海拔对毛竹生长和竹林结构的影响研究

海拔梯度是影响植物生长的重要因素。为了解海拔对毛竹生长和竹林结构的影响,对江西省贵溪2个海拔的毛竹林年龄结构、整齐度和均匀度等生长情况进行调查。结果表明:海拔对毛竹生长具有一定影响,对竹高影响显著。低海拔和高海拔毛竹平均胸径分别为10.84,10.99cm;平均竹高分别为13.53,12.35m;立竹度分别为2 525.00,2 829.27株/hm2;海拔改变了毛竹林年龄结构,并对各龄竹胸径和竹高生长产生了影响。海拔对竹林整齐度和均匀度影响显著,随着海拔升高,整齐度和均匀度增加。毛竹生长和竹林结构在海拔上产生了分异,主要受气候、地形和人为因素的影响。     

毛竹丰产林建园技术

目前 ,毛竹已成为我国南方重要的优质造纸材原料林、经济林以及园林绿化的多用途树种 ,故发展毛竹 ,前景广阔。现将毛竹丰产林建园技术介绍如下 :1　园址选择影响毛竹生长发育的主要生态因子是气候、地形、土壤和水分等因素。1.1　气候条件气候是影响毛竹生存的主导因子。毛竹适宜生长在长江以南至南岭以北地区。该地区无论是气温、降水量及光照条件都适合毛竹生长。毛竹一般要求年平均温度在18℃以上 ,极端最低气温不得低于- 8℃ ,年降水量在 12 0 0mm以上。1.2　海拔高度长江以南的适宜引种区在海拔80 0m以下的山谷山腰地带 ,超过此高度则…     

安徽霍山不同海拔毛竹材力学性质分析

安徽霍山县靠近毛竹天然分布的北部边缘,其独特的地理位置及气候条件影响着毛竹材的各项特性,其中海拔是影响毛竹材力学性质的重要因子。以安徽霍山不同海拔（设120、230、370、510和600 m 5种海拔处理）的毛竹材为试验材料,研究了海拔因子对竹材力学性质的影响。结果表明：海拔因子对霍山毛竹的竹材密度有一定影响,随海拔升高,竹材的气干密度和全干密度呈增大趋势,但差异不大;海拔因子对竹材的顺纹抗压强度和顺纹抗剪强度有显著影响,但对顺纹抗拉强度影响不大。霍山毛竹材的各项力学特性接近传统的建筑用木材,经过合理加工可以替代传统木质建筑材料。     

油茶生长发育与生态环境关系剖析

油茶分布地域广,经、纬度和海拔的变化及地形、气候、土壤等生态环境的差异,对油茶的生长、开花、结果等经济性状会产生一定影响.现就安庆地区油茶生长发育与生态环境关系,作如下分析.     

四川蜀南竹海慈竹和毛竹耐寒能力分析

为了探讨慈竹和毛竹耐寒的生理机制,在四川蜀南竹海,对不同海拔高度的慈竹和毛竹叶片的净光合速率、保护酶活性和渗透调节物质进行测定和分析。结果表明,海拔影响慈竹和毛竹的MDA含量、POD活性、可溶性蛋白含量、脯氨酸含量、可溶性糖含量和净光合速率。慈竹和毛竹的POD活性和可溶性蛋白含量随海拔的升高而提高;慈竹脯氨酸含量和可溶性糖含量随海拔的升高而增加,但海拔对毛竹的影响不大。毛竹MDA含量随海拔的升高而升高,但海拔对慈竹的影响不明显。海拔对2个竹种的净光合速率有影响,随海拔的升高,慈竹和毛竹的净光合速率都升高。毛竹在高海拔的适应性和耐寒能力比慈竹强。     

影响蕉城区毛竹林生长的主要因子分析

采用正交试验设计法调查毛竹在不同海拔、坡向和坡位的生长情况,共调查27个毛竹林标准地。通过对比分析,结果表明:海拔、坡向和坡位对毛竹林的立竹株数、胸径和竹高均有显著影响。经营毛竹林宜选择A1 B3 C3组合(即低海拔、阴坡、下坡)为好。本文为毛竹造林时选择适生海拔、坡向和坡位提供了参考。     

毛竹实生苗造林基肥种类比较研究

用复合肥、钾肥、磷肥及饼肥作基肥 ,进行毛竹实生苗造林 2年生时对其 6项生长指标进行调查统计 ,分析结果表明 :4种不同基肥处理对毛竹的生长均有明显的促进作用 ,各项生长指标均大于不施肥。不同种类的基肥对毛竹生长的影响有较大差异     

不同海拔毛竹造林技术应用研究

通过对不同海拔的毛竹造林试验结果表明:在低海拔造林中,造林前地类为果园和有林地成活率较高,疏林地和经济林地成活率明显较低。低海拔移栽母竹年龄最好选2～3年生。起苗至栽植天数1～2天内对毛竹成活率影响不大。不同海拔毛竹造林前地类为有林地时,低海拔造林成活率最高,中海拔和高海拔相差不明显。不同海拔毛竹造林前地类为疏林地时;低海拔造林成活率最高,其次为高海拔,最低为中海拔。     

安徽毛竹气候生态的初步研究

通过毛竹气候生态定位站及竹林小气候和生理指标的观测和气候分析,综合研究光、热、水、气对毛竹物候期、出笋量、成竹率,笋高生长等影响。在此基础上提出毛竹气候生态指标及安徽毛竹气候资源分布。并通过统计分析,拟合出笋量、退笋率的预测方程,为安徽毛竹生产经营提供科学依据。     

不同坡度和土层厚度对毛竹生长量的影响研究

毛竹生长受自然条件的影响和制约,不同的立地条件会对毛竹生长量产生不同的影响。笔者通过对样地的观测,筛选出毛竹胸径生长量相关数据,根据第一类毛竹一元重量表换算成鲜重生长量。在立竹度、海拔高度、郁闭度等因素基本相同的情况下重点分析坡度以及土层厚度对毛竹生长量的影响。多因素方差分析结果表明:不同坡度、土层厚度对毛竹生长量影响差异显著,二者交互作用对毛竹生长量影响不大。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.