Phosphorus budget in shrimp aquaculture pond with mangrove enclosure and aquaculture performance

ABSTRACT:   An experiment in which water was circulated between shrimp aquaculture ponds stocked with 10 000 or 20 000 PL-15 stage Penaeus monodon , and mangrove enclosures each planted with 476 Rhizophora mucronata per enclosure, was carried out at the Samut Songkhram Coastal Aquatic Research Station, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Thailand. Shrimp survival rate was significantly higher ( P  < 0.001, Fisher's exact test) in ponds where 10 000 larvae was stocked and water was exchanged with the mangrove enclosure, compared with the control pond with no water exchange, over the 136 day experimental period. Phosphorus transport to the mangrove enclosure was estimated to be 0.41 kgP and 0.18 kgP over the experimental period and change in phosphorus content in mud was reduced there compared with the control pond. A load reduction effect to the environment was confirmed in this aquaculture system with mangrove enclosure compared with the phosphorus budget in the control pond, and 6.2 or 8.9 ha of mangrove area was estimated to be required by 1 ha shrimp ponds to fully process the phosphorus.     

海水虾蟹环境适应与池塘生态工程化养殖

池塘养殖是我国海水养殖的传统方式,也是当前陆基海水养殖的主体。自20世纪70年代,海水池塘养殖经历了粗放式、半集约、集约化和多营养层次生态养殖的发展历程。然而,海水池塘养殖产业中仍存在养殖生物生态适应性机制不清、养殖系统产出不稳定、营养物质利用效率低等“瓶颈”问题,严重制约了海水池塘养殖产业的发展。因此开展海水养殖虾蟹良种与生态环境的互作机制解析,研发养殖生态系统结构优化和营养物质资源化高效利用技术,搭建养殖信息采集与智能化管控平台,创建生态工程化养殖新模式,实现养殖系统高效可持续产出,是我国海水池塘养殖产业绿色高质量发展的关键。     

Growth and reproductive performance of broodstock shrimp reared in a biosecure recirculating aquaculture system versus a flow-through pond

Over the past decade, viral pathogens have caused mass mortalities of farmed shrimp throughout the major shrimp farming regions of the world. In addition, the global shrimp farming industry has been criticized for negatively impacting coastal environments. These issues have raised concerns about the sustainability of traditional shrimp farming practices, and have prompted farmers and researchers to develop biosecure technologies that promote a sustainable industry. Current technologies include the use of specific pathogen free (SPF) shrimp that are grown to market size in recirculating systems that rely on pathogen exclusion. Inherent in this approach is the need to produce SPF broodstock under biosecure conditions. However, there is a paucity of information on broodstock growth and reproductive performance when they are reared in recirculating systems. The present investigation compares shrimp growth and reproductive performance in two trials where shrimp were cultured from market size (20 g) to broodstock size (40–60 g) in a recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) versus a flow-through earthen pond (EP). In trial 1, mean growth rates of males and females in the RAS were 0.83 and 1.33 g/week, respectively. In the EP, males and females grew 1.07 and 1.48 g/week, respectively. In trial 2, mean growth rates of males and females in the RAS were 0.90 and 1.53 g/week, respectively, whereas in the EP, males and females grew and 1.24 and 1.78 g/week. Slower growth rates in the RAS may be attributed to the lack of natural productivity, which provides supplemental nutrition to the shrimp. In addition to growth rates, reproductive performance of broodstock reared in the RAS was compared with historical reproductive performance of broodstock reared in the EP. Data on spawning success and production of viable nauplii revealed no significant differences (P>0.05) between broodstock shrimp reared in these two systems. These results indicate that broodstock shrimp can be cultured in a biosecure RAS while maintaining good growth and high survival. In addition, reproductive performance of broodstock shrimp reared in a RAS is not compromised when compared with broodstock shrimp reared in a conventional, flow-through pond.     

