土壤碳排放量测定技术

土壤呼吸作为碳的主要输出途径和CO2的重要源(汇),对于它进行精确、系统的测定已成为全球变化研究中的关键问题。本文探讨的LI-8100自动土壤CO2流量系统测定土壤碳排放量技术,对于研究森林土壤、农田土壤和草地土壤碳循环问题,提出参考。     

中国森林系统对全球碳平衡的作用与地位

结合林业系统的远景规划,提出了“20 a 20 a”的林业建设模式。根据该模式,从2004年开始,经过20 a的造林工作,我国森林覆盖率将达到25%,再经过20 a将达到30%。剔除每年2×108m3的木材采伐量,在第1个20a期间,平均年消耗大气C折合CO22.24×108t,占1996年我国CO2排放量的27.8%;以森林覆盖率25%计算,在第2个20 a期间,平均年消耗大气C折合CO26.31×108t,占1996年我国CO2排放量的78.3%。将每年2×108m3的木材采伐量计算在内,则消耗的CO2分别为8.32×108t和12.36×108t,约占1996年CO2排放量的103%和153%。在“20 a 20 a”模式下,我国森林系统将成为巨大的碳汇。这一方面可使我国的生态环境得到优化,实现国民经济的可持续发展,另一方面可减轻我国在碳排放问题上所受到的国际压力,有利于拓宽我国的经济发展空间。     

毛竹林的碳密度和碳贮量及其空间分布

利用标准样方法研究毛竹林碳密度和碳贮量以及空间分布。结果表明 :毛竹不同器官碳密度波动在0 4 6 83～ 0 5 2 10g·g- 1 ,按碳密度高低排列依次为竹根 >竹秆 >竹蔸 >竹枝 >竹鞭 >竹叶 ;碳贮量在毛竹不同器官中的分配以竹秆占比例最大 ,为 5 0 97% ,其次为竹根 ,占 19 79% ,占比例最小的是竹叶 ,仅占 4 87% ;毛竹林生态系统中碳总贮量为 10 6 36 2t·hm- 2 ,其中植被层 34 2 31t·hm- 2 ,占了 32 18% ,枯落物和土壤层 (0～ 6 0cm) 72 131t·hm- 2 ,占了 6 7 82 % ;毛竹林乔木层碳素年固定量为 5 0 97t·hm- 2 a- 1 ,与粗放经营竹林相比 ,毛竹集约经营 10年后 ,竹林生态系统中碳贮量减少了 8 133t·hm- 2 ,但乔木层年净固定碳量增加了 0 5 89t·hm- 2 a- 1 。     

Standing biomass and carbon storage of above-ground structures in dominant mangrove trees in the Sundarbans

We evaluated carbon stocks in the above-ground biomass (AGB) of three dominant mangrove species (Sonneratia apetala, Avicennia alba and Excoecaria agallocha) in the Indian Sundarbans. We examined whether these carbon stocks vary with spatial locations (western region vs. central region) and with seasons (pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon). Among the three studied species, S. apetala showed the maximum above-ground carbon storage (t ha⁻¹) followed by A. alba (t ha⁻¹) and E. agallocha (t ha⁻¹). The above-ground biomass (AGB) varied significantly with spatial locations (p < 0.05) but not with seasons (p < 0.05). The variation may be attributed to different environmental conditions to which these areas are exposed to such as higher siltation and salinity in central region compared to western region. The relatively higher salinity in central region caused subsequent lowering of biomass and stored carbon of the selected species.     

城市绿地建设中碳减排和碳增汇的实施路径

城市绿地建设具有工程建设“碳排放”和植物光合“固碳”双重特征,是实现“碳减排、碳增汇”的主要途径。传统绿地的建设注重景观而忽略生态,植物配置不合理,追求快速成景,改造频繁且未妥当处理园林绿化废弃物,不但降低了植物光合固碳,而且增加了建设碳排放。在“碳达峰、碳中和”背景下,绿地建设应综合考虑碳减排、碳增汇,减少硬景工程、增加绿量,优化植物配置,优选本地低碳材料和适龄苗木,利用自然塑造地形,精细施工,避免频繁改造,并推进园林绿化废弃物资源化利用,以满足生态文明建设和应对气候变化的新需求。     

复合农林业系统碳贮量研究进展

CO2作为一种主要温室气体,其固存与排放对全球气候变化有重要影响。本文以复合农林业系统为研究对象,介绍了农林复合类型中林木、农作物、凋落物、土壤碳贮量的估算方法,并指出目前碳贮量研究方面的问题和发展方向,为碳循环研究提供部分基础研究数据和理论支持。     

Relationship between vegetation carbon storage and urbanization: A case study of Xiamen, China

