Crown rot and common root rot in wheat grown under different tillage and stubble treatments in southern Queensland, Australia

In southern Queensland, crown rot caused by Fusarium graminearum Group 1 and common root rot caused by Bipolaris sorokiniana are common soilborne diseases of wheat and barley. The incidence of these diseases was measured in the susceptible wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar, Hartog which was grown under no tillage, reduced tillage (two tillage operations plus herbicides) and where stubble was retained or removed by burning (1984–1986) or physically removed (1987–1993). Primary tillage was with blade, disc or chisel implements. The level of crown rot and common root rot was higher where stubble was retained than where it was removed. There was a significant interaction in incidence of crown rot between stubble management and some types of tillage. Where there was no tillage, incidence of crown rot was significantly higher where stubble was retained (32.2%) than where it was removed (4.7%) whereas under disc tillage, there was no significant difference in disease level between stubble treatments (12–17%). Incidence of crown rot was not affected by the type of tillage employed. The incidence of deadheads (heads without grain) caused by crown rot was lowest in the no tillage plots (4.3%) and highest in the reduced (19.3%) and conventional (12.2%) disc tillage stubble retained treatments. Available soil water (depth of 1.2 m) at sowing and anthesis was lowest in the conventional disc stubble retained plots and highest in the no tillage stubble retained plots. It is hypothesised that the high levels of deadheads were due to moderate to high levels of disease and low available soil water at planting and anthesis. Although incidence of crown rot was high under no tillage, incidence of deadheads was lower than in other treatments due to the higher availability of soil water. Severity of common root rot was lower in stubble removed, than in stubble retained, treatments and also lower in no tillage than in any of the other tillage treatments.     

Soil biotic and biochemical factors in a long-term tillage and stubble management experiment on a vertisol. 2. Nitrogen deficiency with zero tillage and stubble retention

The aim of this investigation was to find the cause of poor growth of barley that occurred with zero tillage and stubble retention in a long-term fallow management experiment on a vertisol in southern Queensland. The experiment compares 12 treatments comprising three factors of tillage (zero, mechanical), stubble (burnt, retained) and nitrogen fertilizer (0, 23 and 46 kg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹) in four randomised blocks. Dry matter yield of barley at anthesis showed a highly significant Mitscherlich relationship with tissue nitrogen (N) concentration. Cate-Nelson analysis indicated a critical N concentration of 1.58%N. The barley responded to fertilizer N although 9 of 12 zero-till, stubble-retained plots and 5 of 12 mechanical-till, stubble-retained plots still lay below the critical N concentration. Zero-till, stubble-retained treatment had least nitrate-N in the soil profile to 120 cm indicating a problem in N supply rather than in N recovery by the roots.

The effects of the long-term treatments on properties related to the N supplying capacity of the soil were investigated by determinations on topsoil samples from which undecomposed stubble was removed. Soil from zero-till, stubble-retained treatment had more organic carbon (C) and Kjeldahl N than mechanical-till, stubble-retained treatment which had more than stubble-burnt treatments. The C:N ratio of the soil was lower in stubble retained treatments. Kjeldahl N was higher with annual N fertilization only where stubble was retained. Organic C increased and Kjeldahl N decreased over a 3 year period in all treatments. Respiration of CO₂, mineralizable N, and microbial biomass C and N in the soil were all greater with long-term stubble retention than with stubble burning irrespective of tillage treatment.

Numbers of root-lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus thornei Sher and Allen) and stunt nematode (Merlinius brevidens (Allen) Siddiqi) following a wheat crop were substantially greater with zero-till than with mechanical-till. Root-lesion nematode were increased by N fertilization of previous crops while stunt nematodes were increased by stubble-retention. Earthworm numbers were increased by stubble retention particularly when combined with zero tillage.

Factors responsible for observed differences in soil nitrate and crop response to N in this field experiment appear to be: (a) N immobilization by recently retained stubble, (b) lower rates of mineralization of soil N under surface-retained stubble, and (c) higher rates of leaching in zero-till treatment.     

