三种灌木耐旱性研究

用盆栽法设置三种土壤相对含水量，研究紫穗槐，沙棘，柠条的耐旱能力。测定了生长指标，计算出耐旱生产力；研究了水分胁迫对蒸腾日进程和叶保水力的影响；用压力室和ＰＶ技术测定并计算了水分胁迫对苗木渗透调节能力和水分状况等影响。综合上述三类指标，得出柠条的耐旱性最强，其耐旱生产力，蒸腾，保水力和渗透调节能力最高。沙棘和紫穗槐的耐旱性接近，沙棘的蒸腾和保水力的调节能力大于紫穗槐，但渗透调节能力却低于紫穗槐，它     

从切枝蒸腾失水比较几种园林植物的节水特性

该研究以保定地区主要园林绿化针叶树种沙地柏、侧柏、圆柏和阔叶灌木大叶黄杨、金叶女贞、紫叶小檗为试验材料,运用切枝蒸腾法,测定了叶片气孔蒸腾和角质层蒸腾。试验结果表明:①侧柏的节水性较好,沙地柏次之,而圆柏最差。②金叶女贞有较好的节水特性,大叶黄杨较差,紫叶小檗位于二者之间。③针叶树种的节水性不如阔叶灌木树种,但耐旱性和阔叶灌木树种相近。     

干旱区木本植物盐分积累与其耐旱性的关系

通过对干旱区4种木本植物体内Na+,K+浓度和水分、光合等指标的测定、比较,分析盐分积累与其耐旱性的关系。结果表明:梭梭和柽柳能够吸收、积累较多的Na+,而花棒和沙枣组织Na+浓度相对较低;与花棒和沙枣相比,梭梭和柽柳具有较低的组织水势和渗透势、较小的蒸腾失水量和较大光合作用有效水势范围。表现为植株水势、渗透势和蒸腾失水量与其组织Na+浓度呈负相关,而光合作用有效水势范围大小则与其呈显著正相关。由此可见:盐分积累能够降低组织渗透势和水势、增强水分吸收的动力,同时还可以减少蒸腾耗水,有利于植株在低水势下维持较高的光合作用能力,即干旱地区的植物通过积盐可以增强其抗旱能力。     

4种柳树苗木叶的PV水分参数对水分胁迫的响应

在温室内研究了瑞典能源柳C号、2号柳、4号柳和陕北红皮柳苗木的抗旱能力。对其盆栽苗木施行水分轻度胁迫、中度胁迫、重度胁迫及正常(供水)生长4种处理,应用压力室和PV技术测定4种柳树苗木在不同处理状态下的叶组织多项水分参数,以此对其苗木的耐旱能力作综合评定。结果表明,在水分胁迫条件下,2号柳苗木叶吸收水分的能力最强;4种柳树的苗木均有一定的渗透调节和保持膨压能力,4号柳、2号柳、红柳的苗木能通过增加叶束缚水的含量来实现渗透调节,但其依靠改变苗木叶束缚水的含量来实现渗透调节的作用有限,红柳、4号柳苗木在土壤相对含水量降至61%时,2号柳苗木在土壤相对含水量降至46%时,其叶由束缚水含量所引起的渗透调节作用消失;在水分胁迫条件下,红柳、4号柳苗木通过改变叶组织细胞壁的弹性来保持其的膨压,2号柳、能源柳C号的苗木主要靠叶渗透调节来维持其的膨压。水分胁迫能增强红柳、能源柳C号、4号柳苗木保持最大膨压的能力,而降低2号柳苗木维持最大膨压的能力;4号柳能通过提高苗木叶细胞原生质忍耐脱水的能力来适应干旱,能源柳C号、红柳苗木叶细胞原生质耐脱水能力对水分胁迫的适应性差,在水分胁迫条件下其耐脱水能力减弱。通过对4种柳树苗木叶组织渗透调节和维持膨压能力的综合比较,其抗旱能力由强至弱依次为能源柳C号、2号柳、红柳和4号柳。     

