸腺、头肾、肝和脾组织中, Ｍ Ａ 的数量和体积均有不同程度的增加,但在注射墨汁后第 ４ 周的肾组织中, Ｍ Ａ 的体积缩小而且密度降低,同时肾组织结构有逐渐恢复的趋势,可能是由于 Ｍ Ａ 分解后通过肾小球和肾小管排泄到膀胱或体外的缘故。对草鱼 Ｍ Ａ 的组织分布、排除等分析认为, Ｍ Ａ 可作为草鱼非特异细胞防御作用的解剖学和细胞学的一种生物标记。     

生小麦和膨化小麦在草鱼上饲喂效果的比较研究

汪福保,罗莉,李云,等.镁对草鱼生长和脂肪代谢的影响[J].动物营养学报,2010,22(1):93-99.

HILTON J W,ATKINSON J L.Response of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) to increased levels of available carbohydrate in practical trout diets[J].British Journal of Nutrition,1982,47:597-607.

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草鱼、鳊对南方几种牧草的适口性评价研究

研究了草鱼、鳊对南方山区主要高产优质牧草的最大摄食率及适口性,试验表明:冷季牧草品种中,草鱼对营养期黑麦草、鸡脚草的摄食率分别是74.03%、70.09%,显著高于紫花苜蓿,说明营养期黑麦草、鸡脚草的适口性明显好于紫花苜蓿.草鱼对暖季牧草甘薯叶、杂交狼尾草的摄食率最高,分别是61.98%、56.15%,与狗尾草33.76%差异显著,其他多数品种介于这二者之间.鳊对百喜草、杂交狼尾草和印度豇豆的摄食率最高,分别是61.13%、59.97%、61.68%,显著高于其他品种.试验期间草鱼、鳊都拒食串叶松香草.木质素、单宁物质等抗营养物质是影响草食性鱼类适口性的重要因素.鳊的适口性与草鱼有所区别,对于细茎或藤蔓较有韧性的牧草的摄食能力不如草鱼.     

一例獭兔兔瘟的诊断与治疗

兔瘟是由兔出血症病毒引起一种急性、热性、高度接触性、高度致死性传染病,发病迅速,传播猛烈,发病率及病死率很高,对养兔业危害甚大,造成巨大的经济损失。本文结合养殖场的实际案例,从该病的临床症状、剖检特征、诊断及防治措施等进行阐述,希望对该病预防和治疗的方法有所帮助。     

循环流水槽养殖草鱼与池塘精养草鱼营养品质比较

为了解循环流水槽养殖草鱼与池塘精养草鱼营养品质的差异,选取相同饲料源的循环流水槽养殖草鱼[平均体重:(723.89±71.54)g,平均体长:(340.86±8.88)mm]和池塘精养草鱼[平均体重:(680.35±155.13)g,平均体长:(334.00±21.40)mm]各12尾,测定形态指标与肌肉剪切力、质构特性、色泽以及常规营养成分、氨基酸、脂肪酸和矿物元素含量。结果显示:1)循环流水槽养殖草鱼的硬度、黏性、咀嚼性、回复性和剪切力均显著高于池塘精养草鱼(P<0.05)。2)循环流水槽养殖草鱼的肌肉水分含量显著低于池塘精养草鱼(P<0.05),肌肉粗脂肪含量低于池塘精养草鱼,但差异不显著(P>0.05),肌肉粗蛋白质和粗灰分含量均高于池塘精养草鱼,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。3)循环流水槽养殖草鱼的肌肉氨基酸总量(TAA)、必需氨基酸总量(TEAA)和呈味氨基酸总量(TDAA)高于池塘精养草鱼,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。循环流水槽养殖草鱼和池塘精养草鱼肌肉中TAA分别为77.11%和76.61%,TEAA和TDAA分别占TAA的40.87%和40.43%、46.10%和46.06%。4)循环流水槽养殖草鱼肌肉中不饱和脂肪酸(UFA)占脂肪酸总量的百分比(69.68%)高于池塘精养草鱼(68.44%),但差异不显著(P>0.05)。循环流水槽养殖草鱼和池塘精养草鱼肌肉中饱和脂肪酸(SFA)占脂肪酸总量的百分比分别为21.78%和18.58%,两者差异显著(P<0.05)。循环流水槽养殖草鱼肌肉中未检测到二十碳五烯酸(EPA),二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)含量为0.44%;池塘精养草鱼肌肉中EPA含量为0.10%,DHA含量为0.55%。5)循环流水槽养殖草鱼肌肉中钾、镁、铁、铜含量显著高于池塘精养草鱼(P<0.05),钠、锌显著低于池塘精养草鱼(P<0.05)。由此得出,循环流水槽养殖草鱼的营养品质总体上优于池塘精养草鱼。     

