1994—2009年我国部分地区37株鸡传染性支气管炎病毒S蛋白基因序列分析

对自1994—2009年从我国5省区免疫鸡群中分离到的37株传染性支气管炎病毒(IBV)的S蛋白基因序列进行分析,发现S1基因序列存在广泛的氨基酸替换、缺失和插入现象,大部分IBV分离株S1基因的推导氨基酸序列变异主要集中在60～63、73～74、97、128、282～299位等。S2基因较为保守,主要在裂解位点后的2～47、122～152位发生氨基酸的替换,可见IBV S基因的不断变异可能是造成本试验所调查的5省区免疫鸡群IB频发的重要原因。遗传进化分析发现本试验所调查地区近十多年来肾型毒株仍是主要流行株,没有或少有4/91型毒株流行。所调研地区鸡的腺胃炎持续广泛地发生,但是从临床腺胃病料中很少分离到IBV,可见IBV不太可能是引起腺胃炎的主要病原。     

猪圆环病毒2型江苏分离株的遗传进化分析

采用PCR方法扩增了15个猪圆环病毒2型（PCV 2）江苏分离株的基因组DNA,以这些毒株的ORF2核苷酸序列进行遗传进化分析。经序列比较发现,所有分离株均属于2b基因群,其中7株为1A/1B亚群、8株为1C亚群;毒株间核苷酸同源性为93.6%~100%,所编码的Cap蛋白氨基酸同源性为92.3%~100%。PCV 2江苏分离株Cap蛋白的主要变异区域为53~90、121~151和190~210位氨基酸;R59、R89、S90、S121、T134、S169、A190、E210为1A/1B亚群分离株的特征氨基酸,而F8、I53、N68、L89、T90、T121、N134、R169、D210、I215、K234则是1C亚群分离株的特征氨基酸。     

传染性法氏囊病病毒变异株主要免疫原基因cDNA的克隆及鉴定

采用反转录－聚合酶链反应（ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ），从１株传染性法氏囊病病毒（ＩＢＤＶ）本地分离株ＧＺ９０２中扩增到编码ＩＢＤＶ主要免疫蛋白ＶＰ２的ｃＤＮＡ片断，大小约为１３５０ｂｐ。将该ｃＤＮＡ片断插入ｐＢｓＫ质粒中，用重组质粒转化大肠杆菌ＸＬ１－Ｂｌｕｅ，成功获得重组质粒转化菌。对重组质粒ＤＮＡ进行酶切鉴定，证明插入的ＤＮＡ片断与ＰＣＲ扩增的ＤＮＡ片段大小相符。对ＧＺ９０２高可变区进行了序列分析。其核苷酸序列与３株ＩＢ－ＤＶ变异株Ａ、ＧＬＳ、Ｅ的同源性分别达到９８．９％，９６．２％和９５．５％。而与其他Ⅰ型毒株的同源性较低。比较从ＤＮＡ序列推导出的氨基酸序列，发现ＧＺ９０２高可变区的两个亲水区均发生了一个氨基酸的变化，而在２４９和２５４位上的氨基酸分别为Ｋ和Ｓ，与以上３个变异株相同，但与所有标准Ⅰ型毒株不同。这两个氨基酸可以作为ＩＢＤＶ变异株的标志。     

Isolation and characterization of immunoglobulin binding proteins from Staphylococcus intermedius and Staphylococcus hyicus.

