奶牛全价混合日粮(TMR)饲喂技术的配方优化程序设计

应用全价混合日粮(TMR)饲喂奶牛技术是奶牛养殖业走向现代化、科学化必由之路。低成本优化设计全价混合料配方和精确计算奶牛每天风干饲料采食量是实现全价混合日粮(TMR)饲喂奶牛的基本条件,实践表明,运用JT-畜禽饲料配方优化程序设计(2-2版本)完全能预期达到快速计算奶牛全价混合料配方和每天风干饲料采食量的要求。     

奶牛全混合日粮(TMR)的配方优化程序设计

实行全混合日粮(TMR)饲喂奶牛是科学饲养管理重要措施之一,优化设计全混合日粮配方和精确计算奶牛每天风干饲料采食量是实现这一目标必要手段,生产部门应用实践和本文实例表明,JT-畜禽饲料配方优化程序设计(2—2版本)的功能完全符合实际效果。     

南方地区奶牛场预防夏季热应激的营养调控措施

我国南方地区夏季热应激严重,给奶牛养殖带来严重影响,做好防暑降温,优化设计饲料配方,选择抗热应激的新型饲料添加剂,可以有效缓解热应激,提高奶牛养殖效益。1科学调制饲料热应激可明显降低奶牛的采食量,影响产奶量。提高干物质采食量,是夏季饲养管理工作的重点。根据调查,一些规模化奶牛场尚未饲喂TMR全混合日粮;饲喂全混合日粮,可以提高干物质采食量,缓解和防治瘤胃酸中毒。适当增加TMR含水     

使用奶牛饲用全混合日粮实验的效益分析

奶牛全混合日粮(TMR),指根据不同奶牛生长发育及泌乳阶段的营养要求和饲养目的,按照营养调控技术和多饲料搭配原则而设计出的奶牛全价营养日粮配方,按此配方把每天饲喂奶牛的各种饲料(粗饲料、青贮饲料、精饲料和各类特殊饲料及     

奶牛全混合日粮（TMR）饲喂技术在生产中的应用浅析

奶牛全混合日粮（TMR）饲喂技术是当前国内外标准化、规模化奶牛场普遍采用的一种饲喂技术,该技术具有增加奶牛采食量,提高饲料利用率,减少奶牛疾病,提高产奶量和奶品质,节约劳动力和增加经济效益等作用。本文详细介绍当前我市奶牛养殖场使用TMR全混合日粮的优点,并结合多年工作经验,系统阐述了奶牛TMR饲养技术具体措施,最后提出在规模化奶牛场推广应用TMR技术,有利于实现奶牛业智能化管理,有利于提高奶牛经济效益。     

规模化牧场如何实施全混合日粮(TMR)技术

正全混合日粮(TMR)现在已广泛应用于现代的规模化牧场,TMR具有以下优点:易于控制精粗饲料的饲喂量和饲喂水平,增加奶牛的干物质采食量(DMI);改善日粮的适口性,扩大饲料来源,简化饲料的配制程序;便于奶牛的科学化、规模化、集约化生产;提高日粮的营养水平,降低瘤胃的p H值变化;提高奶牛的泌乳性能,提高牛奶质量;易确定奶牛的采食量,控制奶牛总体的营养水平;全面平衡奶牛的营养,控制采食量,预防和减少消化系统机能紊乱等。     

奶牛全混合日粮（TMR）调制饲喂技术的关键环节

全混合日粮,又称TMR （TotalMixedRation）,指根据不同生长发育及泌乳阶段奶牛的营养需求和饲养战略,按照营养专家计算提供的配方,用特制的TMR饲料搅拌机对日粮各组分进行科学的混合,供奶牛自由采食的日粮.实践应用证明,奶牛全混合日粮（TMR）调制饲喂技术对维持奶牛健康和提高生产性能有明显效果[1-3].本文着重说明了TMR饲喂技术中的关键环节,具体包括搅拌设备的选择、选择适合的容积、合理设计TMR操作规程、注意事项等.     

