基于28S rRNA基因对3种枝吻纽虫的鉴定及其系统发育分析

中华枝吻纽虫（Ｄｅｎｄｒｏｒｈｙｎｃｈｕｓｓｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ）、湛江枝吻纽虫（Ｄ．ｚｈａｎｊｉａｎｇｅｎｓｉｓ）和疣多枝吻纽虫（Ｐｏｌｙｄｅｎｄｒｏｒｈｙｎ ｃｈｕｓｐａｐｉｌｌａｒｉｓ）因其在形态学和组织学特征上差异较小,致使其分类地位存在争议。基于２８ＳｒＲＮＡ基因序列及形态学和组织学特征对采自北海和湛江的３种枝吻纽虫进行分类地位鉴定,结合来自ＧｅｎＢａｎｋ的其它纽虫序列,分析了它们之间的系统发育关系。中华枝吻纽虫２１个个体共检测到长度为１０４５ｂｐ的２个单倍型;湛江枝吻纽虫的４个个体的长度均为１０３８ｂｐ,共检测到２个单倍型;１个疣多枝吻纽虫个体的长度亦为１０３８ｂｐ。中华枝吻纽虫的２个单倍型以及湛江枝吻纽虫的２个单倍型之间的遗传距离均为０．００１;而３种枝吻纽虫２８ＳｒＲＮＡ基因序列的遗传差异很大,彼此之间的遗传距离都在０．０９８以上。分子系统树（ＮＪ）的拓扑结构也显示,３种枝吻纽虫没有聚成１支,而是各自成支,结果支持３种枝吻纽虫分别为独立有效物种;同时也表明３种枝吻纽虫并非单系,乃至枝吻纽虫属（Ｄｅｎｄｒｏｒｈｙｎｃｈｕｓ）的２种枝吻纽虫也并非单系。     

猪巨吻棘头虫病的诊治

<正>猪棘头虫病(钩头虫病)是由蛭形巨吻棘头虫寄生在猪的小肠(主要是空肠)内所引起的寄生虫病。全国各地普遍流行。1病原蛭状巨吻棘头虫虫体甚大,长圆柱形,淡红色或乳白色,前部较粗,后部较细。体表有环状横皱纹。头端有一个可伸缩的吻突。吻突小,呈球形,有5～6行向后弯曲的吻钩,其中部的吻钩最大,后面的吻钩最小。无消化器官。雄、雌虫体差别很大。雄虫较短,仅7～     

湛江港区底泥悬浮物对2种海洋动物的致死效应研究

为评价湛江沿海涉海工程建设过程中引起的悬浮物质对附近海区海洋动物的影响,研究了底泥液相及不同浓度底泥悬浮物对川纹笛鲷和尖吻鲈的致死效应。试验结果表明,在8d的试验时间里,底泥水相对川纹笛鲷和尖吻鲈均无致死效应。底泥悬浮物浓度≤160mg/L时,川纹笛鲷和尖吻鲈的死亡率均处于较低水平。底泥悬浮物浓度≥2560 mg/L时,川纹笛鲷死亡率达75%,尖吻鲈死亡率达70%。通过概率单位法计算得出川纹笛鲷的8d半致死浓度为716.14 mg/L,尖吻鲈的8d半致死浓度为1105.096 mg/L。     

似棘吻虫病的防治方法

乌苏里似棘吻虫,属四环科。似棘吻属,是一种寄生在草鱼肠内并引起严重死亡的寄生虫,养鱼场近几年发生此病甚多。雄虫具有2个精巢,圆球形,位于身体后半部,粘液腺为合胞型,有3～4个。雌性生殖孔位于雌体末端腹面,子宫钟在腹面中后部,卵长椭圆形,中间寄主为一个介形虫。     