125-I-IgG binding activities were observed with 15 (17%) of 90 S. intermedius isolates from dogs and 39 (95%) of 41 S. hyicus isolates from pigs. Binding activities were not detected with S. hyicus isolates from cows. The IgG binding proteins of 2 S. intermedius, 2 S. hyicus, and protein A from S. aureus Cowan I were isolated from their cell surfaces. The proteins precipitated with IgG preparations from human, rabbit, pig, dog and horse, but not with IgG from cow, mouse and chicken. This indicated that these IgG binding proteins could be classified as type I receptors. In addition, the isolated proteins from all 3 staphylococcal species precipitated with polyclonal chicken anti-protein A antiserum. SDS-PAGE, Western blotting and gel isoelectric focussing of the proteins revealed numerous bands in the 42,000 D range and acid isoelectric points. The isoelectric point of the isolated proteins from both S. intermedius cultures was slightly more acidic than those from S. hyicus and S. aureus. The present results indicate a close functional and antigenic similarity, if not identity, between IgG binding proteins of S. intermedius and S. hyicus, and protein A of S. aureus.     

Purification and characterization of protease produced by Staphylococcus aureus isolated from a diseased chicken.

A protease produced by Staphylococcus aureus, isolated from a chicken suffering from dermatitis, was purified by successive precipitation with ammonium sulfate, ion-exchange chromatography on Q-Sepharose FF, Sp-Sepharose FF and Mono-Q columns. By Mono-Q column chromatography, two proteases (protease 1 and 2) were obtained. The molecular weights of protease 1 and 2 were estimated at 23.1 and 22.7 kDa, respectively, by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Their isoelectric points were 5.85 and 5.55, respectively, and they possessed antigenic similarity when examined by the immunoblotting. The N-terminal amino acid sequences of both the proteases were identical (RAQYVNQLKNFKIRETQ). The activities of both the proteases were strongly increased by reducing agents such as L-cysteine and sodium thioglycolate. Their activity was inhibited by thiol protease inhibitors, but was not inhibited by metalloprotease or serine protease inhibitors. From the results, it seems likely that these proteases, produced by S. aureus from diseased chickens, might belong to the thiol protease group.     

Variation of the agr locus in Staphylococcus aureus isolates from cows with mastitis

Staphylococcus aureus isolates from mastitic cow's milk were examined for production of alpha-hemolysin and protein A and their accessory gene regulator (agr locus) was analyzed. An inverse relationship between alpha-hemolysin and protein A production was found in most of the 76 isolates, suggesting that the isolates tested may be classified into group I (high alpha-hemolysin/low protein A), II (low alpha-hemolysin/high protein A), or III (low alpha-hemolysin/low protein A). The agr locus, which consists of hld, agrB, agrD, agrC, and agrA, was detected in most of the 78 isolates including two reference strains (Wood 46 and Cowan I) by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). When the PCR products for agr locus of 22 isolates from groups I and II were digested with restriction enzyme MboI, seven bands of the expected lengths were recognized in strain Wood 46, but not in the other isolates tested. Nucleotide sequence analysis of PCR products from six isolates revealed that the agr locus sequence of strain Wood 46 corresponded to that of the published sequence data, but the other five isolates from groups I and II diverged at agrB and agrD sequences and thus the deduced amino acid sequences. These variations of agr locus in S. aureus bovine isolates differed from those reported by Ji et al. [Science 276 (1997) 2027].     

金黄色葡萄球菌胞外分泌蛋白的核酸酶活性研究

为研究金黄色葡萄球菌胞外分泌蛋白的核酸酶活性,本研究复苏培养金黄色葡萄球菌后取培养上清液,采用透析得到金黄色葡萄球菌胞外分泌蛋白,结果显示获得的该蛋白浓度为48.5μg/mL。采用琼脂糖凝胶电泳法、琼脂扩散法和琼脂培养法检测金黄色葡萄球菌胞外分泌蛋白的核酸酶活性,利用琼脂糖凝胶电泳法探究温度、pH、金属离子对核酸酶活性的影响。结果显示,金黄色葡萄球菌胞外分泌蛋白表现出降解λDNA的核酸酶活性,且最适温度和pH值分别为50℃和9.0,在低温和酸性条件下核酸酶的活性较弱,但胞外核酸酶对70℃以上的耐受性较差。不同浓度的Ba^2+、Mg^2+和Zn^2+对胞外分泌蛋白的核酸酶活性无影响;低浓度(0.01 mmol/L^1 mmol/L)的Ca^2+、Ni^2+、Cu^2+和Mn^4+可以促进胞外核酸酶切割λDNA的活性;高浓度的Na^+、K^+和Fe^3+可以提高胞外核酸酶切割λDNA的活性;添加Co^2+(0.01 mmol/L^10 mmol/L)可以促进胞外分泌蛋白的核酸酶活性。本研究证实了金黄色葡萄球菌胞外分泌蛋白的核酸酶活性,为进一步研究胞外分泌蛋白在金黄色葡萄球菌和宿主互作中的确切作用奠定了基础。     