有益微生物的应用对海水对虾养殖池塘中细菌数量动态变化的影响

2001年5~7月,在深圳东海岸水产公司南澳半封闭式斑节对虾Penaeus monodom精养基地,进行了有益微生物的应用对虾塘总异养细菌和弧菌数量影响的调查研究。结果表明,对虾养成过程中,施用有益微生物的实验组虾塘水体中总异养细菌和弧菌数量明显较未施用的对照组虾塘低,但各虾塘水体中总异养细菌和弧菌数量的变化特征基本相同,即在养殖前期,虾塘水体中总异养细菌和弧菌数量均较稳定,并处于相对较低的水平;而在养殖中、后期,总异养细菌和弧菌数量均急剧升高,尤以对照组虾塘的升幅最大,其弧菌数量甚至超过100×102CFU.mL-1的对虾发病之弧菌数量临界值。实验组与对照组虾塘中表层沉积物中,总异养细菌和弧菌数量差异不大,总异养细菌和弧菌数量变化特征也基本相同,但实验组与对照组之间有所差异,其中实验组表现为双峰型的变化特征,峰值出现在养殖前期或中期和养殖将结束时;对照组则呈单峰型变化,峰值均出现在养殖中期。有益微生物的应用对虾塘水体中总异养细菌和弧菌数量的抑制效果较对沉积环境中的效果明显。     

一株嗜盐光合菌的分离及对养殖污水的处理效果

以海南虾池特殊生境底泥为菌源,富集、分离出一株嗜盐光合菌,命名HPSB2,并对其进行形态学观察、特征峰值测定及生理生化检测.结果显示:其与红环菌科(Rhodocychceae)索氏菌属(Thauera)特性相似,16SrDNA序列比对显示与Thauera aminoaromatica和Thauera mechemich...     

斑节对虾基因组微卫星分离及其序列特征研究

采用(CA)_(12)(AG)_(12)及(TA)_(16)生物素标记探针及磁珠富集法构建了斑节对虾Penaeus monodon基因组微卫星富集文库。随机挑选254个克隆进行PCR筛选,得到51个候选克隆(20．1%)。其中,32个克隆来源于CA-文库,另19个克隆来源于AG-文库。测序发现48个克隆含有微卫星重复单元,通过序列比对,最终获得40个具有特异微卫星序列的阳性克隆。微卫星(GA/CT)_N及(CA/GT)_n 2碱基重复序列分别占所有分离的微卫星数目的20．7%及60．4%。此外,还检测到其它多种微卫星重复类型,如(AT)_n、(GC)_n、(TGG)_n、(AAG)_n、(AAT)_n、(GAA)_n、(GTGC)_n、(GCGT)_n、(GGTTA)_n、(GTGCGT)_n,占检测到的微卫星数目的18．9%。获得的微卫星序列中属于完全型序列的有76条(68．5%),不完全型序列的有22条(19．8%),另有13条属于复合型序列(11．7%)。微卫星(GT/CA)_n 2碱基重复次数(3～52次)要远大于(GA/CT)_n 2碱基次数(3～27次)。获得的微卫星序列长度大小范围为129～601 bp,平均为286 bp。研究为进一步开展斑节对虾分子育种及资源评价分析提供了基础资料。     

刺参池塘养殖系统中1株副干酪乳杆菌的分离及其生物学特性研究

本研究利用MRS培养基,从山东东营刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)养殖池塘环境中分离到56株乳酸菌.以刺参腐皮综合征2种重要致病菌灿烂弧菌(Vibrio splendidus)和假交替单胞菌(Pseudoalteromonas nigrifaciens)为指示菌,采用牛津杯法测定所分离的乳酸菌对2株...     