10个苏丹草品种在南方的生长表现

研究了10个苏丹草品种在我国南方的生长表现，结果表明参试的10个品种均能正常生长发育，其中以新苏2号苏丹草表现最好，供草期长，鲜草产量高，再生能力强，病虫害轻；其次为盐池苏丹草和奇台苏丹草；这三个品种适合在我国南方地区推广应用。     

Chitosan Influences the Expression of P-gp and Metabolism of Norfloxacin in Grass Carp

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the administration of chitosan (CTS), expression of permeability glycoprotein (P-gp), and the metabolism of norfloxacin (NOR) in Grass Carp Ctenopharyngodon idella. Fish were administrated with a single dose of either NOR, CTS, 1:5 NOR–CTS or 1:10 NOR–CTS. The P-gp expression was analyzed by immunohistochemistry and real time-PCR. The concentration of NOR was determined using HPLC. The mRNA and protein expression of P-gp in the fish intestine was significantly enhanced following a single dosage of 40 mg/kg NOR, and peak expression occurred at 3 h after drug administration (P < 0.05). A single dosage of both 1:5 NOR–CTS and 1:10 NOR–CTS reduced the intestinal P-gp expression to levels significantly lower than that from NOR alone (P < 0.05), but significantly higher than that from the control (P < 0.05). Interestingly, CTS alone also led to a slight decrease in P-gp expression. In addition, pharmacokinetic assays revealed a marked increase in area under the curve (AUC) of NOR with 1:5 and 1:10 NOR–CTS, by approximately 1.5-fold and threefold, respectively. Finally, the relative bioavailability of NOR after a single oral dosage of 1:5 and 1:10 NOR–CTS was enhanced to 148.02% and 304.98%, respectively. In this study, we demonstrated that the transmembrane glycoprotein P-gp regulates NOR metabolism in the intestine of Grass Carp, suggesting that NOR may be a direct substrate of P-gp. More importantly, we showed that CTS can inhibit P-gp expression in a dose-dependent manner and improve the relative bioavailability of NOR in this species.

Received August 25, 2014; accepted November 12, 2014     

鲫鱼、草鱼肠道吸收、转运酪氨酸和脯氨酸的研究

采用同位素示踪法和肠道离体灌流模型研究了鲫鱼和草鱼肠道对酪氨酸(Tyr)、脯氨酸(Pro)的吸收量、吸收速率、跨壁运输量与氨基酸灌流时间和灌流浓度的关系。结果表明:随着Tyr、Pro灌流浓度的增加,鲫鱼、草鱼肠道的吸收速率与其浓度均呈正相关关系。但鲫鱼对Tyr、Pro的吸收转运速度明显高于草鱼。随着鲫鱼、草鱼肠道内Tyr、Pro灌流的浓度逐渐下降,留存于其肠道的两种氨基酸的比例也随之下降,而通过肠道转运到肠道外的比例则逐渐增加,但草鱼转运到肠道外的比例极显著低于鲫鱼(P<0.01)。一般,鲫鱼肠道对Tyr、Pro的总吸收率随着灌流氨基酸浓度的下降而下降,草鱼肠道对Tyr总的吸收率随着灌流氨基酸浓度的下降而呈上升趋势。对Pro的总吸收率以5mmol.L-1组(8.14%)最高。且鲫鱼对Tyr、Pro的总吸收率低于草鱼相应的氨基酸浓度组。     

