The induction and characterization of natural porcine interferons alpha and beta

The purpose of this study was to define optimum conditions for the production of high concentrations of natural porcine interferon (POIFN)-alpha and POIFN-beta, and to characterize the IFNs which were produced. The inducers used were Newcastle disease virus (NDV), polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly IC), poly IC complexed with diethylaminoethyl dextran (poly IC-DEAEdx) and poly IC complexed with poly-L-lysine and carboxymethylcellulose. The highest yields of POIFN-alpha were obtained from porcine peripheral blood leukocyte (PBL) cultures induced with NDV. The concentrations of both cells and virus were critical for high yields of IFN, which were also enhanced by priming. Poly IC was found to be a relatively poor IFN inducer in PBL, in which low yields were obtained only after priming or in response to poly IC-DEAEdx. POIFN-beta was prepared by induction of the PK-15 cell line with poly IC or poly IC-DEAEdx. The highest yields were obtained from cultures induced 24 h after seeding, although when poly IC-DEAEdx or superinduction was used, the age of the cells was less critical. Priming had little effect on the yields of POIFN-beta. PK-15 cells induced with NDV gave relatively low yields of IFN. Both POIFN-alpha and POIFN-beta were classified as type I IFN on the basis of their resistance or susceptibility to pH 2.0, ultracentrifugation, 56 degrees C and trypsin treatment. Disulphide bonds essential for antiviral activity were demonstrated in both types of IFN by reduction with 2-beta-mercaptoethanol, and anionic exchange chromatography after treatment with dithiothreitol indicated a second disulphide bond in POIFN-alpha which was not essential for antiviral activity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Interferon induction in porcine leukocytes with transmissible gastroenteritis virus

Leukocytes were harvested from the peripheral blood, mesenteric lymph node and small intestinal lamina propria from groups of three piglets before, and 1,2 and 3 weeks after infection with virulent transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) at 2 weeks of age. The donor piglets developed clinical signs of transmissible gastroenteritis which persisted for up to 3 days, and they developed peak serum titres of TGEV-neutralizing antibodies 2 weeks post-infection. The leukocytes were cultured in the presence of pokeweed mitogen (PWM), various dilutions of purified TGEV, or control media for 3 or 5 days, and the culture supernatants were tested for antiviral activity in MDBK cells challenged with vesicular stomatitis virus. The antiviral activity was characterized as porcine interferon (IFN)- or porcine IFN-τ on the basis of its stability at pH 2.0 and neutralization by anti-human IFN- antibodies. Viability of the leukocytes in culture, determined by trypan blue exclusion, was highest for the peripheral blood leukocytes and lowest for the mesenteric lymph node leukocytes. There were no consistent differences in antiviral activity between cultures incubated for 3 or 5 days. Porcine IFN- was found in the supernatants of the leukocyte cultures stimulated with TGEV antigen, harvested before or after infection of the donor piglets with TGEV. Porcine IFN-τ was demonstrated in the supernatants of the leukocyte cultures stimulated with PWM, more frequently when the leukocytes were harvested post-infection. This was the first demonstration of IFN induction in vitro in leukocytes from porcine gut-associated lymphoid tissue.     

Antiviral and antigenic properties of recombinant porcine interferon gamma

Recombinant porcine interferon gamma (rPoIFN gamma) induced a dose-dependent inhibition of the cytopathic effect produced by vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) challenge of both homologous and heterologous (bovine) cell lines. In addition, an antiviral effect of rPoIFN gamma was demonstrable against the coronavirus transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) infection of porcine epithelial cells and of pulmonary macrophages. A rabbit anti-PoIFN gamma antiserum was prepared and shown to specifically neutralize the antiviral effects of natural and recombinant porcine IFN gamma preparations. This antiserum could also neutralize recombinant bovine IFN gamma but not recombinant human IFN gamma. These results suggest antigenic homology of porcine and bovine IFN gamma but antigenic differences between these molecules and human IFN gamma.     