水分胁迫条件下臭柏匍匐茎的蒸腾和吸水特性

在臭柏长期室内石砾土栽培条件下,通过培养液中加入PEG以调节溶液渗透势,设置对照区(pF值3.0)、水分胁迫区(pF值2.3)2种处理,并分别从匍匐茎中部人工培养不定根,测定有不定根和无不定根匍匐茎小枝的蒸腾速率、气孔导度及其水势的日变化和叶片水分特性.结果表明:1)在水分胁迫条件下,匍匐茎先端小枝通过降低正午水势提高吸水能力;基部小枝通过控制蒸腾,维持枝条水势防止失水.2)有不定根的匍匐茎通过降低质壁分离时的水势(ψwtlp)和充分吸水时的渗透势(ψ,ssat)提高吸水能力,而且增加细胞弹性率,迅速降低膨压保证失水时能尽快关闭气孔;而无不定根匍匐茎虽然吸水能力较差,但细胞壁柔软,即使蒸腾失水,也能在较长时间内维持膨压,保证生命活动进行.     

运城旱塬主栽杏品种耐旱性研究

应用 P- V曲线技术对运城旱塬区主栽的骆驼黄杏、金太阳、新世纪、凯特杏、大接杏、红丰 6个品种的水分参数进行了测定 ,结合叶片蒸腾强度日变化及叶持水力的测定 ,结果表明 :不同品种的水分参数差异明显 ,表现了它们耐旱能力的强弱 ,根据质壁分离时的渗透势 ( Ψwtlp)来排列所测 6个杏品种的耐旱能力大小为 :骆驼黄杏 >金太阳 >新世纪 >凯特杏 >大接杏 >红丰。依据膨压 ( RVAT) ,细胞弹性模量 ( ε)和细胞体积比 ( PCV)的相互关系 ,表明所测验 6个杏品种在耐旱途径上存在差异 ,骆驼黄杏、金太阳、新世纪属“耐旱型”抗旱类型 ;凯特杏、华县大接杏、红丰属“逃避型”抗旱类型     

多重复干旱循环对北美短叶松和黑云杉苗木气体交换及水分利用效率的影响

本文研究了多重复干旱循环对１年生北美短叶松（ＰｉｎｕｓｂａｎｋｓｉａｎａＬａｍｂ．）和黑云杉（Ｐｉｃｅａｍａｒｉａｎａ［Ｍｉｌ］Ｂ．Ｓ．Ｄ．）苗木的气体交换速率及水分利用效率的影响。结果表面，多重干旱循环对它们的气体交换（Ｃｓ，Ｐｎ，Ｔｒ）有显著影响（Ｐ＜０．５），而对其水分利用效率（ＷＵＥ）影响不大（Ｐ＞０．１）。尽管北美短叶松的气孔对轻度干旱胁迫不如黑云杉敏感，但是它对中度及严重干旱胁迫的敏感程度却高于黑云杉。在轻度及中度干旱胁迫下，北美短叶松的光合作用主要受非气孔因素的影响，而黑云杉则主要受气孔因素的影响。解除干旱胁迫后，黑云杉的气孔敏感性、光合能力及水分利用效率的恢复都要比北美短叶松更快．我们认为，延迟脱水是北美短叶松的主要耐旱机理，而忍耐脱水则是黑云杉重要的耐旱途径。轻度的干旱胁迫锻炼可以帮助北美短叶松在更严重的干旱胁迫下保持固有而较强的耐旱能力。然而，通过多重复干旱循环锻炼后黑云杉在改善耐旱能力的强度方面则大于北美短叶松     

北方主要造林树种耐旱机理及其分类模型的研究──叶保水力及维持膨压

从叶保水力及维持膨压两个方面，对２１个不同耐旱机理树种的耐旱生理特点进行了比较研究。结果表明：高水势延迟脱水耐旱树种（油松、樟子松、长白松、华山松、白皮松、火炬树、二白杨、华北落叶松）具有很强的保水力和维持膨压的能力；低水势忍耐脱水耐旱树种（山杏、山桃、栾树、文冠果、花椒、白榆、新疆杨、杜仲、红柳、沙枣、毛条、胡杨）则表现出较弱的保水力和维持膨压的能力。     

黑河流域荒漠地区水分胁迫对梭梭苗木影响的试验研究(英文)