崇明长棘吻虫病的病原危害及防治

崇明长棘吻虫病的病原是崇明长棘吻虫(Rhadinorhynachus chongmingnensis),主要寄生在鲤鱼肠壁上,中间寄主是模糊裸腹蚤。鲤鱼自夏花至成鱼都可被寄生,发病严重的池,感染率100％,死亡率60％。可用四氯化碳拌饵投喂,进行防治,也可以用漂白粉或生石灰清池,杀死虫卵及中间寄主,达到预防目的。     

扁吻鱼胚胎发育及仔稚鱼形态与生长观察研究

文章采用干法受精获取受精卵的方法,对扁吻鱼(Aspiorhynchus laticeps)胚胎发育和仔稚鱼的形态变化进行观察.研究结果表明,扁吻鱼卵为沉性卵,卵细胞呈青灰色、微黏性.该次孵化共获取成熟卵21.45×104粒,受精率88.95％,孵化率93.27％.扁吻鱼成熟卵卵径(2.46±0.13)mm,受精卵吸水后...     

长鳍吻免疫因子基因cDNA部分序列克隆及其组织表达差异

根据鲤科鱼类同源序列设计并合成了长鳍吻(Rhinogobio ventralis)应激因子HSP70、抗体IgM、抑炎性因子IL-10和促炎性因子IL-1b基因特异引物,以长鳍吻皮肤组织总RNA为模板,RT-PCR扩增获得长度分别为412、463、520和217 bp的上述4种免疫因子基因cDNA部分序列。同时通过RT-PCR比较患小瓜虫病长鳍吻和对照组长鳍吻皮肤和肠道组织中各免疫因子的表达差异,结果显示:在皮肤组织中,IgM和IL-10在感染组鱼体中表达量显著高于对照鱼(P<0.05),HSP 70和IL-1b的表达则没有差异;在肠道组织中,IgM、IL-10和IL-1b在感染组鱼体中表达量显著增高,HSP 70的表达量没有差异。本研究首次对长鳍吻的免疫因子进行了分析,指出免疫因子IgM和IL-10在鱼体中免疫应答反应中较为灵敏,为养殖过程中长鳍吻应激监测方面奠定了理论基础。     

扁吻鱼人工繁殖试验

在扁吻鱼极度濒危,采捕、储运极其恶劣的环境中,利用人力拉行的三层流刺网和自行设计、制作的“水道活鱼储运变形布箱”和“活口筒形布袋”在河道中采捕扁吻鱼成鱼112尾,成活76尾,加上原有成鱼,现有扁吻鱼成鱼92尾。扁吻鱼的性腺发育的再成熟需两周年以上,经过三年的精心饲养、已有10尾雌体的性腺发育到Ⅳ期初和有10尾以上的成熟雄鱼,为2006年生产性人工繁殖打下物质基础。2005年4月25日采捕到成熟亲鱼,经过人工采卵受精,获得约5万粒受精卵,受精率为91.47％;孵化率为80．10％,出苗36 779尾。由于遭到小瓜虫等寄生虫的侵袭,饲养到5月21日的成活率为43．64％,培育到10月25日,平均体重为6．5g、成活率为40．80％。     

乌苏里江二种细鳞鱼生物学比较研究

尖吻细鳞Brachymystax lenok和钝吻细鳞B．tumensis在吻的形状上和鳃耙数上有很大差异。尖吻细鳞有长而肉厚的吻,上颌突出明显,口半下位,上颌骨较短,延伸到眼径垂直中线前;钝吻细鳞上颌不突出,口端位,上颌骨较长,延伸到眼径垂直中线或中线后。尖吻细鳞的鳃耙数在26—30;钝吻细鳞的鳃耙数在19—23。尖吻细鳞在头后部、体侧、背鳍、脂鳍有相对密而大的黑色斑点,但颜色较暗;钝吻细鳞在同样位置上的黑色斑点稀而小,非常清晰;但在幼鱼阶段二种鱼的斑点很难区分。体长/体高、体长/头长、头长/眼径、头长/眼间距的平均值,二种鱼的差异显著,但个体值间相互有交叉。生长速度：尖吻＞钝吻;绝对生殖力：尖吻＞钝吻;相对生殖力：钝吻＞尖吻。     