Phosphatase activity with reference to bacteria and phosphorus in tropical freshwater aquaculture pond systems

The bio‐geochemical cycle of phosphorus is significantly influenced by microbes in the aquatic environment. Organic phosphorus compounds are decomposed and mineralized by enzymatic complexes such as phosphatases produced by microbes. Enzymatic catalysis results in the production of orthophosphate, which can be used readily by primary producers. Even the smallest concentration of phosphate in water has an influence over the production process in aquaculture systems. Extracellular alkaline phosphatase activity was observed in water and sediment media of aquaculture ponds with different management practices. Heterotrophic bacterial populations as well as phosphatase‐producing bacterial populations were higher in sediments compared with water. In the freshwater fish ponds, Bacillus spp. were the dominant forms of bacteria producing phosphatase. The alkaline phosphatase activity of sediment was always higher than that of water. The partitioning of extracellular alkaline phosphatase in pond water by a 0.22‐µm membrane filter revealed that a proportion was often free rather than cell associated and might have originated as free enzymes released by enriched sediments or by fish or microbes. In the case of water, although the dissolved alkaline phosphatase activity was lower than the total alkaline phosphatase activity, the former was nevertheless unimportant, as it constituted about 20% of the ‘total’ activity. Free alkaline phosphatase activity shared a negative correlation with the orthophosphate concentration of water, whereas gross alkaline phosphatase activity was positively correlated with the total phosphorus and bacterial population of water.     

Shellfish aquaculture in Thailand

Abstract

Shellfish have been farmed in Thailand for over 100 years, and during this time, traditional culture techniques have gradually given way to more sophisticated and capital intensive methods. Farmed shellfish production increased from 73,976 to 138,202 metric tonnes between 1988 and 2000. Major species currently under cultivation include the green mussel Perna viridis, the blood cockle Anadara granosa, and three species of oyster (Saccostrea cucullata, Crassostrea belcheri, and Crassostrea iredalei). The horse mussel Arcuatula arcuatula is also produced in limited amounts for animal feed, and gastropods such as the abalone Haliotis asinina and the spotted babylon Babylonia areolata are in the initial phases of commercialization. With the globalization of fisheries commodity markets, the Thai shellfish sector is slowly implementing more rigorous management and certification processes. These procedures are required to access European, American and Japanese markets, and would also serve to decrease the risk of gastrointestinal disease for local consumers.     

工厂化循环水养殖条件下云纹石斑鱼消化道产酶菌的分离鉴定

采用16S r DNA-PCR菌群分离鉴定的方法,对循环水养殖条件下云纹石斑鱼(Epinehelus moara)幼鱼的胃、幽门盲囊、前肠、中肠和后肠的菌群结构进行了鉴定,用产酶菌筛选培养法对产消化酶的菌株进行了分离鉴定,并测试了各菌株消化酶的活力。研究发现,云纹石斑鱼幼鱼消化道内可培养的主要菌群为假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、微小杆菌属(Exiguobacterium)、不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)、寡养单胞菌属(Stenotrophomonas)和葡萄球菌属(Staphylococcus),其中产消化酶的菌株占可培养菌的55.6%。在产酶菌中,同一株菌产3种酶的有5株;产2种酶的有9株;中肠和后肠的菌株数最为丰富,胃次之,幽门盲囊和前肠菌群种类较少;产脂肪酶的菌株都集中在中肠。产消化酶的菌株主要以产蛋白酶和淀粉酶为主,且产酶量丰富,产蛋白酶活力最高达(87.732±1.134)U/m L;淀粉酶活力为(77.176±0.599)~(73.458±0.574)U/m L;产纤维素酶的菌仅一株,且酶活力较低。分析得知,消化道的菌群结构直接影响了外源性消化酶的种类与活性。本研究为工厂化循环水养殖条件下产酶有益菌的筛选提供了理论依据。     

鱼、虾、蟹养殖池塘清塘排水水质及污染强度

为准确估计混养鱼、青虾、河蟹养殖池塘清塘时污染物的排放强度,实验选取三种类型池塘(混养鱼塘、青虾塘、河蟹塘)各5口。混养鱼塘清塘时一边捕捞一边用潜水泵排水;青虾塘在捕捞完成后即用潜水泵排水;河蟹塘在捕捞完成后1个月左右采用自流装置从表层开始排水并滞留30 cm水于塘内。采集三类池塘清塘前塘内水样及清塘过程中排水口水样,分析总氮、总磷、化学耗氧量和悬浮物等污染物浓度。分别以塘内水质和排水口水质的监测值估算了污染物的表观排放强度和实际排放强度。结果表明,随着塘内水位下降,混养鱼塘和青虾塘排水口的污染物浓度显著提高(P0.05)。混养鱼塘的实际污染强度显著高于其表观污染强度(P0.05)。然而河蟹池塘污染物的实际排放强度却显著低于表观排放强度(P0.05)。结果提示以塘内水质来估算池塘养殖污染物排放强度有明显误差;通过改进排水技术可以削减养殖污染排放量。     