Rapid growth of the Chinese urban population and the expansion of urban areas have led to changes in urban forest structure and composition, and consequently changes in vegetation carbon storage. The purpose of this study is to quantify the effects of urbanization on vegetation carbon storage in Xiamen, a city located in southern China. Data used for this study were collected from 39,723 sample plots managed according to the forest management planning inventory program. Data from these plots were collected in 4 non-consecutive years: 1972, 1988, 1996 and 2006. The study area was divided into three zones, which were defined according to their level of urbanization: the urban core, the suburban zone, and the exurban zone. Total vegetation carbon storage and the vegetation carbon density for each study period were calculated for each zone. Our results show that urban vegetation carbon storage has increased by 865,589.71 t during the period from 1972 to 2006 (34 years) in Xiamen, with a rapid increase between 1972 and 1996, then relatively little change between 1996 and 2006. The increase in vegetation carbon storage is mainly due to the large percentages of the suburban and exurban areas which exist in Xiamen city, and the implementation of reforestation programs in these two zones. The percentage of total regional carbon storage in the city center (urban core), suburbs and exurbs was 5%, 23% and 72%, respectively. This demonstrates that the exurbs store the majority of vegetation carbon, and thus play a critical role in the vegetation carbon storage of the study area. The intensification of urbanization in the future will likely expand the urban core and reduce the area of the suburbs and exurbs, and thus potentially decrease total vegetation carbon storage. This article concludes with a discussion of the implications of these results for vegetation carbon management and urban landscape planning.     

碳汇模式下雾霾治理的困境与对策研究

指出了碳汇模式是治理雾霾的新型渠道,但是面临着许多来自经济技术方面的困难,针对当下碳汇治理雾霾难点即碳碳汇经济难以市场化和体系化的问题,提出了雾霾治理资源配置应与碳汇经济发展相结合,利用区域化统一碳汇计量方法,采取政府强制碳税征收以及建立碳汇网络交易平台等方式,以期通过发展国内外碳汇市场,与生态环境形成良性互动。     

Will either cap and trade or a carbon emissions tax be effective in monetizing carbon as an ecosystem service

Economists argue that if the cost of carbon emissions was bid into markets, consumers would effectively make purchases that would reduce emissions. Life-cycle inventory and assessment studies have identified how to make many environmental improvements such as reducing carbon emissions at every stage of processing. Most importantly, almost every change in building design, product selection alternative or forest management alternative results in changed levels of carbon emissions across many different stages of processing. These studies raise questions about the effectiveness of carbon registries, cap and trade systems or taxes to effectively monetize the reduction of carbon emissions. A three-tier credit system that accounts for carbon sequestration and storage in the forest sector including users of forest products can mimic many of the expected effects of an economy-wide carbon tax. Insight is provided on policies that are more likely to reflect the value of carbon emissions in purchasing and production systems and to avoid counterproductive results. The relationship between carbon emissions and other forest ecosystem services such as habitat is also examined.     

东莞森林生态系统碳储量研究

采用2 km ×2 km的UTM网格取样法对广东省东莞市8个主要森林类型的植被碳库、凋落物碳库和土壤碳库等三大碳库的有机碳储量和碳密度进行了计量、比较分析和评价.结果表明:东莞森林碳储量总量为973.05 ×104 t,森林总平均碳密度为175.86 t·hm-2;其中森林植被总碳储量为161.48 × 104t,平均...     

油松人工林碳汇功能的研究

对木兰林管局油松人工林19块标准地分林木层、灌木层、草本植物层、枯落物层和土壤层进行了生物现存量的实测与碳储量的研究,结果表明林木层和土壤层的碳储量构成了林分碳储量的主体.分配次序为土壤层＞林木层＞地表枯落物层＞草本层＞根桩＞灌木层,林木层碳储量分配次序为干＞枝＞根＞叶.建立了林木蓄积与生物量、碳储量的回归模型,认为幂函数形式有较好的适用性.以林龄(A)和3株优势木平均高(H)建立了土壤有机碳密度(Soc)拟合方程,可用于具体小班土壤碳密度的估测.木兰林管局油松人工林林分碳密度为76.586 2～284.417 8t/hm2,平均值为143.1 t/hm2,其中林木平均碳密度为30.454 5t/hm2,土壤平均碳密度为110.773 5t/hm2;现有油松人工林碳储量估测结果为983 314.0 t,其中林木碳储量为208 923.0 t,占总碳储量的21.25%,土壤碳储量为760 881.0 t,占总碳储量的77.38%.     