金黄色葡萄球菌IsdD基因的克隆与表达

金黄色葡萄球菌是一种重要的人畜致病菌,IsdD属于金黄色葡萄球菌Isd系统中的重要成员。本研究根据GenBank报道的金黄色葡萄球菌IsdD基因序列设计一对特异性引物,以金黄色葡萄球菌基因组DNA为模板扩增出目的片段IsdD,将其用NcoⅠ和XhoⅠ双酶切后连接到载体pET32a(+)上,构建重组质粒pET32a(+)-IsdD。序列分析结果显示,目的基因序列与网上的IsdD序列相比核苷酸序列和氨基酸序列同源性均在98%以上。将鉴定正确的重组质粒转化到大肠杆菌E.coli BL21中并成功诱导表达出大小为61.3 ku的蛋白,这为下一步研究IsdD蛋白的结构和功能奠定了良好基础。     

Protein A in Staphylococcus intermedius isolates from dogs and cats

The presence and quantity of extracellular and cell-bound protein A of Staphylococcus intermedius isolates from dogs and cats were determined, using an enzyme-linked immunoglobulin-binding assay. Horseradish peroxidase-conjugated rabbit anti-bovine immunoglobulin G purified by affinity chromatography was reacted with whole cell and supernatant fractions of S intermedius (n = 139), a protein A-producing strain of S aureus, and a protein A-deficient strain of S epidermidis. Extracellular protein A was found in 118 (84.9%) of 139 isolates of S intermedius. Most (69/118; 58.5%) of these isolates produced greater than 0.2 micrograms of extracellular protein A/ml. Cell-bound protein A was found in 6 (4.3%) of 139 isolates. Only 1 of these isolates contained cell-bound protein A exclusively. The other 5 isolates produced significantly greater amounts of extracellular protein A than cell-bound protein A. Additionally, greater than 96% of extracellular protein A could be removed from supernatants by adsorption with agarose gel containing immunoglobulin G.     

一株乳源松鼠葡萄球菌ExhC基因的克隆及序列分析

松鼠葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus sciuri,S.sciuri)是引起奶牛乳房炎(Cow Mastitis)的病原菌之一,其主要致病因子是该菌产生的脱皮毒素C(Exfoliative Toxin C,ExhC)。为了深入了解该基因的分子特征,本试验对从乳房炎患牛牛乳中分离的一株松鼠葡萄球菌ExhC基因(Genbank登录号:MT845354)进行了克隆及序列分析。按GenBank收录的ExhC基因设计并合成引物,利用PCR对ExhC基因进行扩增,并对扩增后的ExhC基因进行测序及分析。结果表明,松鼠葡萄球菌ExhC基因的开放阅读框序列长度为837bp,共编码278个氨基酸。通过Blast模块对ExhC基因进行同源性分析,得到5株相似序列,与ExhC基因序列相比同源性均为99.04%。系统进化树图指示该基因与其余五株相似序列属于不同的分支,遗传距离较远。利用TMHMM对松鼠葡萄球菌ExhC基因837bp序列跨膜区进行预测,结果显示ExhC蛋白的第1~277位氨基酸在细胞膜外,5~25位氨基酸所在位置为跨膜区。通过ExhC氨基酸序列分析和ExhC蛋白二级结构、三级结构预测,推断第97位氨基酸插入Asn以及其他位点氨基酸的突变可能会导致松鼠葡萄球菌功能区变化和毒株毒力的相对变化,这将给松鼠葡萄球菌致病机理的研究奠定基础。     