荆州地区草鱼生长状况及血清生化指标参考值的初步探讨

选取湖北省荆州地区池塘养殖草鱼,针对其生长、生物学特性及12项血清生化指标进行了检测,这将对草鱼血清生化指标参考值的建立以及健康养殖和调控,具有一定的参考意义。由于影响动物血清生化指标的因素较多,该试验中草鱼样本数相对较少,在今后的研究中尚需加大样本量进行更深入的探讨。     

HPLC检测草鱼组织中阿维菌素和伊维菌素的多残留

建立了草鱼肌肉(包括皮)中阿维菌素和伊维菌素的多残留检测方法.样品用乙腈提取,正己烷脱脂净化,多拉菌素作内标,经1-甲基咪唑和三氟乙酸酐的乙腈溶液在室温下避光衍生化并在甲醇中水解后,进行HPLC-FLD检测分析.结果表明,阿维菌素和伊维菌素在5～100 ng/g范围内具有良好线性,检测限分别为1.0 ng/g和1.2 ng/g,定量限分别为3.4 ng/g和4.0 ng/g,日间提取回收率分别为96.42%～103.10%和94.23%～101.76%,日内和日间变异系数分别小于4.37%、6.82%和6.73%、8.84%.该方法高效、灵敏、简便,其灵敏度、回收率和重现性等符合有关兽药残留检测要求,可用于草鱼肌肉中阿维菌素和伊维菌素的多残留检测.     

Changes in Total Protein and Transaminase Activities of Grass Carp Exposed to Diquat

Abstract

Total protein in plasma and muscle of grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella was significantly lower (P < 0.05) in fish exposed to 53.0 mg diquat/L than in fish exposed to 2.0 mg diquat/L. Generally, total protein in fish exposed to 2.0 mg diquat/L was not significantly different from total protein in control fish (0.0 mg diquat/L) throughout 168 h of exposure. Aspartate aminotransferase (=glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase; GOT) activities increased significantly in plasma, muscle, and liver of fish exposed to 53.0 mg diquat/L. However, in fish exposed to 2.0 mg diquat/L, plasma and liver GOT decreased significantly. Alanine aminotransferase (=glutamicpyruvic transaminase; GPT) activities increased significantly in plasma and liver of fish exposed to 53.0 mg diquat/L, whereas there was no change in fish exposed to 2.0 mg diquat/L.     

草鱼脂酰辅酶A合成酶4基因全长cDNA分子克隆及表达调控

本试验采用反转录PCR(RT-PCR)技术克隆草鱼脂酰辅酶A合成酶4(ACSL4)基因全长cDNA,利用实时荧光定量PCR技术研究ACSL4基因在草鱼大脑、心脏、脾脏、肝胰脏、肌肉、肾脏、肠系膜脂肪、前肠、中肠、后肠10种组织中的表达情况,并对投喂不同淀粉源饲料以及饥饿再投喂0、3、6、12和24 h后草鱼肝胰脏中ACSL4基因表达情况进行研究。结果显示:草鱼ACSL4基因cDNA全长2 418 bp,其开放阅读框2 121 bp,共编码706个氨基酸;草鱼ACSL4蛋白的氨基酸序列包含1个跨膜结构域、1个脂肪酸绑定基序和1个ATP/AMP绑定基序。草鱼ACSL4 mRNA在大脑和脾脏中相对表达量较高,显著高于其他组织(P <0.05),在肌肉中相对表达量最低;投喂不同淀粉源饲料对草鱼肝胰脏中ACSL4 mRNA相对表达量无显著影响(P>0.05);饥饿再投喂12 h后,草鱼肝胰脏中ACSL4 mRNA相对表达量达到最高值,显著高于其他时间段(P<0.05),24 h后恢复至最初水平。本试验从草鱼10种混合组织中克隆了ACSL4基因全长cDNA,其所编码的氨基酸序列的主要功能性位点脂肪酸绑定基序和ATP/AMP绑定基序在不同物种间高度保守;草鱼ACSL4基因主要在大脑和脾脏中表达;饲料中淀粉源对草鱼肝胰脏中ACSL4基因的表达无显著影响;在饥饿再投喂12 h后,草鱼肝胰脏中ACSL4 mRNA相对表达量达到最高值,随后显著下降至最初水平。     

