植物种子败育研究进展

种子败育在许多植物中普遍存在并一直是植物界研究热点。本文重点综述了近十年来在研究影响种子败育的内因(胚胎学、生理生化机制)和外因(环境条件、生长调节物)方面取得的主要进展。种子败育的胚胎学机制主要有以下4个方面：(1)雄性不育,包括花药退化、花粉败育、绒毡层细胞结构异常等;(2)雌性器官不孕,主要表现为雌性器官形态结构异常、大孢子母细胞及营养器官退化;(3)授粉受精不良,主要表现为自交或异交不亲和;(4)胚中途败育,不同植物胚败育的时间、败育原因及解剖学特征各不相同。不同的内源激素对植物胚胎发育的影响各不相同,激素含量的异常会导致种子败育;田间喷施GA3在提高果树座果率的同时常大大提高无仁率。矿质元素的缺乏会使一些植物发生种子败育。另外,环境胁迫等外在因素会严重影响种子发育。     

红宝石无核葡萄胚发育及败育的观察

以种子败育型葡萄红宝石无核为试材,采用石蜡切片法系统观察其胚发育及败育进程.结果表明,红宝石无核胚能发育到心形胚阶段,随后胚逐渐败育,胚珠不能继续发育为成熟种子.红宝石无核的胚乳败育早于胚败育,其胚挽救适宜取材时期是花后40天.     

钙影响花生胚胎发育/败育特异蛋白质的筛选与鉴定

缺钙花生（Arachis hypogaea L.）严重空荚（胚胎败育）导致减产降质长期困扰南方花生生产。以大田足（施足钙）、缺（缺钙地大田本底）钙条件下花生的种植与观察为基础 ,利用改良的传统双向电泳、MALDI-TOF质谱和蛋白质数据库等手段,得到了7个与受钙影响花生早期胚胎败育/发育有关的差异表达蛋白。4^#差异蛋白是与菠菜（Spinacia oleracea）的70 kD的叶绿体被膜休克相关蛋白高度相似的缺钙组表达上调的特异蛋白; 6^#差异蛋白与三叶胶（Hevea brasiliensis）的线粒体前体中的ATP合酶的β链高度相似,该蛋白在缺钙幼胚缺失; 7^#差异蛋白在低钙组缺失,其与马铃薯（Solanum tuberosum）的肌动蛋白97或100类似,等等。研究结果提示,受钙胁迫花生幼胚败育可能与早期幼胚内能量转化、氧化还原系统、细胞内膜以及细胞骨架功能维持相关的功能基因的表达异常有关。初步揭示了受钙影响花生胚胎败育的分子机理。     

陆地棉三体的诱发、鉴定及其利用研究──Ⅲ雌配子发育的胚胎学观察

对３个三体（Ｆｔｒ－２，Ｆｔｒ－４和Ｆｔｒ－５），两个四体（Ｆｔｅ－４和Ｆｅｔ－５）成熟胚囊结构的胚胎学观察以及秕子率的统计分析表明，所有材料均有不同程度的胚囊败育，但不同的材料胚囊败育时期不同，Ｆｔｒ－２和Ｆｔｒ－５胚囊败育主要发生在双核胚囊期以前，Ｆｔｒ－４，Ｆｔｒ－５和Ｆｔｅ－４各时期都有一定的败育率。胚囊败育是造成Ｆｔｒ－２和Ｆｔｒ－５雌配子传递率低的主要原因，Ｆｔｒ－４雌配子传递率低是胚囊败育和幼胚败育两方面因素共同作用的结果。     

华北驼绒藜种子发育过程中内源激素变化动态的研究

以3种结实类型华北驼绒藜的种子(正常发育型,轻度败育型,高度败育型)为材料,对种子发育过程中内源激素含量动态进行了观察测定.结果表明:正常发育型华北驼绒藜种子IAA和GA,含量随着种子的发育呈持续上升趋势,轻度败育型和高度败育型种子IAA和GA3含量在种子发育初期(花后10 d)同时出现明显下降,随后开始上升;ZR含量在种子发育过程中呈单峰曲线,败育型种子的ZR含量要显著低于正常发育型;ABA含量在种子发育前期较低,随着种子的发育呈上升趋势,但3种结实类型种子间的差异并不是很大;在种子发育初期(花后10 d),正常发育型与两种败育类型种子(IAA GA3 ZR)/ABA的比值差异达到最大,说明内源激素动态变化及它们之间的比例平衡关系与华北驼绒藜胚胎败育有着密切联系.     