尖吻鲈的人工繁育

尖吻鲈Lates calcarifer,俗名盲鱼曹、金目鲈、红目鲈等。我国华南地区和东南亚的河口水域经常见到,广东省分布于雷州湾、吴川县沿海、电白县沿海、镇海湾及海南省的清澜港、小海等海域。在广东湛江硇洲岛沿海、海南万宁县沿海,常可捕到2～3公斤的尖吻鲈成鱼。     

油茶皂素鱼毒制剂对常见淡水鱼虾的毒性研究

采用水箱养殖方式,研究油茶皂素鱼毒制剂对常见淡水鱼虾的毒性作用。结果显示,油茶皂素鱼毒制剂对闽江流域常见淡水鱼类具有较强的毒性,并呈现出良好的剂量-药效和时间-药效关系。在投药浓度为2.5mg/L时,该制剂在24 h内即可将实验鱼全部杀死,LD50为1.60~1.75 mg/L,对泥鳅的LD50为3.0 mg/L。但是该制剂对南美白对虾和河蟹却很安全,在投药浓度达50 mg/L时,南美白对虾48 h存活率可达100%,河蟹48 h存活率可达90%以上。研究结果表明,油茶皂素鱼毒制剂对闽江流域常见淡水鱼类具有显著的的毒杀能力。     

Effect of proteolytic enzyme addition to a practical feed on growth of the Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone)

Four commercially available proteolytic enzymes active over a wide pH range were assessed as shrimp feed additives. Feeds were formulated to contain 1% of the test enzymes by weight. A feed of the same composition with no enzyme addition served as a control. In vitro feed protein digestibility of the feeds was determined using a modified pepsin digestibility method. In vitro protein digestibility results indicated that commercially available proteases added to a shrimp feed formulation and then hot pelleted/dried did retain enzyme activity. Feeds exhibited low weight losses through leaching (≤ 10.9%) and low or no losses of protein content (≤ 2.7%), indicating that the test feeds were available in their entirety to the shrimp. An 8-week feeding trial using the enzyme-supplemented feeds was conducted to evaluate shrimp growth. Mean shrimp survival was high for all treatments (> 90%). One-way analysis of variance did not detect significant differences (P > 0.05) among feeds in terms of survival, weight gain, specific growth rates and feed–weight gain ratios. Although in vitro digestibility indicated the presence of active enzymes in the feed, the feeding trial revealed that shrimp growth was not enhanced by the inclusion of proteases in these feeds. This study provides sufficient proof to emphasize the importance of in vivo investigations before enzyme-supplemented feeds are used with shrimp.     

Optimization of the Biological Preservative Formula for Penaeus vannamei by Response Surface Methodology

Penaeus vannamei is the most widely aquacultured shrimp in the world. However, it is vulnerable to bacteria spoilage. Recently, the use of biological preservatives to defend against bacteria has attracted much attention. However, the practical effects of these preservatives remain unclear. In this work, response surface methodology with the Box-Behnken experimental design was adopted to investigate the effects of three biological preservatives—nisin, tea polyphenol (TP), and ε-polylysine (ε-PL)—on the bacterial growth in P. vannamei. The optimal preservative formula was obtained, which was nisin at 0.04 g/100 mL, ε-PL at 0.48 g/100 mL, and TP at 1.06 g/100 mL. Under the optimal conditions, shrimp had a total bacteria number as low as 1.81 × 10³ CFU/g, which was not significantly different from the practical determinations. The findings indicated that this model was effective to analyze the antimicrobial effects of preservatives and to optimize the combination of biological preservatives.     