河北省奶牛全混合日粮应用中存在的问题及应对措施

正我国传统的奶牛饲养方式是精粗分饲,混群饲养,实际生产中存在难以保证采食的精粗比例适宜而且稳定、不利于瘤胃内消化代谢的动态平衡(挥发性脂肪酸生成、菌体蛋白合成、微生物区系)等缺点而难以提高干物质采食量,不能适应大规模集约化经营。为了适应奶牛养殖业集约化、规模化发展的需要,20世纪60年代开始在美、英、以色列等国推广应用较为成熟的全混合日粮(TMR)饲喂技术,并取得了较为理想的效果。TMR是根据奶牛不同生长发育及泌乳阶段的营养需求和饲养目的,按照营养调控技术和饲料搭配原则而设计出的奶牛均衡营养日粮配方,用TMR搅拌机械对日粮各原料(粗饲料、青贮饲料、精饲料和饲料添加剂)进行切割、搅拌、混合和饲喂的一种先进的饲养工艺。TMR技术保证了奶牛所采食的每一口饲料都是营养均衡的,     

高能量水平日粮对泌乳中后期奶牛生产性能及饲料效率的影响

试验旨在研究泌乳中后期奶牛饲喂高能量水平日粮对其生产性能和饲料效率的影响。选取泌乳（220±10)d、妊娠（100±5)d、产奶量（20±5)kg的健康荷斯坦中产奶牛120头,随机分为2组,每组60头牛,对照组饲喂低能量（6.51 MJ/kg DM）全混合日粮（TMR）,试验组饲喂高能量（7.26 MJ/kg DM)TMR,预试期7d,正试期20d。结果表明：试验组的干物质采食量（DMI）、4%标准乳（FCM）产量较对照组分别增加2.26、1.55 kg/d(P<0.01）;试验组乳蛋白含量高于对照组（P<0.01）,而饲料效率（FE）和乳脂率呈下降趋势（P>0.05）;试验组奶牛饲料消化率（表观消化率、淀粉消化率）、淀粉降解速率、微生物产气量均高于对照组（P<0.01）,而挥发性脂肪酸（VFA）、乙酸+丁酸含量低于对照组（P>0.05）;试验组千克奶饲料成本较对照组增加0.83元/（头·d）、经济效益减少16.2元/（头·d）。由此可见,泌乳中后期奶牛仍然饲喂高能量水平日粮会降低奶牛饲料效率,提高饲喂成本,应按照泌乳天数科学配制奶牛日粮。     

全混合日粮散养与拴养分道饲喂模式的比较

奶牛全混合日粮(TMR)的概念是指根据奶牛不同生长发育及泌乳阶段的营养需求和饲养目的,按照营养调控技术和饲料搭配原则而设计出的奶牛均衡营养日粮配方,按此配方把每天饲喂奶牛的各种饲料(粗饲料、青贮饲料、精饲料和饲料添加剂)通过特定的设备和饲料加工工艺而均匀地混合在一     

日粮添加产朊假丝酵母对15月龄新疆褐牛杂交育肥增重性能的影响

为探讨日粮添加产朊假丝酵母菌(Candida utilis)对肉牛育肥增重性能的影响,选取15月龄体重(376.53±30.31)kg的新疆褐牛与哈萨克牛杂交F1代公牛30头,随机分为对照组(CT)与产朊假丝酵母菌组(CU),CT组饲喂全混合日粮(TMR),CU组在TMR中按10 g/100 kg体重添加产朊假丝酵母菌粉剂(活菌数≥4×109 CFU/g)。饲养期为120 d,每隔30 d测定TMR剩料粒度、体重变化,并采用粪筛对粪样分布进行粒度分析。结果表明:在TMR投料配方比例与制作粒度保持不变的情况下,随着育肥期的延长,宾州筛第1层(粒径>19 mm)比例下降,说明添加产朊假丝酵母菌可以提高肉牛对长粗饲料的采食;15月龄肉牛体重变化随饲养天数呈一元线性增长模式;CU组平均干物质采食量(DMI)比CT组降低9.9%(P<0.05);CU组平均耗料增重比(F/G)比CT组下降了15.4%(P<0.05),日增重(ADG)有所提高(P>0.05),说明CU组可以提高饲料转化效率;CU组胴体重高于CT组4.2%(P<0.05),但屠宰率无显著差异;利用粪筛对CU组与CT组粪便粒径分析,中上层比例有所降低表明CU组肉牛对TMR中饲料颗粒消化更加充分。综上所述,日粮添加产朊假丝酵母可以提高15月龄肉牛对TMR中长纤维的采食,DMI降低9.9%,F/G降低15.4%,胴体重提高4.2%。     

Ensiling characteristics of total mixed ration prepared with local feed resources in Mozambique and their effects on nutrition value and milk production in Jersey dairy cattle