奶牛乳房炎金黄色葡萄球菌小菌落突变株的表型鉴定及其遗传基础分析

金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)是导致奶牛乳房炎的主要病原菌,其在抗菌药物的作用下可形成小菌落突变株(small colony variants,SCVs)。为了探讨牛源性金黄色葡萄球菌在表型转变过程中的遗传基础,对临床分离的奶牛乳房炎金黄色葡萄球菌野生型及其SCV、人工诱导的SCV、临床SCV的表型回复株进行了相关特性及基因组序列的分析。结果发现:金黄色葡萄球菌的SCV和野生型差异显著,野生型菌株在庆大霉素及磺胺甲噁唑/甲氧苄啶(SXT)的诱导下绝大多数产生甲萘醌缺陷型SCV,仅有1株经SXT诱导产生的SCV为胸腺嘧啶核苷(胸苷)缺陷型。菌株基因与表型之间存在明显关联,与野生型基因组相比,临床SCV均显示喹啉/醌代谢相关基因menA的碱基缺失,可能导致蛋白表达提前终止。庆大霉素诱导的SCV在基因menB处出现碱基位点突变;SXT诱导的SCV在代谢相关基因MW1485和aroA处分别出现基因片段的缺失和插入。回复株可能通过在代谢相关基因menA二次突变来恢复功能。本研究首次利用全基因组测序技术分析牛源性金黄色葡萄球菌SCV表型改变的遗传基础,有助于对奶牛乳房炎金黄色葡萄球菌SCV产生更深入的理解。     

Cloning of swine desmoglein 1 and its direct proteolysis by Staphylococcus hyicus exfoliative toxins isolated from pigs with exudative epidermitis

Exudative epidermitis (EE) is an acute, often fatal skin disease of piglets caused by Staphylococcus hyicus. Clinical and histopathological manifestations of EE are similar to those of staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome (SSSS), a human blistering skin disease, in which exfoliative toxins produced by Staphylococcus aureus digest the extracellular domains of desmoglein (Dsg) 1 and cause loss of epidermal cell-cell adhesion. The aims of this study were to isolate and characterize cDNA for full length of swine Dsg1, and to determine whether the extracellular domains of swine Dsg1 produced by baculovirus (sDsg1-His) could be digested by four isoforms of exfoliative toxin produced by S. hyicus (ExhA, ExhB, ExhC and ExhD). Nucleotide sequencing revealed that swine Dsg1 cDNA consisted of an open reading frame of 3138 bp, encoding a precursor protein of 1045 amino acids. Deduced amino acid sequence of the swine Dsg1 precursor were highly homologous to corresponding bovine, canine, human and murine sequences. Immunoadsorption assay with a secreted form of sDsg1-His revealed that sDsg1-His specifically absorbs the immunoreactivity of 10 human pemphigus foliaceus sera against swine keratinocyte cell surfaces, suggesting its proper conformation. When sDsg1-His was incubated in vitro with Exhs, all four isoforms of Exh directly digested sDsg1-His into smaller peptides, whereas removal of calcium from sDsg1-His completely inhibited its proteolysis by these four Exhs. Recognition and digestion of calcium-stabilized structure on the extracellular domains of swine Dsg1 by Exhs indicated that EE shares similar molecular pathophysiological mechanisms of intra-epidermal splitting with SSSS in humans.     