Economics of Sustainable Intensification of Aquaculture: Evidence from Shrimp Farms in Vietnam and Thailand

There is growing interest in sustainable intensification of aquaculture production. Yet little economic analysis has been done on farm‐level effects of the economic sustainability of production intensification. Data from 83 shrimp farms (43 in Vietnam and 40 in Thailand) were used to identify (through principal component and cluster analyses) 13 clusters of management practices that reflected various scales of production intensity that ranged from 0–1999 kg/ha/crop to 10,000 kg/ha/crop and above, for both Penaeus monodon and Litopenaeus vannamei in Vietnam and Thailand. The clusters identified reflected sets of management practices that resulted in differing yields despite similarities in stocking densities among some clusters. The enterprise budget analysis developed showed that the more intensively managed clusters outperformed the less intensively managed clusters in economic terms. More intensively managed farm clusters had lower costs per metric ton of shrimp produced and were more profitable. The greater yields of shrimp produced per hectare of land and water resources in more intensively managed shrimp farms spread annual fixed costs across a greater volume of shrimp produced and reduced the cost per metric ton of shrimp. Costs per metric ton of shrimp produced decreased from the lowest to the highest intensity level (from US$10,245 at lowest intensity to US$3484 at highest for P. monodon and from US$24,301 to US$5387 for L. vannamei in Vietnam and from US$8184 at the lowest intensity level to US$3817 at the highest intensity level per metric ton for L. vannamei in Thailand). Costs of pond amendments used in shrimp production were particularly high in Vietnam and largely unwarranted, whereas fixed costs associated with the value of land, production facilities, equipment, and labor were sufficiently high in Thailand so that net returns were negative in the long run. Nevertheless, economic losses in Thailand were less at greater levels of intensification. The study demonstrated a clear value proposition for shrimp farmers to use natural resources (such as land) and other inputs in an efficient manner and supports findings from corresponding research on farm‐level natural resource use efficiency. Additional research that incorporates economic analysis into on‐farm studies of sustainable intensification of aquaculture is needed to provide ongoing guidance related to sustainable management practices for aquaculture.     

投加微生物制剂对对虾养殖池总氨氮与亚硝酸氮的影响

监测并分析了单独或组合加入光合细菌、益生菌(酵母与乳杆菌)和芽孢杆菌后,对虾养殖池凌晨水体中氨氮和亚硝酸氮的变化。试验分为6组,即3个单独添加组(益生菌组、芽孢杆菌组、光合细菌组)和3个组合添加组(光合细菌与芽孢杆菌组、益生菌与芽孢杆菌组、光合细菌与益生菌组)。结果表明,添加微生物制剂后,益生菌组、芽孢杆菌组、光合细菌与芽孢杆菌组、益生菌与芽孢杆菌组池塘水体中总氨氮水平提高了41%~99.8%;而光合细菌组、光合细菌与益生菌组无显著性变化,但亚硝酸氮水平有所升高(107%~210%)。单独添加组水体中总氨氮水平的变化强弱顺序为芽孢杆菌>益生菌>光合细菌,组合添加组为芽孢杆菌与益生菌组>芽孢杆菌与光合细菌组>益生菌与光合细菌组。试验期间各组养殖池中总氨氮浓度为0.51~1.94 mg/L、亚硝酸氮水平为0.016~0.096 mg/L,均在安全浓度以下,说明添加微生物制剂未引起池塘氨氮和亚硝酸氮的毒性问题。     

熟制与贮藏对凡纳滨对虾挥发性成分的影响

为研究熟制与贮藏对凡纳滨对虾挥发性成分的影响,采用电子鼻及固相微萃取—气相色谱—质谱联用技术分析虾肉的挥发性成分,并采用相对气味活度值和感官评定法评价虾肉风味的变化。结果显示,熟制与贮藏对虾肉中的挥发性成分影响显著。凡纳滨对虾生虾、熟虾、熟虾冷却、熟虾冷却过夜及二次熟制虾分别被检出50、68、63、49和41种挥发性成分。二次熟制后,虾肉中的挥发性成分有所减少,感官上虾的特征鲜香气也略微减弱;一次熟制对虾肉的风味影响不大。生虾肉中检测出的挥发性成分如壬醛和癸醛等对风味有显著性影响;熟虾肉中检测出壬醛、癸醛和十四醛等;二次熟制的虾肉中检测出对风味影响较大的挥发性成分主要是十八醛、二丁基羟基甲苯等。熟虾经过夜(4°C)放置后,其中检测出的挥发性成分种类和总量均减少,但总量差异不显著。研究表明,熟制可显著增加挥发性风味成分种类和总量,二次熟制与一次熟制相比,凡纳滨对虾的关键风味物质种类和含量显著降低;熟虾冷却后4°C贮藏12 h风味差异不显著。     