长白山高山冻原生态系统碳储量和碳动态研究

本研究分析了长白山高山冻原植被-凋落物-土壤生态系统的碳储量和碳动态.冻原植被中年净储存有机碳约17251 t;凋落物中有机碳储量为15043.1 t,凋落物中有机碳储量空间分布格局：TA＞LA＞MA＞SA＞FA;冻原土壤（0～20 cm）中年均储存有机碳为1054 t·a^-1,土壤中有机碳储量为3.16×10^5 t;每年约有1.4×104 t·a^-1土壤有机碳通过土壤呼吸释放到大气圈.植被-凋落物-土壤系统共储存碳452624 t.长白山高山冻原年均固碳为3146 t·a^-1.     

强化碳汇概念,探索保护森林与环境的新思路

从森林碳汇角度阐述了森林的价值及其价值实现的方式,提出应大力发展碳汇经济,利用经济杠杆保护森林与环境。     

Comparison of uncertainties in carbon sequestration estimates for a tropical and a temperate forest

We compare uncertainty through sensitivity and uncertainty analyses of the modelling framework CO2FIX V.2. We apply the analyses to a Central European managed Norway spruce stand and a secondary tropical forest in Central America. Based on literature and experience we use three standard groups to express uncertainty in the input parameters: 5%, 10% and 20%. Sensitivity analyses show that parameters exhibiting highest influence on carbon sequestration are carbon content, wood density and current annual increment of stems. Three main conclusions arise from this investigation: (1) parameters that largely determine model output are stem parameters, (2) depending on initial state of the model, perturbation can lead to multiple equilibrium, and (3) the standard deviation of total carbon stock is double in the tropical secondary forest for the wood density, and current annual increment. The standard deviation caused by uncertainty in mortality rate is more than 10-fold in the tropical forest case than in the temperate managed forest. Even in a case with good access to data, the uncertainty remains very high, much higher than what can reasonably be achieved in carbon sequestration through changes in forest management.     

Carbon concentration variability of 10 Chinese temperate tree species

A mass-based carbon (C) concentration ([C]) of 50% in dry wood is widely accepted as a constant factor for conversion of biomass to C stock. However, the [C] varies with tree species, and few data on [C] are available for the Chinese temperate tree species. In this study, we examined inter- and intra-specific variations of [C] in biomass tissues for 10 co-occurring temperate tree species in northeastern China. The species were Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis Sieb. et Zucc.), Dahurian larch (Larix gmelinii Rupr.), Mongolian oak (Quercus mongolica Fisch.), white birch (Betula platyphylla Suk.), Amur cork-tree (Phellodendron amurense Rupr.), Manchurian walnut (Juglans mandshurica Maxim.), Manchurian ash (Fraxinus mandshurica Rupr.), aspen (Populous davidiana Dode), Mono maple (Acer mono Maxim.), and Amur linden (Tilia amurensis Rupr.). The mean tissue [C] across the species varied from 47.1% in fine root to 51.4% in foliage. The mean stem [C] of the 10 species was 49.9 ± 1.3% (mean ± SE). The weighted mean C concentration (WMCC) for the species ranked as: Amur cork-tree (55.1%) > Amur linden (53.9%) > Korean pine (53.2%) > Manchurian ash (52.9%) > Manchurian walnut (52.4%) > Mongolian oak (47.6%) > Dahurian larch (46.9%) > Mono maple (46.4%) > white birch (46.1%) > aspen (43.7%). The WMCC of the dominant trees was negatively correlated to mean annual increment of biomass (MAI), suggesting that planting fast-growing tree species for C sequestration in afforestation and reforestation practices sacrifice some C gain from increasing MAI due to decreasing [C]. Failing to account for the inter- and intra-specific variations in [C] will introduce a relative error of −6.7% to +7.2% in estimates of biomass C stock from inventory data, of which >93% is attributed to ignoring the inter-specific variation in [C].     

乔木林碳贮量研究--以旌德县为例

利用旌德县第8次森林资源二类调查数据,采取建立数学模型的方法分析了该县的乔木林总量及其年龄结构,依据建立的不同森林类型生物量和蓄积量之间的回归方程,估算了全县乔木林的碳储量及碳密度。结果表明：（1）旌德县乔木林总面积50190.7 hm2,乔木林总蓄积3624337 m3,以庙首镇森林面积最大。（2）乔木树种以杉类、硬阔和松类的面积和蓄积最大,乔木林的年龄结构较为合理;（3）乔木林生物量为118.18万t,乔木林碳储量为591485.20 t,碳密度为11.78 t/hm2,不同森林类型碳密度差异很大,以柏类的碳密度最大,达到27.63 t/hm2,软阔、硬阔林的碳密度较小,仅为0.73 t/hm2.和0.17 t/hm2.。因此,在实施各重点造林工程的同时加强中幼林抚育管理,提升现有林质量,促进林木生长,有效增加单位面积蓄积量,将会使旌德县森林的碳汇能力进一步提高。     