The influence of extracellular and phagolysosomal pH changes on the bactericidal activity of bovine neutrophils against Staphylococcus aureus

The influence of the pH of suspending medium on bovine neutrophil (PMN) function was assessed in tests of phagocytosis and killing of Staphylococcus aureus. Intracellular killing was markedly inhibited by moderate extracellular acidification whereas phagocytosis was little affected, except at the lowest pH level (pH 5.0). The killing of S. aureus by extracts of isolated PMN lysosomal granules showed a similar pH dependence and was optimal at pH levels above neutrality. Survival of S. aureus within PMN from different cows varied significantly and the relative differences in PMN bactericidal efficiency were maintained at all pH levels. The acidification of extracellular medium during incubation which resulted from metabolic activity of the PMN themselves, increased with increasing ratios of bacteria:PMN and varied significantly among cows. Addition of methylamine (10 mM) to elevate phagolysosomal pH inhibited phagocytosis and had no effect on intracellular survival of S. aureus. However, a lower concentration (1.5 mM) did not affect phagocytosis, but reduced bacterial survival without altering the relative differences in efficiency of PMN from different cows. It is suggested that the acidity of the extracellular medium may both reflect and influence the pH changes occurring within PMN phagosomes and, thereby, modulate the efficiency of intracellular destruction of S. aureus.     

Capsid Protein Genetic Analysis and Viral Spread to the Spinal Cord in Cats Experimentally Infected with Feline Calicivirus (FCV)

We investigated primitively the molecular basis of the neural spread of a feline calcivirus isolate (FCV-S) from the spinal cord of a cat that died after manifesting excitation. Experimental infections of cats with three clones from parent virus isolate FCV-S, isolated based on plaque size, were performed, and virus recovery from the spinal cord and the nucleotide and predicted amino acid sequences of the viral capsid protein region (ORF2) were compared. In the experimental infection with the one-time cloned virus (C1L1) isolated from a large plaque, the C1L1 was recovered from the spinal cord. In contrast, seven-times cloned C6L7 (from large plaque) and five-times cloned C5S2 (isolated from small plaque) were not recovered from the spinal cord. Genetic analysis of the capsid protein gene of the three viral clones revealed that four bases were different and two amino acids were different at positions 34 (Val in C6L7 and Ala in C1L1 and C5S2) and 46 (Leu in C6L7 and Pro in C1L1 and C5S2) between C6L7 (with large plaque) and C5S2 (with small plaque). The amino acid at position 434 of C1L1 was different from those of C6L7 and C5S2 (Gly in C1L1, D (Asp) in C6L7 and C5S2). From these results, the plaque size seemed not to be related to the spread of virus to the spinal cord. Clone C1L1, which spread to the spinal cord, had a difference of one amino acid from the other two clones, which may be related to the ability to spread to the spinal cord.     

复方“连黄”对金黄色葡萄球菌耐药基因femA的影响

采用聚合酶链式反应（PCR）扩增金黄色葡萄球菌耐药基因femA；通过耐药基因失活试验，研究了中药复方“连黄”对金黄色葡萄球菌耐药基因femA的影响，探讨了中药“连黄”降低金黄色葡萄球菌对β-内酰胺类药物耐药性的作用机理。结果显示，中药“连黄”作用前后金黄色葡萄球菌的耐药基因femA在23～72碱基区发生较大改变，对应的氨基酸序列也发生改变，从而导致femA基因失活。     

J亚群禽白血病病毒安徽分离株的鉴定及其gp85基因序列分析

从安徽省的黄羽肉鸡和罗曼蛋鸡中各分离鉴定出1株J亚群禽白血病病毒,克隆获得了2条相应的gp85基因序列,并与参考毒株进行序列比对。结果表明,两分离毒株与J亚群参考毒株同源性为82.1%~99.4%,分离毒株之间同源性为85.4%。其中肉鸡分离毒株与J亚群原型毒株HPRS-103同源性为97.1%,与J亚群国内毒株SD09TA04、SDYC02J同源性均为99.4%;蛋鸡分离毒株与HPRS-103的同源性为89.0%,与SD09TA04和SDYC02J同源性仅为88.6%。两分离毒株的gp85氨基酸序列出现突变和缺失,在高变区hr1、hr2变异明显。进化分析进一步表明,2个分离毒株亲缘关系较远,可能来源于不同的原始病毒株。     