对虾工厂化养殖的系统结构

对虾工厂化养殖是在人工控制条件下,利用有限水体进行对虾高密度养殖的一种生产方式,它依托一定的养殖工程和水处理设施作为技术支撑,融合无公害生产的管理模式,是一种高效的环境友好型养殖。文章就构建对虾工厂化养殖平台中的各系统环节及该种生产模式的概况作系统综述。     

A novel research on isolation and characterization of Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae from Pacific white shrimp,Penaeus vannamei,displaying black gill disease cultured in China

In June 2019, massive mortalities of cultured Penaeus vannamei occurred in a local farm in Hainan Province, China. The diseased shrimp displayed evident black gills. Three bacterial strains 20190611001, 20190611007 and 20190611022 were isolated from hepatopancreas and gills of the diseased shrimp and identified as Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae based on the sequence analysis of 16S rRNA and toxR genes. These three isolates showed haemolytic activities. Of them, strain 20190611022 isolated from hepatopancreas was selected and processed for pathogenic analysis. The calculated median lethal dose (LD₅₀) was 9.75 ± 4.29 × 10⁵CFU/g (body weight) by challenging P. vannameivia reverse gavage. The diseased shrimp displayed enlarged hepatopancreatic tubules and sloughing of epithelial cells in tubular lumens. The strain 20190611022 was also characterized by the testing of API 20NE systems and antibiotic susceptibility. The results of disc diffusion test showed that strain 20190611022 was sensitive to chloramphenicol, compound sulfamethoxazole, cefoperazone, ceftriaxone, ceftazidime and cefuroxime. To our knowledge, this is the first report of isolation and characterization of Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae from natural diseased P. vannamei. Our findings can serve as a basis for further studies of its pathogenicity and provide technological support for disease controlling in shrimp aquaculture.     

虾池浮游微藻与养殖水环境调控的研究概况

在对虾养殖过程中,虾池中的浮游微藻群落结构和对虾的健康养殖有着密切关系,一些有益微藻能调节水体溶氧量（DO）和酸碱度（pH）,吸收氨氮（NH4-N）和亚硝氮（NO2-N）等有害物质,有效地调控养殖环境。但一些能分泌毒素的微藻也会给对虾的健康生长带来危害。数量和生物量占微藻总量比例均较高的浮游微藻优势种对整个虾池微藻群落结构的稳定起着重要作用,主导着微藻群落的功能发挥。不同养殖模式、养殖季节、养殖地域以及养殖阶段虾池中浮游微藻的优势种类分布、多样性等群落特征有差异。浮游微藻群落中优势种的变动规律和虾池中各种环境因子的动态密切相关,环境因子的变动会影响浮游微藻群落结构的变动。文章综述了对虾养殖生产实践中浮游微藻群落结构和生态调控特征的研究概况,并对在养殖中构建优良微藻藻相的方法进行了探讨。     

对虾细胞培养的研究现状

对虾的细胞培养，是研究对虾不同学科和领域的重要工具之一，至今，国内外已有不关于对虾细胞培养的研究报道，本文综述了不同作者对不同对虾细胞原代培养的结果，比较了其培养方法和培养条件的异同；描述了研究尝试多种方法对原代细胞的传代培养，其中一些方法对对虾细胞系的建立起到了积极的作用，介绍了利用细胞培养技术在对虾不同领域的应用状况，尤其是对对虾病毒性疾病的研究方面应用较多。