梭梭(HaloxylonAmmodendronBge,一种C4灌木)苗种植在15升的容器中,给予不同的水分胁迫处理,研究了其水分关系和气体交换特征。结果表明:当土壤水分含量大于11%时,梭梭苗有高的蒸腾量;土壤水分含量低于6%时,苗木就不能从土壤中吸取水分;很好供水的苗木的蒸腾量与潜在蒸发量成线型相关。气体交换测定发现,随着土壤水分含量的下降,造成了不同程度的气孔导度、叶蒸腾强度和光合作用的下降。对同一苗木而言,由于这个地区有高的水气压亏缺(VPD),很好和中度供水的苗木在气孔反应方面有较宽的范围,气孔在决定光合作用方面起着较小的作用,二者没有明显的线型相关关系。虽然水分胁迫使蒸腾速率比光合速率下降的更快,提高了水分利用效率,而较高的蒸发需求增加了蒸腾量,限制了光合作用,但是总的趋势是光合作用和蒸腾强度成线型相关。图6表2参15。     

十种杨树苗木水分关系的研究

1979—1980年分别在温室和苗圃条件下测定了十种杨树苗木蒸腾速率的日变化和季节变化,估算了各个品种的蒸腾耗水量。根据蒸腾速率与光合速率的比值评定了各品种对土壤水分的利用效率。此外,还测定了叶片的保水力、气孔数目以及气孔活动与水分逆境的关系。综合分析以上试验结果,按各品种耐旱与喜水程度的排列次序将十种杨树划分为五个组,供生产上参考。     

Contrasting physiological responses of two co-occurring eucalypts to seasonal drought at restored bauxite mine sites

This study describes the physiological response of two co-occurring tree species (Eucalyptus marginata and Corymbia calophylla) to seasonal drought at low- and high-quality restored bauxite mine sites in south-western Australia. Seasonal changes in photosynthesis (A), stomatal conductance (g(s)), leaf water potential (ψ), leaf osmotic potential (ψ), leaf relative water content (RWC) and pressure-volume analysis were captured over an 18-month field study to (i) determine the nature and severity of physiological stress in relation to site quality and (ii) identify any physiological differences between the two species. Root system restriction at the low-quality site reduced maximum rates of gas exchange (g(s) and A) and increased water stress (midday ψ and daily RWC) in both species during drought. Both species showed high stomatal sensitivity during drought; however, E. marginata demonstrated a higher dehydration tolerance where ψ and RWC fell to -3.2 MPa and 73% compared with -2.4 MPa and 80% for C. calophylla. Corymbia calophylla showed lower g(s) and higher ψ and RWC during drought, indicating higher drought tolerance. Pressure-volume curves showed that cell-wall elasticity of E. marginata leaves increased in response to drought, while C. calophylla leaves showed lower osmotic potential at zero turgor in summer than in winter, indicating osmotic adjustment. Both species are clearly able to tolerate seasonal drought at hostile sites; however, by C. calophylla closing stomata earlier in the drought cycle, maintaining a higher water status during drought and having the additional mechanism of osmotic adjustment, it may have a greater capacity to survive extended periods of drought.     

Mechanisms of drought response in Thuja occidentalis L. II. Post-conditioning water stress and stress relief

We examined the extent of osmotic adjustment and the changes in relative water content (RWC) and transpiration rate (i.e., relative stomatal function) that occur in water-deficit-conditioned 6-year-old Thuja occidentalis L. (eastern white cedar) trees in response to a severe drought. Trees conditioned by successive cycles of mild or moderate nonlethal water stress (conditioning) and nonconditioned trees were exposed to drought (i.e., -2.0 MPa predawn water potential) to determine if water deficit conditioning enhanced tolerance to further drought stress. Following drought, all trees were well watered for 11 days to evaluate how quickly osmotic potential, RWC and transpiration rate returned to preconditioning values. Both nonconditioned trees and mildly conditioned trees exhibited similar responses to drought, whereas moderately conditioned trees maintained higher water potentials and transpiration rates were 38% lower. Both conditioned and nonconditioned trees exhibited a similar degree of osmotic adjustment (-0.39 MPa) in response to drought relative to the well-watered control trees. The well-watered control trees, nonconditioned trees and mildly conditioned trees had similar leaf RWCs that were about 3% lower than those of the moderately conditioned trees. Following the 11-day stress relief, there were no significant differences in osmotic potential between the well-watered control trees and any of the drought-treated trees. Daily transpiration rates and water potential integrals (WPI) of all drought-treated trees approached those of the well-watered control trees during the stress relief period. However, the relationship between cumulative transpiration and WPI showed that previous exposure to drought stress reduced transpiration rates. Leaf RWC of the moderately conditioned trees remained slightly higher than that of the nonconditioned and mildly conditioned trees.     