副猪嗜血杆菌OmpA抗原表位预测、克隆及表达

运用生物信息学软件DNAStar对副猪嗜血杆菌S4型OmpA的二级结构、表面特性及抗原表位等进行分析，联合重组抗原表位基因片段，并对其进行密码子改造，人工合成改造后的基因片段。将其插入pET-32a构建重组表达载体pETpA，转化大肠杆菌BL21（DE3），进行诱导表达、鉴定及纯化。结果显示，OmpA胞外段的抗原表位分布于40～61、94～108、138～148、193～214氨基酸残基。重组后的表位基因序列与理论设计序列完全一致，表达产物为28000大小的融合蛋白且其能与兔抗Hpss4型多抗血清特异性地反应。融合蛋白经过柱纯化并经脱盐处理后质量浓度为4～40g／L。结果表明，成功构建表达OmpA多抗原表位的重组质粒pET—pA，并对融合蛋白进行分离纯化，为单克隆抗体的制备、检测方法的建立及疫苗的研制奠定了基础。     

Prevalence and mechanism of antimicrobial resistance in Staphylococcus aureus isolates from diseased cattle, swine and chickens in Japan

Antimicrobial administration is essential for the control and treatment of diseases in animals, but the emergence and prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is a significant concern during animal production. Here we investigated the antimicrobial susceptibility of S. aureus from diseased food-producing animals and molecularly characterized the methicillin-resistant and fluoroquinolone-resistant isolates. A total of 290 S. aureus isolates obtained from cattle (n=246), swine (n=16), and chickens (n=28) between 2003 and 2009 were examined for antimicrobial susceptibility against 9 antimicrobials using an agar dilution method. Resistance to penicillin (PC) was most frequently found (24.8%), followed by oxytetracycline (OTC, 10.0%), dihydrostreptomycin (4.1%), erythromycin (EM, 3.1%), enrofloxacin (ERFX, 2.1%), and kanamycin (1.7%). The PC resistance rate was significantly higher in swine than in cattle (P<0.01) and chickens (P<0.01). The resistance rates to OTC, EM and ERFX were significantly higher in swine and chickens than in cattle (P<0.05). Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) was recovered from milk derived from a cow with mastitis in 2003; sequence type 8, SCCmec type IV and spa type t024. In the six ERFX-resistant strains isolated after 2003, amino acid substitutions in ParC with/without GyrA were detected. As the prevalence of MRSA and FQ-resistant S. aureus in the animals should be noticed, continuous monitoring is necessary to control resistance to clinically important antimicrobials in S. aureus from food-producing animals.     

广东省4株PCV2型分离株全基因组进化分析

【目的】了解目前广东省猪圆环病毒2型(Porcine circovirus type 2,PCV2)分离株的基因型和进化特征,为广东省PCV2防控及疫苗株的筛选提供参考依据。【方法】运用PCR方法将4份鉴定为PCV2阳性样品进行PCV2全基因组序列扩增、测序及遗传进化分析;利用MegAlign软件对4株PCV2广东分离株ORF2氨基酸序列与国内外参考毒株进行关键位点氨基酸变异分析;应用DNAStar中Protean软件的Jameson-Wolf方法对4株PCV2广东分离株ORF2基因编码的Cap蛋白与4株疫苗株进行抗原指数预测分析。【结果】测序结果表明,4株PCV2广东分离株序列长度均为1 767 bp。遗传进化树结果表明,4株分离株均属于PCV2d基因型,且核苷酸相似性在97.7%～99.1%之间,与国内外54株参考毒株相似性在91.7%～99.8%之间,其中与PhuTho/G40312/2018株(Viet Nam,登录号：LC602996)、QZ1410株(江苏,登录号：MG732832)、GXBB1501211株(广西,登录号：MH756609)亲缘关系最为接近。关键氨基酸位点...