冬季池塘斑点叉尾鮰养殖技术

斑点叉尾鮰适应性强,既可单养,又可混养;既可在池塘、水库饲养,也可在网箱或流水池中进行集约化养殖。其中以池塘养殖较为普遍。     

对虾生态养殖综合技术研究

在养殖基地实施生态养虾试验,利用微生物制剂对水质进行调控,用人参皂甙增强虾体免疫力,用绿色环保天然抗病毒剂综合防治虾病。虾体无违规药物残留,产出的虾全部出口美国、日本,具有很好的经济效益和社会效益。     

Isolation and partial characterization of bacteriophages infecting Vibrio harveyi from shrimp farm effluent water

Bacteriophage isolated from the semi-intensive culture of Pacific white leg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei infects the luminous bacteria Vibrio harveyi. Lytic activity and lytic spectrum results revealed that the isolated phage had strong lytic activity in V. harveyi, V. parahaemolyticus, and V. vulnificus. Biofilm inhibition activity was performed against different pathogenic vibrios on high-density polyethylene (HDPE) template and the result revealed that the phage effectively inhibited the biofilm formation in V. harveyi. Spectrophotometric assay performed for lytic activity of the isolated phage in V. harveyi liquid culture showed that the phage significantly decreased the V. harveyi cell densities at different time intervals (P?<?0.05). To study the stability of phage at different temperature and pH revealed that the phage withstands the temperature ranged between 40 and 70 °C and the pH of 4 and 9 at a significant level (P?<?0.001). One-step growth curve depicted that the burst size gradually increased to a significant level and reached the maximum of 90% at 180 min (P?<?0.05). This study concluded that the isolated phage had specific activity against pathogenic V. harveyi infections.

     

Effect of effluent from a shrimp pond on shoot biomass of mangrove seedlings

Growth in terms of shoot dry weight was studied in five species of mangroves, namely Avicennia marina, A. officinalis, Ceriops decandra, Rhizophora apicuhta and R. mucronata, raised in shrimp pond-derived effluent. The effluent had significant negative effect over diluted effluents on shoot dry weight in R. apiculata and C. decandra, but not in the other three species, in general, the effluent, when diluted by 70%, improved the shoot biomass production of mangrove seedlings.     

人工湿地联合塘内设施调控生产性虾塘水环境的效果与技术

研究了由表面流与水平潜流组成的复合人工湿地联合使用塘内曝气增氧机与人工净化网调控生产性淡水对虾养殖塘水环境的效果与技术。养殖中后期(约60 d后), 湿地以1.65 m/d水力负荷, 3次循环处理虾塘废水, 有效调控虾塘水质, 确保养殖成功。结果表明湿地对废水中有害物质均可程度不等地去除, 蓝绿藻得以控制, 出口水 -N与BOD5分别为极显著(P<0.01)与显著(P<0.05)去除, 去除率与去除速率分别为72.6%, 0.467 g/(m²·d)与29.7%, 2.651 g/(m²·d), -P为41.7%, 0.022 g/(m²·d), TN为26.1%, 2.619 g / (m2?d), CODMn为15.9%, 3.738 g/(m²·d), -N去除率仅3.6%, 但去除速率较高[0.462 g/(m²·d)]。湿地静止4 d期间, 废水中 -N与 -N去除率达96.8%与93.3%, 均极显著去除(P<0.01)。养殖周期试验塘水化学指标均维持在虾安全生长范围内, 收获虾8.81 g, 9.36 cm; 对照塘因爆发蓝绿藻仅养殖60 d, 收获虾3.06 g, 6.54 cm。试验表明, 在不用药、不换水条件下, 联合塘内设施, 人工湿地以较高水力负荷与低频率运转可有效调控虾塘水质, 确保养殖成功。     