Triploid Grass Carp Susceptibility and Potential for Disease Transfer when used to Control Aquatic Vegetation in Reservoirs with Avian Vacuolar Myelinopathy

Abstract

Avian vacuolar myelinopathy (AVM) is an often-lethal neurologic disease that affects waterbirds and their avian predators (i.e., bald eagles Haliaeetus leucocephalus) in the southern United States. Feeding trials and field surveys provided evidence that AVM is caused by a toxin-producing, undescribed cyanobacterium (UCB), which grows as an epiphyte on the leaves of submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV). Reservoirs with documented AVM epornitics support dense growth of nonnative SAV. Waterbirds ingest the toxin when feeding on aquatic plants with the epiphytic UCB, and secondary intoxication occurs when raptors consume these birds. Vegetation management has been proposed as a means to reduce waterbird exposure to the putative toxin. We fed aquatic vegetation with and without the UCB to triploid Grass Carp Ctenopharyngodon idella in laboratory and field trials. Only Grass Carp that ingested aquatic vegetation with the UCB developed lesions in the central nervous system. The lesions (viewed using light microscopy) appeared similar to those in birds diagnosed with AVM. Grass Carp that received aquatic vegetation without the UCB were unaffected. Grass Carp tissues from each treatment were fed to domestic chickens Gallus domesticus (an appropriate laboratory model for AVM) in a laboratory trial; the chickens displayed no neurologic signs, and histology revealed a lack of the diagnostic lesions in brain tissues. Results from our trials suggest that (1) triploid Grass Carp are susceptible to the AVM toxin, although no fish mortalities were documented; and (2) the toxin was not accumulated in Grass Carp tissues, and the risk to piscivorous avifauna is likely low. However, a longer exposure time and analysis of sublethal effects may be prudent to further evaluate the efficacy and risk of using triploid Grass Carp to manage aquatic vegetation in a system with frequent AVM outbreaks.

Received December 3, 2012; accepted August 2, 2013     

鲫鱼、草鱼肠道吸收、转运酪氨酸和脯氨酸的研究

采用同位素示踪法和肠道离体灌流模型研究了鲫鱼和草鱼肠道对酪氨酸（Tyr）、脯氨酸（Pro）的吸收量、吸收速率、跨壁运输量与氨基酸灌流时间和灌流浓度的关系。结果表明：随着Tyr、Pro灌流浓度的增加，鲫鱼、草鱼肠道的吸收速率与其浓度均呈正相关关系。但鲫鱼对Tyr、Pro的吸收转运速度明显高于草鱼。随着鲫鱼、草鱼肠道内Tyr、Pro灌流的浓度逐渐下降，留存于其肠道的两种氨基酸的比例也随之下降，而通过肠道转运到肠道外的比例则逐渐增加，但草鱼转运到肠道外的比例极显著低于鲫鱼（P〈0．01）。一般，鲫鱼肠道对Tyr、Pro的总吸收率随着灌流氨基酸浓度的下降而下降，草鱼肠道对Tyr总的吸收率随着灌流氨基酸浓度的下降而呈上升趋势。对Pro的总吸收率以5mmol．L^-1组（8．14％）最高。且鲫鱼对Tyr、Pro的总吸收率低于草鱼相应的氨基酸浓度组。