Evaluation of cytotoxicity and antiviral activity of recombinant human interferon alfa-2a and recombinant human interferon alfa-B/D hybrid against bovine viral diarrhea virus, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus, and vesicular stomatitis virus in vitro

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate cytotoxicity and antiviral activity of recombinant human interferon alfa-2a and recombinant human interferon alfa-B/D hybrid against cytopathic and noncytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (IBRV), and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) in vitro. SAMPLE POPULATION: Primary bovine testicular cells and Mardin Darby bovine kidney cells. PROCEDURES: To evaluate cytotoxicity, cells were added to serial dilutions of each interferon. To evaluate antiviral activity of each interferon, interferons were serially diluted 1:10, and tissue culture cells were added; virus was then added at 3 time points. Prevention of viral infection by interferon was defined as failure to induce cytopathologic effect for VSV, IBRV, and cytopathic BVDV and failure to detect virus immunohistochemically for cytopathic and noncytopathic BVDV. RESULTS: No evidence of cytotoxicity in either cell line was detected after incubation with interferon alfa-2a or interferon alfa-B/D. However, reduced growth rates of tissue culture cells were detected for each interferon when undiluted interferon was tested. Comparable and profound antiviral activities against cytopathic and noncytopathic BVDV were evident for each interferon. Interferon alfa-2a and interferon a-B/D had comparable antiviral activities against VSV. Neither interferon had antiviral activity against IBRV. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The safety and marked in vitro antiviral activity against noncytopathic BVDV, cytopathic BVDV, and VSV suggest that interferons alfa-2a and alfa-B/D may be useful for treatment of natural disease after infection with these viruses.     

Partial purification and characterization of bovine fibroblast interferon

Bovine fibroblast interferon (BoF-IFN), produced in primary bovine embryonic kidney cell cultures after priming and infection with bluetongue virus, was purified by controlled pore glass (CPG) chromatography to a specific activity of 10(6) U/mg of protein, with 40% recovery of the original activity. The crude IFN was concentrated more than sevenfold during purification. This proved to be a relatively simple, practical method of obtaining sufficient quantities of partially purified natural BoF-IFN for further studies. The CPG-purified BoF-IFN was further concentrated by sequential ultrafiltration and was analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Interferon, recovered from denaturing conditions either by dialysis against phosphate-buffered saline solution or by dilution in cell culture medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum, migrated as a single stainable protein with molecular weight of 21,000 on analytic SDS-PAGE gels. Recovered IFN activity from preparative SDS-PAGE totalled 8.7% of that applied. Attempts to further purify CPG-purified BoF-IFN by zinc chelate affinity chromatography were unsuccessful.     

猪IFN-δ5的表达纯化及其抗PEDV感染的作用分析

【目的】试验旨在建立大量表达及纯化猪δ5干扰素(pIFN-δ5)的方法,并对其抗猪流行性腹泻病毒(Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus,PEDV)感染的作用进行分析。【方法】根据GenBank中pIFN-δ5序列(登录号:NM_001164854.1)设计引物,以猪肝脏组织cDNA为模板进行PCR扩增;将目的基因连接入经EcoRⅤ和Hind Ⅲ双酶切的线性化pET-32a (+)载体,转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)感受态细胞,优化诱导表达条件,并进行SDS-PAGE和Western blotting检测;pIFN-δ5蛋白大量表达后使用镍离子亲和层析柱纯化,并测定蛋白纯度;采用细胞病变抑制法检测pIFN-δ5的干扰素效价,采用CCK8方法检测pIFN-δ5的细胞毒性,进一步测定其抗PEDV的感染能力。【结果】试验成功构建了重组表达质粒pET-pIFNδ5,经诱导条件摸索发现,在D_{600 nm}值为0.5~0.6、IPTG浓度为0.8 mmol/L、37 ℃诱导条件下,目的蛋白pIFN-δ5主要表达于菌体裂解上清中;经大量表达并纯化后可获得纯度＞95%的pIFN-δ5蛋白。使用VSV/MDCK细胞滴定系统检测pIFN-δ5的比活性为5×10⁴U/mg;CCK8检测表明pIFN-δ5的细胞毒性较小。实时荧光定量PCR、Western blotting和间接免疫荧光检测结果表明,pIFN-δ5具有显著抗PEDV感染能力。【结论】本试验建立了表达和纯化pIFN-δ5的方法,通过一系列的体外抗病毒试验证实pIFN-δ5具有良好的抗PEDV感染的活性,为将pIFN-δ5作为抗病毒药物及临床应用奠定了基础。     

Effects of pseudorabies virus infection upon cytotoxicity and antiviral activities of porcine alveolar macrophages