高等植物体细胞胚胎发生的研究进展

植物体细胞胚胎发生是一个复杂的发育过程,受到多种内、外因素的影响与调节,研究体细胞胚胎发生诱导与调节是一个基本的理论问题。通过介绍高等植物体细胞胚胎发生过程中生长素对胚胎发育的影响以及体胚发生中的基因表达,展示体胚发生已经成为研究植物胚胎发生发育的一条重要途径。同时体胚发生中分离到的基因研究为理解细胞分化与发育,形态发生与建成以及植物合子胚的发育提供了重要参考。     

枣胚败育因素分析及提高幼胚发生的措施

枣胚退化或败育特性是枣树杂交育种的重要障碍。本文重点介绍了枣胚败育类型及特征、胚败育的生理与分子机制,提出了诱导幼胚合成内源激素以及利用胚挽救技术等提高幼胚发生的措施,为进一步深入探索枣胚败育的分子机制以及枣树杂交育种提供一定的理论参考。     

植物胚败育相关基因研究进展

种胚败育在许多植物中普遍存在并一直是研究的热点，但种胚败育机制尚不明确。为探寻植物胚胎败育分子机制，本文在介绍植物胚发生过程的基础上，重点阐述了种胚败育的相关基因及基因表达研究方面的进展情况。当前植物胚胎发育的调控基因互作、协同机制尚不清楚，今后应运用多组学加大从基因调控到信号传导过程的深入研究，并对植物胚胎败育分子机制的研究进行了展望。     

陆地棉三体的诱发,鉴定及其利用研究

对３个三体（Ｆｔｒ－２，Ｆｔｒ－４，Ｆｔｒ－５），两个四体（Ｆｔｒ－４，Ｆｅｔ－５）成熟胚囊结构的胚胎学观察以及秕子率的统计分析表明，所有材料均有不同程度的胚囊败育，但不贩材料胚囊败育时期不同，Ｆｔｒ－２和Ｆｔｒ－５胚囊败育主要发生在双核胚胚囊期以前，Ｆｔｒ－４，Ｆｔｒ－５，Ｆｔｅ－４各时期都有一定的败育率，胚囊败育是造成Ｆｔｒ－２和Ｆｔｒ－５雌配子传递率低的主要原因，Ｆｔｒ－４雌配子传递率低是胚     

影响棉花幼胚(珠)离体培养及植株建成的因素分析

幼胚(珠)离体培养是棉花远缘杂交胚挽救的重要手段,也是研究棉花胚胎发育和纤维发育机理的基础技术。自1935年以来,棉花离体幼胚(珠)培养取得了一定的进展,但目前形成的幼胚培养技术较为复杂,需要在不同胚胎发育阶段变换使用不同的培养基,才能实现幼胚发育成熟和植株形态建成。常用培养基为BT和MS培养基,幼胚的基因型、多种激素(IAA,KT,GA)、碳源和氮源及不同的NO3-/NH4 比例等诸多因素均对培养效果有着重要影响。     

The effect of ovule age on ovary-slice culture and ovule culture in intraspecific and interspecific crosses with Tulipa gesneriana L.

The efficiency of two embryo rescue techniques, direct ovule culture and ovary-slice culture followed by ovule culture, is studied in crosses with Tulipa gesneriana as maternal genotype. The germination percentages increased, in most cases, significantly with increasing ages of te ovary-slices and ovules at the start of the cultures. The low number of embryos recovered at early culture dates is caused by a higher rate of embryo abortion and by retarded embryo development. The germination percentages for ovary-slice culture followed by ovule culture was mostly comparable to direct ovule culture. Unique hybrids have been obtained from the crosses T. gesneriana × T. agenensis and T. gesneriana × T. praestans. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Callus induction and plant regeneration from immature and mature embryos of winter durum wheat genotypes