集中式自动投饵系统的研制

为了满足池塘养殖产业化、现代化的需要,提高养殖机械自动化水平,基于气力输送原理,设计了一套以可编程序控制器(PLC)为控制器的集中式自动投饵系统.介绍了投饵系统的组成及工作原理,分析了系统气力输送、多路配送、自动控制等关键技术.根据设计要求,对自动投饵系统进行投饵性能测试,投送距离320m时,最大投饵量为1100kg/h,吨料能耗低于8kWh/t,饲料破碎率低于0.7%.试验和实际应用结果表明,该系统能够实现定时、定量以及高效投喂,操作方便,可靠性高.     

Evaluation of potential probiotics isolated from saline tilapia in shrimp aquaculture

Integration of tilapia to shrimp culture is currently being practiced to minimize the growth of pathogenic luminous bacteria. The microorganisms that are associated in tilapia may contribute to the inhibition of the growth of Vibrio harveyi through the production of secondary metabolites. In this study, two Bacillus strains (MJA1.1, MJA2.1) isolated from mucus of tilapia were evaluated for their possible application in shrimp culture. The inhibitory property of these isolates against V. harveyi was determined in vitro using co-culture assay in a liquid medium. Also qualitative extracellular enzyme assay was conducted to assess whether the bacterial isolates produce extracellular enzymes. Furthermore, the potential use of these isolates as shrimp feed additive was tested. Thereafter, shrimps were exposed to lethal dose of ammonia (140 mg l^?1) to test the effects of the isolates in vivo. The results showed that in vitro co-culture assay after 72 h caused a significant decline in the population of V. harveyi in treatments with potential probiotic isolates. Both isolates showed protease, amylase, and cellulase activities. Although no significant difference was observed in growth, survival was significantly higher in shrimp fed with diets added with either of the isolates. The shrimp exposed to lethal dose of ammonia demonstrated better survival when supplemented with the probionts compared to the control group. Thus, the efficiency of the isolates in inhibiting V. harveyi population and the improvement of survival and resistance of cultured shrimp to ammonia stress indicate their potential as probionts for shrimp culture.     

Isolation and molecular characterization of hemocyte sub-populations in kuruma shrimp Marsupenaeus japonicus

Fisheries Science - Crustacean hemocytes, which have usually been classified morphologically based on methods using Giemsa or May-Giemsa stains, have recently been categorized using monoclonal...     

Inbreeding and disease in tropical shrimp aquaculture: a reappraisal and caution

The disease crisis facing shrimp aquaculture may be propelled, in part, by an interaction between management practices that cause inbreeding, and the amplification by inbreeding of susceptibility to disease and environmental stresses. The study describes and numerically simulates gene flow from Penaeus (Litopenaeus) vannamei hatcheries that employ a ‘Breeder Lock’ to discourage use of their PL as breeders, through ‘copy hatcheries’ that breed the locked PL, to inbred shrimp in farm ponds. Re‐analysis of published data shows that inbreeding depression under stress is exceptionally strong in shrimp. Inbreeding is currently overlooked as a problem because: (1) procedures recommended for well‐managed hatcheries do not consider their implications for the copy hatcheries that supply most farmed shrimp (estimated 70%), (2) inbreeding in hatcheries is often reported as zero even though zero is the mathematical expectation of the usual estimator (Fis, fixation index) whatever the true genealogy of the broodstock. Simulation shows, however, that inbreeding can be estimated with Wang's trioML estimator, that Fis can differentiate Breeder Locked from copy PL and that simple tests can verify the lock status of PL. The importance of inbreeding should be re‐evaluated in the context of disease and environmental stress. Unrecognized inbreeding may increase the incidence, prevalence and lethality of WSSV, IHHNV, EMS (AHPND) and other diseases.