Alveolar macrophages (AM) infected with Pseudorabies virus (PRV) were compared to noninfected AM for cytotoxicity against foreign or transformed cells and production of interferon (IFN). Five PRV strains were used to infect AM including strains that are known to be highly virulent for pigs, i.e. strain 4892 and strain S-62 as well as strains that are regarded as mild or nonvirulent, i.e. BUK and Bartha. The multiplicity of infection ranged from 0.005 to 0.05 TCID₅₀/cell. The target cells in the cytotoxicity assays were either chicken red blood cells, PRV-infected vero cells, or human myeloblastoma cells (K562 cell line). For the producton of IFN, AM cultures were treated with polyinosinic: polycytidylic acid (Poly I:C) diluted in tissue culture media at a concentration of 5 μg/10⁶ cells. Culture supernatants were collected at various times poststimulation and tested for antiviral activity using the Vesicular Stomatitis Virus replication inhibition test. Swine AM were able to lyse chicken red blood cells in an antibody-independent way but not in an antibody-dependent way, whereas lysis of PRV-infected vero cells was accomplished both ways. The cytotoxicity against chicken red blood cells was reduced in the PRV-infected AM as compared to noninfected cells, particularly in AM infected with virulent PRV strains. Specific ⁵¹Cr release values for AM infected with S-62 and 4892 strains were 14 and 19, while the noninfected AM had values of 36. Similarly, in the antibody-dependent cytotoxicity assay against PRV-infected vero cells there was no activity of AM against K562 cells. The production of IFN was readily stimulated with Poly I:C. The optimal time for supernatant collection was between 12 and 16h poststimulation. The antiviral activity was abrogated by treatment of the supernatant with antiserum against human leukocyte IFN; it was therefore considered to be due to interferon-alpha (IFN) released from the macrophages. The antiviral activity present in supernatants of PRV-infected AM was reduced compared to noninfected AM. The difference between AM cultures infected with virulent strains of PRV and noninfected AM cultures was statistically significant at P 0.025. The results provide support to the premise that the role of AM in lung defense can be compromised by PRV infection.     

猪流行性腹泻病毒逃避宿主干扰素抗病毒作用机制的研究进展

猪流行性腹泻病毒（porcine epidemic diarrhea virus,PEDV）是一种全球分布的α冠状病毒,能引起仔猪流行性腹泻,猪流行性腹泻一旦暴发会给养殖业带来巨大的经济损失。在病毒感染期间,Ⅰ型干扰素（type Ⅰ interferon,IFN-Ⅰ）是先天性抗病毒反应的关键介质。大多数冠状病毒通过限制IFN的产生和IFN应答的激活而产生一些策略以规避IFN应答。然而,PEDV颉颃IFN抗病毒作用的分子机制尚未完全清楚。猪感染PEDV后,机体的先天免疫不能有效抵抗PEDV的侵害,PEDV通过限制或阻断IFN的功能和隐藏自身的病原体相关分子模式（pathogen-associated molecular patterns,PAMP）两种途径逃逸宿主先天免疫。在此过程中,PEDV的结构蛋白和非结构蛋白及一些蛋白酶起到了关键作用,核衣壳（nucleocapsid,N）蛋白能抑制IFN-Ⅰ的产生,协助病毒逃避机体的抗病毒天然免疫,木瓜样蛋白酶通过去泛素化酶活性阻断天然免疫信号通路,PEDV也可通过阻断双链核糖核酸（double-stranded RNA,dsRNA）诱导IFN-Ⅰ的产生,以逃避宿主的先天免疫。这些研究为深入了解IFN在PEDV致病过程中的作用及PEDV逃避IFN抗病毒的机制提供了理论依据,并有助于深入了解病毒与宿主先天性免疫之间的关系,同时也为PEDV的防治及PEDV疫苗的研发提供参考。     

Inhibition of feline infectious peritonitis virus replication by recombinant human leukocyte (alpha) interferon and feline fibroblastic (beta) interferon

Replication of feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) in feline cell cultures was inhibited after incubation of cells with either human recombinant leukocyte (alpha) interferon (IFN) or feline fibroblastic (beta) IFN for 18 to 24 hours before viral challenge exposure. Compared with virus control cultures, FIPV yields were reduced by ranges of 0.1 to 2.7 log10 or 2 to 5.2 log10 TCID50 in cultures treated with human alpha- or feline beta-IFN, respectively; yield reductions were IFN dose dependent. Sensitivity to the antiviral activities of IFN varied with cell type; feline embryo cells had greater FIPV yield reductions than did similarly treated feline kidney or feline lung cells. Comparison of the virus growth curves in IFN-treated and virus control cultures indicated marked reduction in intracellular and extracellular FIPV in IFN-treated cultures. Compared with virus control cultures, intracellular and extracellular infectivity in IFN-treated cultures was delayed in onset by 12 and 30 hours, respectively, and FIPV titers subsequently were reduced by 3 to 3.5 and 5 log10 TCID50, respectively. Frequently, immunofluorescent and electron microscopy of IFN-treated cells or cell culture fluids did not reveal virus; however, even in cultures without viral cytopathic changes, small amounts of virus occasionally persisted in cells.     