江门市城区行道树碳储量

采用材积源-生物量法（Volume-Biomass Method）对江门市行道树的碳储量进行研究。计算了芒果Mangifera indica、高山榕Ficus altissima、美丽异木棉Chorisia speciosa、蒲葵Livistona chinensis、海南红豆Ormosia pinnata、尾叶桉Eucalyptus urophylla、乌墨Syzygium cumini和火焰树Spathodea campanulata等8种行道树的立木碳储量,进而估算江门市城区行道树的碳储量。结果表明：江门市主要行道树平均树高8.92±0.19 m,平均胸径23.18±0.49 cm,平均蓄积量0.22±0.01 m3,生物量为5166.69 t,碳储量为2546.75 t,单株碳储量乌墨最高。可见行道树具有重要的碳汇功能,对改善江门市的城市生态环境有积极的作用。     

四川森林碳贮量现状及其空间分布

采用材积源生物量法和四川省2007年森林资源监测数据,计测了四川森林总碳量和碳密度.研究结果表明:2007年四川森林总碳量629.76 Tg,平均碳密度50.67 Mg·hm-2,主要得益于成熟林的贡献.四川森林的碳贮量具有极大的空间差异性,在地貌上表现为:用西高山峡谷区(261.58 Tg C)>川西南山地区(114.32 TgC)>盆地西缘山地区(74.08 Tg C)>盆地丘陵区(59.33 Tg C)>川西北高原区(45.15 Tg C)>盆地南缘山地区(41.45 TgC)>盆地北缘山地区(33.85 Tg C);在流域上表现为:岷江流域(228.57 Tg C)>雅砻江流域(160.25 TgC)>嘉陵江流域(128.25 Tg C)>金沙江流域(84.89 Tg C)>长江干流(16.55 Tg C)>沱江(11.25 Tg C).森林碳密度有由东南向西北遂渐增加的趋势,即盆地北缘山地区(28.83 Mg·hm-2)<盆地丘陵区(31.71 Mg·hm-2)<川西南山地区(42.80 Mg·hm-2)<盆地南缘山地区(48.54 Mg·hm-2)<盆地西缘山地区(56.75 Mg·hm-2)<川西高山峡谷区(66.96 Mg·hm-2)<川西北高原区(69.76 Mg·hm-2),或长江干流域(30.09 M8·hm-2)<沱江流域(36.41 Mg·hm-2)<嘉陵江流域(3s.72 Mg·hm-2)<雅砻江流域(52.94 Mg·hm-2)<金沙江流域(54.48 Mg·hm-2)<岷江流域(62.24 Mg·hm-2).文中还讨论了森林碳贮量与碳密度的空间差异性在森林经营与区划中意义,分区规划和分类经营管理是提高四川森林碳吸存能力的有效措施.     

凉山州森林植被碳储量估算及碳密度空间分析

基于凉山州森林分类区划界定成果,利用生物量模型对全州森林植被碳储量进行估算,并进行空间分析。估算结果,全州森林植被碳储量为110.2491 Tg,其中公益林80.888 Tg;商品林29.361 1 Tg;碳储量主要集中在江河两岸和荒漠化及水土流失严重地区两个生态区位,但碳密度相对不高;全州森林植被碳储量分布不均,西北和东北区域碳密度相对较高,中部和南部区域相对较低。     

Carbon banking: Creating flexibility for forest owners

The focus of forest-based systems for sequestering carbon has largely been on creating permanent stores of carbon on defined areas of land with a single payment to the forest owner for the carbon. In terms of forest management, this focus leads to two outcomes, continuing production of timber if the forest area is sufficiently large to create an effective permanent carbon pool, or a cessation of harvesting if the forest area is too small. In addition, the payment system for carbon is generally based on matching a specific buyer and seller of carbon using a single payment to the forest owner. In combination, both of these factors create a carbon sequestration system that is too inflexible to attract anything but the largest land or forest owners. The paper presents an alternative system for carbon sequestration, carbon banking. Carbon banking treats sequestered carbon in the same way that a financial institution treats capital. In essence, forest owners ‘deposit’ carbon, in exchange for an annual payment, and those who need carbon offsets ‘borrow’ carbon by making an annual payment. The role of the carbon bank is to aggregate deposits of carbon and use these to meet various demands for carbon. There are a number of benefits of this system. It provides an opportunity for small forest owners with different types, age classes and management strategies to participate in carbon markets because payments are based on current carbon sequestered. It also allows participants in the carbon market to receive current value for carbon rather than what effectively represents the capitalised value of the future benefits of sequestering carbon, thus removing some uncertainty about locking into the wrong value for carbon.