Seven genotypes of winter durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) were cultured to establish an efficient method of callus formation and plant regeneration from mature embryo culture, and to compare the responses of immature and mature embryo cultures. Immature embryos were aseptically dissected from seeds and placed, with the scutellum upwards, in dishes containing Murashige and Skoog's (MS) mineral salts and 2mg 2,4- dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) per litre. Calli and regenerated plants were maintained on 2,4-D-free medium. Mature embryos were moved slightly on the imbibed seeds. For callus formation, the seeds with moved embryos were placed, furrow downwards, in dishes containing 8 mg 2,4-D per litre. The developed calli and regenerated plants were maintained on the MS medium. Plants regenerated from both embryo cultures were vernalized and grown to maturity in soil. Variability was observed among the wheat genotypes tested for various culture responses in both explant cultures. Callus induction rate and regeneration capacity of callus were independent of each other. Mature embryos have a low frequency of callus induction but a high regeneration capacity. Considering availability, rapidity and reliability, this form of mature embryo culture can be used as an alternative method for immature embryo culture.     

茶树体细胞畸形胚的发生和利用

在茶树组织培养中,正常体细胞胚常和畸形胚相伴发生。根据畸形胚的表征可将其分为多子叶胚、子叶膨大胚、单极胚、愈伤组织化胚四类。在细胞分裂素/生长素比值低的培养基上培养,子叶柄、叶柄愈伤组织的畸形胚发生率高;正常胚转化成畸形胚。GA3的添加对畸形胚的分化及正常胚转化成畸形胚有促进作用。多子叶胚、子叶膨大胚、     

Comparison of callus culture with embryo culture at different times of embryo rescue for primary triticale production

Summary Callus culture of immature wheat-rye hybrid embryos was compared with embryo culture in two experiments. Embryos were rescued from field grown mother plants at two day intervals 13–21 days after pollination and plated for 1) callus culture on Murashige and Skoog medium (MS) supplemented with 2 mg/12,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid followed by plant regeneration on hormone free MS medium with half strength mineral salts, 2) embryo culture on Taira and Larter medium (TL). Observations were made on embryo size and condition at time of rescue (Experiment 1) and embryo development directly into plants (embryo culture) or through embryogenesis (callus culture). Fewer 19 and 21 day old embryos developed into plants from callus culture than from embryo culture in Experiment 1. Callus culture was more efficient than embryo culture in promoting plant recovery from 17 day old embryos in Experiment 2. The number of plants per embryo was significantly higher from callus culture than from embryo culture. In both experiments callus culture promoted embryogenesis in more embryos than developed in embryo culture. Embryo rescue 15–17 days after pollination was optimal in both experiments.     

Trait correlation of immature embryo culture in bread wheat

Immature embryo culture of 45 cultivars in bread wheat was conducted to investigate trait correlation in tissue culture response. Plantlets were regenerated mainly through somatic embryos confirmed by histological examination, but also confirmed by the trait correlation analysis. The incidence of calli with leaf‐like green spots as opposed to the time, rate and fresh weight of callus induction in dedifferentiation culture was significantly positively related to organogenesis both in differentiation and maintenance culture. It indicated the plant regeneration potential might be predicted early by the incidence of calli with leaf‐like green spots in the dedifferentiation stage. Significant positive correlation also occurred among all the organogenesis traits such as the rate of shoot and root regeneration, or the number and length of shoots.     

甘蓝型油菜小孢子培养影响因素的研究

本实验对四川成都生态区甘蓝型油菜进行游离小孢子培养,对小孢子培养的影响因素作了系统研究,结果表明：小孢子形成阶段的温度及昼夜温差、花蕾消毒液、小孢子培养浓度及株龄都是影响小孢子胚产量的因素,小孢子形成阶段的温度以10-15℃,昼夜温差5℃左右胚产量最高达到300枚/蕾,温度低于5℃或高于20℃胚产量都较低甚至不出胚;花蕾消毒液以0.1%的Hgcl2效果较好,培养浓度以3-4蕾/皿较好;2009年成都生态环境下,株龄从125天到150天,胚产量随着株龄增加而增加,到141天达到最高,后逐渐下降。     