To effectively utilize total mixed ration (TMR) prepared with locally available feed resources, we studied the nutritional value and milk production in Jersey dairy cattle fed a local general diet (LGD) and fermented TMR in Mozambique. Ten head of Jersey dairy cattle with 337 ± 19.8 kg body weight, aged 3–4 years in mid location were used in this study. The LGD diet was designed following the general feeding method of local smallholding farms; it contained native grass, Napier grass, wheat bran, and mineral–vitamin mix. Fermented TMR was prepared using Napier grass, corn bran, wheat bran, formula feed, and mineral–vitamin mix. Fermented TMR was preserved as good quality, with a relatively low pH and high lactic acid content. Compared to LGD, fermented TMR significantly improved the dry matter intake and digestibility in dairy cattle. Milk yield was significantly higher in dairy cattle fed with TMR than in those fed with LGD, by 3.75 L/d; milk quality was not significantly different between treatments. The results confirmed that LGD had a low dry matter intake and milk yield, and fermented TMR prepared with local feed resources can attain good quality and improve milk yield in dairy cattle in Mozambique.     

The effect of feeding time (day versus night) and feeding frequency on pancreatic exocrine secretion in pigs

The effect of night feeding and feeding frequency on exocrine pancreatic secretion was studied in five chronically catherized growing pigs (16 to 31 kg). Feeding during the night (2200 to 2400 h) as compared to the day (1000 to 1200 h) tended to stimulate cholesterol ester lipase activity and tended to lower the colipase : lipase ratio in the pancreatic juice, but no effect on volume output, protein output and the activities of trypsin, chymotrypsin, amylase, lipase and colipase could be demonstrated. Feeding 12 small meals between 0800 and 2000 h as compared to one large meal (1000 to 1200 h) daily, altered the pattern of exocrine pancreatic secretion, tended to stimulate protein output by 44 %, chymotrypsin activity by 29 % and lipase activity by 46 %. These observations strengthened the theory that exocrine pancreatic secretion is partly regulated by feed intake per se and does not only depend on the amount of feed consumed. Feeding 12 small meals versus one large meal, compared at the same total daily feed intake, lowered the colipase : lipase ratio by 32 %. It can be concluded that feed intake pattern affected exocrine pancreatic secretion.     

The effect of replacing brewers' grains with barley tea grounds in total mixed ration silage on feed intake, digestibility and ruminal fermentation in wethers

Four wethers were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square to study the feed intake, apparent digestibility, nitrogen balance and ruminal fermentation characteristics when fed total mixed ration (TMR) silages which included wet barley tea grounds (WBTG). The TMR silages were prepared using compound feed including wet brewers' grains (WBG), corn, oat hay, alfalfa hay, dried beet pulp, salt and vitamin-mineral supplement in a ratio of 30.7:15:8:24:10:12:0.15:0.15, respectively, on a dry matter (DM) basis. The WBTG and soybean meal mixture (7:3 on DM basis) were substituted for WBG at ratio of 0% (Control), 5% (LTG), 10% (MTG), and 15% (HTG) on DM of TMR. WBTG addition to the TMR silages increased lactic acid concentration, decreased pH, acetic acid and ammonia-N ( P  < 0.001). Feed intakes and digestibilities for LTG and MTG (except ether extract (EE) digestibility) treatments were not different from the control ( P  > 0.05). However, EE and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) intake, crude protein, EE and NDF digestibility was lower, but the DM and gross energy digestibility was higher for the HTG treatment compared to control ( P  < 0.01). With progressive increases in WBTG concentrations, nitrogen intake, fecal nitrogen and retention nitrogen did not differ, but the urinary nitrogen for MTG and HTG treatments were lower than that of the control ( P  = 0.001). The ruminal total volatile fatty acid concentration and the molar ratios of propionate and butyrate were higher, but the acetate, ratio of acetate to propionate and ammonia-N content were lower for the HTG treatment compared with the control ( P  < 0.05). Therefore, the possible proportion of replacing WBG with WBTG for TMR silage can be 10% or less of the diet DM.     