Transmissible gastroenteritis virus infection: a vanishing specter

About twenty years ago, a new coronavirus, porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCoV), was detected in swine herds. This virus is related to transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV); however, it is not enteropathogenic but causes only minor respiratory symptoms. As PRCoV shares some epitopes for neutralizing antibodies with TGEV, it acts like a nature-made vaccine against TGEV resulting in a drastic reduction of TGE outbreaks in Europe. A major difference between the two porcine coronaviruses is a large deletion in the surface protein S gene of PRCoV. Because of this structural difference, TGEV but not PRCoV has a sialic acid binding activity that allows the attachment to mucins and mucin-type glycoproteins. The sialic acid binding activity may allow TGEV to overcome the mucus barrier in the gut and to get access to the intestinal epithelium for initiation of infection.     

猪Ⅰ型干扰素融合表达及其抗病毒活性检测

采用重叠延伸PCR(splicing by overlap extension PCR,SOE-PCR)技术将猪I型干扰素PoIFN-α和PoIFN-β成熟肽基因进行连接,构建表达载体pET30a-PoIFN-α/β进行融合表达,利用细胞病变抑制试验检测融合干扰素rPoIFN-α/β抗病毒活性,并与非融合干扰素rPoIFN-α和rPoIFN-β进行比较分析。结果表明,在PK-15细胞上,融合干扰素rPoIFN-α/β表现出较强的抗病毒活性,其对VSV、PRRSV、CSFV、PRV、PPV、PASTV、PEDV和TGEV的抗病毒活性明显高于非融合干扰素,体现了一定的叠加效应,可以用于猪病毒性疾病的防治。     

Beaded agarose affinity chromatography of bovine fibroblast interferon

Bovine fibroblast interferon (BoF-IFN), produced in bovine embryonic kidney cell cultures by priming and infection with bluetongue virus, was partially purified by controlled pore glass chromatography. The partially purified BoF-IFN then was subjected to beaded agarose affinity chromatography in 2 distinct fractions--1 after the addition of 1M NaCl and the other one after the addition of 1.5M NaCl containing 50% ethylene glycol. Analysis of fractions by sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis revealed a broad molecular weight range (14,900 to 27,900) for IFN eluted by 1M NaCl, and 2 discrete molecular weight ranges (16,000 to 19,500 and 28,300 to 34,000) for IFN eluted by 1.5M NaCl containing 50% ethylene glycol. The specific activity of the IFN eluted with 1.5M NaCl containing ethylene glycol was 2.85 X 10(6) U/mg of protein, compared with 5.7 X 10(5) U/mg of protein in the controlled pore glass-purified IFN.     

Antigenic variation among transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) and porcine respiratory coronavirus strains detected with monoclonal antibodies to the S protein of TGEV.

Five nonneutralizing monoclonal antibodies (MAb) generated to the virulent Miller strain of transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) and specific for the S protein were characterized. Competition assays between purified and biotinylated MAb indicated that MAb 75B10 and 8G11 mapped near a new subsite, designated V and 2 MAb, 44C11 and 45A8, mapped to a previously designated subsite D. A fifth MAb mapped between subsites V and E. These MAb were tested with 3 previously characterized MAb to subsites A, E, and F in fixed-cell ELISA and cell culture immunofluorescent assays against 5 reference and 9 field strains of TGEV and 2 US strains (ISU-1 and ISU-3) of porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV). Subsites A, E, and F were conserved on all TGEV and PRCV strains examined. The 2 MAb to subsite V, 8G11 and 75B10, reacted only with the Miller TGEV strains (M5C, M6, and M60), except that 75B10 also recognized field strain U328. The MAb 11H8 did not react with 4 field strains or the Purdue strains of TGEV. The 2 MAb to subsite D reacted with all TGEV strains examined, but not with 2 US PRCV strains, 2 European PRCV strains, 1 feline infectious peritonitis virus strain, and 1 canine coronavirus strain. Because of this specificity for TGEV, but not PRCV, these latter 2 subsite D MAb may be useful for the development of competition ELISA to differentiate serologically between TGEV and PRCV infections in swine, similar to the currently used European subsite D MAb.     