基于高通量测序的芍药属杂交种胚转录组分析

为了研究牡丹、芍药远缘杂交胚败育的分子机理,本研究使用BGISEQ-500平台对牡丹、芍药杂交种胚转录组进行测序,通过测序,共得到了92.02 Gb数据。通过拼接组装去冗余后得到了86 195个Unigene,平均长度为1 189 bp。86 195个Unigene在七大功能数据库中进行注释,最终分别有49 172 (NR:57.05%)、38 352(NT:44.49%)、36 477 (Swiss Prot:42.32%)、38 905 (KOG:45.14%)、37 993 (KEGG:44.08%)、26 832 (GO:31.13%)以及37 758 (Pfam:43.81%)个Unigene获得功能注释。同时还检测出21 998个SSR分布于17 567个Unigene中,其中二核苷酸和三核苷酸这两种重复类型分别有5 628个和2 906个。在17 567个Unigene中预测出1 671个编码转录因子。不同发育时期的胚转录组数据中共筛选出13 974个差异表达基因,其中上调基因有8 647个,下调基因有5 327个。该转录组测序分析为寻找牡丹、芍药远缘杂交胚败育相关基因提供了一定的理论参考。     

我国部分主推小麦品种组织培养再生能力评价

小麦细胞工程育种和基因工程育种存在强烈的基因型特异性, 从目前推广的优良小麦品种中筛选不同外植体再生能力强的基因型, 对于提高小麦生物技术育种效率和加速育成品种的生产应用具有重要意义。本研究以全国大面积推广的24个优良小麦品种和抗白粉病优良品系CB037为材料, 连续2年进行花药培养、幼胚培养和成熟胚培养, 统计愈伤组织诱导率、愈伤组织分化率和植株再生率, 分析、评价这些小麦品种(系) 3种外植体的组织培养再生性能。结果表明, 25个小麦品种(系)花药、幼胚、成熟胚的植株再生率分别为0~41.75%、2.25%~531.92%和3.24%~84.34%, 基因型差异显著; 组织培养再生能力以幼胚最强(119.79%), 成熟胚其次(36.23%), 花药最弱(4.91%)。CB037的3种外植体组织培养再生效率均最高, 轮选987、扬麦16、内麦836、科农199、新春6号、郑麦366、郑麦9023、新冬20、烟农19和川麦42幼胚培养植株再生能力表现较强, 新春6号、京冬8号、石麦4185、科农199和轮选987成熟胚培养植株再生率较高, 石麦4185和邯6172花药培养绿苗诱导率较高。小麦组织培养效率与基因型和外植体类型密切相关, 不同品种同一外植体再生能力差异显著, 同一品种不同外植体再生能力也存在显著差异, 并且3种外植体的组织培养再生能力不存在相关性。本研究筛选到不同外植体再生能力较好的优良小麦基因型, 可进一步用于小麦转基因育种和单倍体育种。     

二倍体、四倍体小麦成熟胚组织培养研究初报

以栽培二粒小麦(Triticum dicoccum Schuble)、硬粒小麦(Triticum durum Desf.)以及普通六倍体小麦祖先种野生二粒小麦(Triticum dicoccoides Kom.)、野生一粒小麦(Triticum aegilopides Bal.)4个基因型麦属植物成熟胚(MEs)为外植体,对成熟胚愈伤组织诱导、分化及植株再生的组织培养效果做了初步研究,筛选出适合于非六倍体小麦成熟胚组织培养的基因型.结果表明,不同基因型成熟胚愈伤组织的诱导、分化及植株再生差异显著,具有很强的基因型效应和基因型依赖性.其中栽培二粒小麦的成熟胚表现出较好的组织培养特性,它的愈伤组织诱导率、分化率、成苗率以及组培效率分别为95.00%、90.00%、32.40%、27.70%,显著高于其它基因型.二倍体、四倍体小麦成熟胚组织培养特性的研究以及组织培养基因型的筛选,为遗传转化体系的建立、小麦功能基因的分离和克隆,以及小麦分子育种工作奠定了基础.     

A New Embryo Rescue Procedure for Interspecific Hybridization

A new technique is presented that allows to overcome very early embryo abortion after interspecific crosses. Embryogenic sectors of young fertilized ovules are cultivated in vitro on a solid/liquid double layer culture medium containing activated charcoal in the solid phase. Hybrid plans are obtained afer transfer the developed for the interspecific cross Cuphea paucipetala greenwooodii×C. laminuligera; but it is most likely also applicable to other combinations, even in different genera.