Effect of several doses of zeolite A on feed intake,energy metabolism and on mineral metabolism in dairy cows around calving

The object of the present study was to determine the influence of different zeolite A doses on dry matter intake (DMI) and mineral metabolism, and to evaluate an optimum dosage for preventing hypocalcaemia. Eighty pregnant dry cows were assigned to four groups (I–IV). They were fed a total mixed ration (TMR) ad libitum. Groups II, III and IV received an average daily dose of 12, 23 and 43 g zeolite A/kg DM for the last 2 weeks prepartum. Individually DMI was recorded daily. Blood and urine samples were taken before, during and after zeolite A supplementation. Serum was analysed for Ca, Mg, P_i, K, non‐esterified fatty acids and β‐hydroxybutyrate (BHB). Urine was analysed for Ca, Mg, P_i, K and net acid‐base excretion (NABE). After calving, milk yield (fat corrected milk) and milk composition were determined. During zeolite A supplementation, mean DMI of Group IV (7.3 ± 1.3 kg/cow/day) was significantly lower compared to Groups I–III (10.1, 10.9, 9.5 kg/cow/day). The reduced feed intake of Group IV resulted in significantly increased BHB as well as decreased NABE after calving. Zeolite A supplementation in higher doses (III and IV) had a stabilizing effect on Ca metabolism around calving for older cows, whereas cows in Groups I and II showed a subclinical hypocalcaemia. The mean serum Mg concentration decreased significantly in older cows in Group IV at calving. The mean P_i concentration in cows of Group IV decreased into ranges of hypophosphataemia already 1 week after beginning of zeolite A feeding. The mean DMI postpartum as well as the milk yield was not affected by zeolite A supplementation. Feeding of 23 g zeolite A/kg DM TMR prepartum proved to be an adequate dosage for reducing subclinical hypocalcaemia frequency without significant effects on feed intake and P_i concentration in serum.     

Estimation of heritability of feeding behaviour traits and their correlation with production traits in Finnish Yorkshire pigs

A major proportion of the costs of pork production is related to feed. The feed conversion rate (FCR) or residual feed intake (RFI) is thus commonly included in breeding programmes. Feeding behaviour traits do not directly have economic value but, if correlated with production traits, can be used as auxiliary traits. The aim of this study was to estimate the heritability of feeding behaviour traits and their genetic correlations with production traits in the Finnish Yorkshire pig population. The data were available from 3,235 pigs. Feeding behaviour was measured as the number of visits per day (NVD), time spent in feeding per day (TPD), daily feed intake (DFI), time spent feeding per visit (TPV), feed intake per visit (FPV) and feed intake rate (FR). The test station phase was divided into five periods. Estimates of heritabilities of feeding behaviour traits varied from 0.17 to 0.47. Strong genetic correlations were obtained between behaviour traits in all periods. However, only DFI was strongly correlated with the production traits. Interestingly, a moderate positive genetic correlation was obtained between FR and backfat thickness (0.1–0.5) and between FR and average daily gain (0.3–0.4), depending on the period. Based on the results, there is no additional benefit from including feeding‐related traits other than those commonly used (FCR and RFI) in the breeding programme. However, if correlated with animal welfare, the feeding behaviour traits could be valuable in the breeding programme.     

Effects of rice conservation methods on lactation,blood metabolites,and rumen fermentation in dairy cows

We investigated the effect of rice grain conservation methods on feed intake, milk production, blood metabolites, and rumen fermentation in dairy cows. Raw rice grain was dried before crushing (DRY), ensiled after crushing (ENS‐A), or ensiled before crushing (ENS‐B). Twelve multiparous Holstein cows were used in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design with three dietary treatments comprising ad libitum access to one of three total mixed rations (TMRs; containing DRY, ENS‐A, or ENS‐B at 17% of dietary dry matter) plus a standard allowance of 2.0 kg/day of dairy concentrates. The dietary treatments did not affect the feed intake, milk yield, or milk composition. The selected blood constituents were not influenced by the rice conservation method. The ruminal lactic acid and total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations and the VFA proportion in the cows were not influenced by the rice conservation method. These results demonstrate that the rice grain conservation method has little impact on lactation performance when cows are fed a TMR containing 17% treated rice grain (dry matter basis).     