Osmotic potential of several hardwood species as affected by manipulation of throughfall precipitation in an upland oak forest during a dry year

Components of dehydration tolerance, including osmotic potential at full turgor (Psi(pio)) and osmotic adjustment (lowering of Psi(pio)), of several deciduous species were investigated in a mature, upland oak forest in eastern Tennessee. Beginning July 1993, the trees were subjected to one of three throughfall precipitation treatments: ambient, ambient minus 33% (dry treatment), and ambient plus 33% (wet treatment). During the dry 1995 growing season, leaf water potentials of all species declined to between -2.5 and -3.1 MPa in the dry treatment. There was considerable variation in Psi(pio) among species (-1.0 to -2.0 MPa). Based on Psi(pio) values, American beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.), dogwood (Cornus florida L.), and sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) were least dehydration tolerant, red maple (A. rubrum L.) was intermediate in tolerance, and white oak (Quercus alba L.) and chestnut oak (Quercus prinus L.) were most tolerant. During severe drought, overstory chestnut oak and understory dogwood, red maple and chestnut oak displayed osmotic adjustment (-0.12 to -0.20 MPa) in the dry treatment relative to the wet treatment. (No osmotic adjustment was evident in understory red maple and chestnut oak during the previous wet year.) Osmotic potential at full turgor was generally correlated with leaf water potential, with both declining over the growing season, especially in species that displayed osmotic adjustment. However, osmotic adjustment was not restricted to species considered dehydration tolerant; for example, dogwood typically maintained high Psi(pio) and displayed osmotic adjustment to drought, but had the highest mortality rates of the species studied. Understory saplings tended to have higher Psi(pio) than overstory trees when water availability was high, but Psi(pio) of understory trees declined to values observed for overstory trees during severe drought. We conclude that Psi(pio) varies among deciduous hardwood species and is dependent on canopy position and soil water potential in the rooting zone.     

极端干旱区绿洲胡杨叶片性状及其对水分条件的响应

为探究荒漠植物对极端干旱环境的响应,对额济纳绿洲胡杨5个叶功能性状及其对水土异质性的响应进行测定与分析。结果显示:胡杨叶功能性状具有不同程度的变异幅度,变异系数最大的为比叶面积;比叶面积与叶片厚度呈显著负相关,与叶氮、磷含量呈显著正相关,其是反映胡杨适应干旱环境的关键指标;地下水与土壤含水率对胡杨叶性状解释率最高,表明水分是胡杨叶性状的主要影响因素,可以通过合理的分水措施对胡杨种群进行加以保护。     

Streamside trees: responses of male, female and hybrid cottonwoods to flooding

Cottonwoods, riparian poplars, are dioecious and prior studies have indicated that female poplars and willows can be more abundant than males in low-elevation zones, which are occasionally flooded. We investigated the response to flooding of clonal saplings of 12 male and 9 female narrowleaf cottonwoods (Populus angustifolia) grown for 15 weeks in a greenhouse, along with three females of a co-occurring native hybrid (Populus?×?jackii?=?Populus deltoides?×?Populus balsamifera). Three water-level treatments were provided, with substrate inundation as the flood treatment. In the non-flooded condition, the hybrids produced about four-fold more dry weight (DW) than the narrowleaf cottonwoods (P??P. angustifolia male?>?P.?×?jackii female. This indicates that narrowleaf cottonwoods are relatively flood tolerant and suggests that females are more flood tolerant than males. We propose the concept of 'strategic positioning', whereby the seed-producing females could be better adapted to naturally flooded, low-elevation streamside zones where seedling recruitment generally occurs.     