The mRNA regulation of porcine double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase gene

The double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-activated protein kinase (PKR), which is one of the products of interferon (IFN)-stimulated genes, participates in the biological actions of IFN such as antiviral effects and immune response. In the present study, we identified the primary structure of porcine PKR proteins by cDNA cloning. Porcine PKR protein consisted of 537 amino acids and had two dsRNA-binding domains similarly existing in PKR proteins of other species. The treatment with IFN-alpha induced the expression of PKR 3.9-fold in a porcine kidney cell line, LLC-PK1. The same results were obtained when the cells were treated with poly(I).poly(C), but treatment with either IFN-gamma or LPS did not induce this gene in LLC-PK1 cells. These results suggest similarity of the regulatory mechanisms in the PKR gene among mammalian species.     

Swine Interferon II. Induction in Pigs with Viral and Synthetic Inducers

The production of interferon by pigs in response to viral and synthetic inducers was studied. The inducers used included polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid (Poly I:C), swine influenza virus and pseudorabies virus. Following intravenous inoculation of pigs with the inducers, sera were examined for interferon by the plaque-reduction method in porcine kidney (PK₁₅) cell cultures using vesicular stomatitis virus as the challenge inoculum. It was shown that pigs can produce interferon in response to each of these inducers. The pseudorabies virus used in this investigation was found to be a better interferon inducer than the swine influenza virus.

The interferon produced in pigs was identified as an interferon because it was pH stable, non-dialyzable, sensitive to trypsin, non-sedimentable and possessed broad-spectrum antiviral activity as well as host-species specificity.

     

Swine Interferon I. Induction in Porcine Cell Cultures with Viral and Synthetic Inducers

The production of interferon by porcine kidney (PK₁₅) cell culture in response to viral and synthetic inducers was studied. The inducers used included a synthetic double-stranded polyribonucleotide, polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid (Poly I:C), swine influenza virus and three strains of pseudorabies virus. Following exposure to these inducers cell culture fluids were examined for interferon by the plaque-reduction method.

The Poly I:C and the swine influenza virus induced production of interferon by PK₁₅ cell cultures, whereas, all three strains of pseudorabies virus at the two concentrations tested failed to induce production of interferon in vitro.

The antiviral substance produced in PK₁₅ cells was identified as an interferon because it was pH stable, non-dialyzable, sensitive to trypsin, non-sedimentable, relatively heat stable, host-species specific and it possessed broad-spectrum antiviral activity. The latter was demonstrated by inhibition of vesicular stomatitis, vaccinia and pseudorabies viruses. Differences in interferon activity against the different viruses were observed.

     

抗猪传染性胃肠炎M蛋白单克隆抗体的制备及部分特性鉴定

以纯化的猪传染性胃肠炎病毒重组M蛋白免疫BALB/c小鼠,按常规方法进行融合、筛选,最终获得3株抗TGEVM蛋白的杂交瘤细胞系1B3、3C2、4A5,染色体平均记数为89对、92对、90对,间接ELISA检测1B3、3C2、4A5细胞培养上清的效价分别为1/4000、1/1000、1/4000,腹水效价分别为2×10~4、2×10~5、2×10~5。通过间接ELISA做病原检测,这3株单抗不与猪流行性腹泻病毒、猪伪狂犬病病毒和猪轮状病毒发生交叉反应,而与传染性胃肠炎病毒显示良好的特异性。用制备的单抗通过间接免疫荧光做病原检测,发现染色后TGEV感染的细胞培养物在胞浆和细胞膜上出现黄绿色荧光,未接种病毒的细胞培养物未见有黄绿色闪亮荧光,结果表明,所制备的抗重组TGEVM蛋白的单抗对病原检测具有很高的特异性,为TGEV准确快速的病原诊断和TGEV感染相关的基础性研究提供了物质基础。     

Natural killer (NK) activity of porcine blood lymphocytes against allogeneic melanoma target cells

Allogeneic PM/86 melanoma cells of Munich Troll miniature swine have been used for the demonstration of porcine peripheral blood NK cell activity. Compared with the specific lysis of xenogeneic K562-, U937- and Vero-target cells, NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity (NK-CMC) against PM/86 melanoma tumor cells was significantly lower in a 16 h chromium release assay. The target cell susceptibility to peripheral blood NK-CMC of both adult Troll miniature swine and German Landrace sows was very similar. Cold target inhibition assays revealed the allogeneic PM/86 melanoma cells to be the most powerful inhibitors of NK-CMC. Nylon wool non-adherent lymphocytes produced interferon (IFN)-alpha in different quantities upon contact with NK susceptible target cells. The NK effector cells could be stimulated to a higher lytic activity against all susceptible targets by a moderate dose of natural human interleukin-2 (nhuIL-2). The role of NK-CMC in melanoma tumor rejection and/or prevention of metastases is yet unknown in swine although porcine melanoma serves as a good model for the disease in man.