饲喂发酵饲料对肉鸡生长性能、养分利用率、肠道健康和肉品质的影响

【目的】本试验旨在研究肉鸡生长前期(1~21日龄)饲喂发酵饲料对其生长性能、养分利用率、肠道健康和肉品质的影响。【方法】选用1日龄爱拔益加肉鸡公鸡240只,随机分入4个处理组,每组6个重复,每个重复10只鸡。4组肉鸡生长前期(1~21日龄)分别饲喂添加0、5%、10%、15%发酵饲料的试验饲粮,生长后期(22~42日龄)均饲喂不含发酵料的基础饲粮,试验期为42 d。试验第21和42天时,测定肉鸡的1~21日龄、22~42日龄和1~42日龄生长性能、19~21日龄和40~42日龄养分利用率、42日龄肠道菌的数量和42日龄肉品质等指标。【结果】与对照组相比,饲喂10%发酵饲料显著降低肉鸡1~21日龄料重比(P＜0.05);饲喂15%发酵饲料显著提高肉鸡1~42日龄平均日增重和平均日采食量(P＜0.05),显著提高19~21日龄肉鸡干物质利用率和能量代谢率(P＜0.05)。前期饲喂发酵饲料对42日龄肉鸡的盲肠菌群数量影响不显著(P＞0.05)。与对照组相比,饲喂发酵饲料显著降低42日龄肉鸡肌肉中胆固醇含量(P＜0.05)。【结论】生长前期饲喂10%的发酵饲料显著降低了肉鸡1~21日龄料重比;饲喂15%发酵饲料显著提高了肉鸡1~42日龄平均日增重、平均日采食量及19~21日龄肉鸡干物质和能量利用率。生长前期饲喂发酵饲料显著降低了42日龄肉鸡肌肉胆固醇含量,但是对42日龄肉鸡盲肠菌群数量无显著影响。     

Influence of zeolite A supplementation during the dry period of dairy cows on feed intake, on the macro and trace element metabolism around calving and milk yield in the following lactation

The object of the present study was to determine the influence of zeolite A, a calcium binder from the group of the aluminosilicate, on feed intake, macro and trace element metabolism as well as the milk yield in the following lactation in dairy cows. 46 cows were allotted to 2 groups (A--control group and B--experimental group). They were fed a total mixed ration (TMR) ad libitum 2 weeks before calving. Additionally the cows in group B received 90 g zeolite A/kg dry matter (DM). The individually feed intake was registered daily. The serum was analysed for Ca, Mg, and Pi (inorganic phosphate), Fe, FFA (free fatty acid) and beta-HB (hydroxybutyrate) and the plasma for the trace elements Cu, Zn, and Mn. After calving the milk yield (FCM) and the milk composition (fat, protein, lactose and urea) were analysed. Feed intake of group B, amounting to 6.2 +/- 1.3 kg DM/d was around 48% lower as compared to 12.0 +/- 1.4 kg DM/d for group A. The zeolite addition into the TMR showed a stabilizing effect on the average Ca concentration in the serum around calving. This effect led to a significantly lower Mg concentration on the day of calving and 1 day post partum. The Pi concentration was significantly lower already after the 1st week of zeolite supplementation and on the day of calving as compared to group A. There was no essential effect of zeolite A on the trace element concentration. The depression of feed intake for group B led to a significant increase of FFA one week after beginning zeolite supplementation and of beta-HB around calving. The feed intake post partum as well as the milk yield were not affected by zeolite supplementation. Because decreased feed intake of group B after zeolite supplementation and the occurred hypophosphatemia, it is not acceptable to use zeolite A in the proved dose for preventing milk fever.     

Reproductive performance of first and second parity sows fed daily or every third day

Crossbred gilts were used in a two-parity experiment to measure the effect on reproductive performance of feeding every third day during gestation.Diets were formulated with maize and soybean meal to 12% and 16% crude protein for gestation and lactation, respectively. Experimental feeding regimens were imposed from an average day 30 to an average day 109 of gestation. During this period, the gravid gilts or sows housed in confinement were fed either 1.9 kg of the gestation diet daily or permitted ad libitum access to the diet for 1 day in each 3-day period. The lactation diet was provided ad libitum from farrowing until weaning at 28 days post partum. From weaning until the dietary treatments were reimposed about 30 days post-coitus, the females were fed 1.9 kg of the gestation diet per day.First-parity females fed ad libitum every third day consumed an average of 0.4 kg more feed per day than did those restricted to 1.9 kg of diet per day. There was no effect of feeding regimen on gestation weight gain or any criteria of reproductive performance, e.g. litter size or weaning weights of piglets. During the second parity, sows allowed to eat ad libitum every third day gained significantly more weight during gestation than those fed daily, reflecting an average daily feed intake that was 1.2 kg greater than that of the control animals fed 1.9 kg day^?1. Second parity reproductive performance was not affected by treatment. Backfat thickness measured at the point of the shoulder and at the last rib on day 30 and day 109 of gestation and at weaning increased during gestation and decreased during lactation regardless of feeding regimen or parity.Feeding gravid pigs every third day did not adversely affect reproductive performance; however, average daily feed intake was increased. Although the sows seemed to adapt quickly to a three-day feeding schedule, welfare aspects need to be investigated further.