滴灌条件下4种树木生长发育规律的研究

通过对南疆干旱地区荒山绿化所采用的胡杨、沙枣、柽柳和白榆等4种主要造林树种在滴灌条件下的生长发育规律进行研究,结果表明:4种树木在滴灌条件下根系分布存在着明显差异;生长高峰期到达的时间不同,白榆生长高峰期最长,其次为沙枣、胡杨、柽柳;4种树木耐盐程度不同,柽柳耐盐性最强,在总盐含量2.26%的情况下,尚能生长。     

胡杨叶片基态渗透值的研究*

胡杨(Populus euphratica Oliv.)是我国西北干旱地区盐渍化土地上的主要造林树种之一。近十年来,我国有些学者通过野外调查、田间试验等方法,对胡杨独特的抗盐性进行了广泛研究,但有关胡杨抗盐性生理机制方面的研究还很少,为了探讨胡杨的抗盐性机理,我们在1989年采用初始质壁分离法,对胡杨叶片的基态渗透值进行了研究。     

Phenotypic variation and quantitative trait locus identification for osmotic potential in an interspecific hybrid inbred F2 poplar pedigree grown in contrasting environments

Elucidation of the mechanisms of dehydration tolerance in poplar (Populus sp.) trees will permit development of biochemical and molecular indicators to identify dehydration-tolerant genotypes during genetic selection. The objectives of this study were to characterize the degree of phenotypic variation in osmotic potential (a determinant of dehydration tolerance), determine the relationship between osmotic potential at full turgor and relative growth rate, and identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) for osmotic potential in an advanced-generation, interspecific poplar pedigree established in contrasting environments. A three-generation, sib-mated black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa Torr. & Gray) and eastern cottonwood (P. deltoides Bartr.) segregating F(2) family (Family 331) was analyzed at a dry site east of the Cascade Mountain Range (Boardman, OR) and at a wet site west of the mountains (Clatskanie, OR). At the Boardman site, 2-year-old trees (59 clones) were either irrigated everyday (wet) or every other day (dry), whereas 3- and 4-year-old trees (58 clones) at the Clatskanie site were unirrigated. At the Boardman site, the typically narrow range of osmotic potentials exhibited by grandparents and parents was greatly expanded in the F(2) population, spanning from -1.38 to -2.35 MPa under wet conditions, with a similar range under dry conditions (-1.40 to -2.15 MPa). Clones that had osmotic potentials < or = -1.90 MPa generally displayed full maintenance of stem relative growth rates under dry conditions in contrast to clones with osmotic potentials that were < or = -1.60 MPa, in which stem relative growth rates were reduced by an average of 38% in the dry treatment relative to the wet treatment. Although osmotic adjustments of 0.13 to 0.36 MPa were observed in nine out of 59 clones, adjustment typically occurred from relatively high baseline osmotic potentials. The range in osmotic potential at the wetter Clatskanie site at age three was higher (-1.27 to -1.84 MPa) and was further expanded the following year (-1.14 to -1.94 MPa), which had a wetter spring than the previous year, followed by a typically dry July. Seven QTL for osmotic potential were identified that each explained > 7.5% of the variation in osmotic potential. Given that four clones (7%) had osmotic potentials of -2.00 MPa or less and that QTL for osmotic potential have been identified, we suggest that there are opportunities to extend the limit of dehydration tolerance in Populus.     

辽河三角洲盐碱地树种优化配置模式研究

在辽河三角洲盐碱地台田上,布置小胡杨纯林、白蜡纯林、小胡杨×刺槐混交林、白蜡×刺槐混交林4种树种配置模式,对不同配置模式下的树木生长和土壤水、盐、温度进行了研究。结果表明,小胡杨、白蜡、刺槐在辽河三角洲盐碱地上造林均能成活,成活率达92%～98%。混交配置模式对树木生长具有显著的促进作用,优于纯林,其中小胡杨×刺槐混交模式好于白蜡×刺槐模式。与CK相比,4种模式均能改善土壤水分状况,降低土壤盐分,调控土壤温度,防止盐分表聚,4种模式间比较顺序是小胡杨×刺槐混交林>白蜡×刺槐混交林>白蜡纯林>小胡杨纯林。可见,小胡杨×刺槐混交模式可作为该地区防护林营建的首选优化配置模式。