Conservation tillage for soybean in the U.S. Southeastern Coastal Plain

Double cropping of soybean has progressed less rapidly in the U.S. Southeastern Coastal Plains than expected by the ample rainfall and long frost-free season. Post-emergence herbicides, the management of plant residues to reduce water use by cover crops, and a no-till planter with a combination subsoiler are the innovations that have facilitated this new production. Full-season soybean (Glycine max L.) was planted following a grazed cover crop of winter rye (Secale cereale L.) or late-season soybean was planted following winter wheat harvest. In both cases, a special planter was used with an integral subsoil shank ahead of the opener. Full-season soybean under conservation tillage produced yields equal to or better than yields in conventional clean tillage. In a dry summer, soybean yields under conservation tillage exceeded conventional tillage because of suppressed early biomass production which conserved stored soil water and favored growth during the reproduction phase of the crop-cycle. Late-season soybean yields behind wheat favored the conservation tillage practice of in-row subsoil-planting into stubble. However, planting in burned-off wheat stubble produced the highest yields in this study. In a dry spring, the cover crop accelerated soil water use which resulted in lower soybean yields under conservation tillage. Comparisons of 76 vs. 97 cm row spacing were inconclusive, but the trend suggests that wider rows conserve water under periods of drought and that the narrower-row configuration favors adequate water regimes.     

Effect of stubble height and tillage on winter soil temperature in central Alberta

Production of winter wheat in central Alberta may be risky due to winter-kill by low temperatures. Winter survival can be enhanced with a snow-trapping stubble. The effect of barley stubble height and tillage on snow depth and soil temperature was investigated during the winters of 1983–1984 and 1984–1985 on a Black Chernozemic soil at Lacombe, Alberta. Snow depth was measured only in 1984–1985 and was deepest under zero tillage with the tallest stubble (30 cm). Under zero tillage, stubble height had a significant effect on soil temperature. Soil temperatures under zero tillage with no stubble were the lowest and fluctuated greatly in response to air temperatures. Soil temperatures increased with an increase in stubble height and were highest at a stubble height of 15 or 30 cm. Soil temperatures in plots with stubble 15 cm tall were 3.9-5.3°C higher than in plots with no stubble. Under conventional tillage, stubble did not affect soil temperatures in 1983–1984, but in 1984–1985 soil temperatures in November and December were warmer when stubble was incorporated than when it was removed. Soil temperatures under conventional tillage were generally similar to temperatures under zero tillage with no stubble or with stubble of 7.5 cm. Although the soil temperatures during the course of this study did not go below the critical lethal limits of −20°C, the results indicated that stubble height and zero tillage may provide a solution to some of the problems associated with winter kill of winter wheat in central Alberta.     

春小麦留茬处理对复种油菜产量和水分利用效率的影响

为了减少麦茬焚烧、控制麦茬焚烧污染及提高留茬的利用效率,2009年7－10月在石羊河绿洲灌区进行不同留茬处理（焚烧、翻耕和立茬免耕）对麦茬复种油菜的研究。结果表明,与休闲地相比,立茬免耕复种油菜可获得利润 3?275元/hm2;焚烧、翻耕（传统耕作）和立茬免耕处理的油菜籽粒产量分别为1?549、1?331和1?222 kg/hm2,水分利用效率分别为5.73、3.81和5.71 kg/hm2/mm,经济效益分别为4?485、2?929和3?275元/hm2;仅从作物籽粒产量、水分利用效率和经济效益等方面考虑,秸秆焚烧处理达到最大值, 这就是焚烧屡禁不止的原因。尽管传统耕作的油菜籽粒产量高于立茬免耕,但传统耕作的水分利用效率和经济效益显著低于立茬免耕。立茬免耕具有环保、相对较高水分利用效率和经济效益等效果,尤其有利于环境保护和旱地农作,值得大面积推广。结合大田推广示范研究成果,提出适宜于石羊河绿洲灌区的留茬免耕机械直播复种油菜技术。     

阿基米德螺线型破茬开沟和切拨防堵装置的设计与试验

针对东北保护性耕作区玉米垄作农业技术对研发免耕播种机的要求,该文以阿基米德螺线为基础,分析了缺口圆盘刀破茬性能和理想种床对破茬刀的技术要求,进行了阿基米德螺线型缺口圆盘破茬刀的结构优化以及最优参数的优选,研制了破茬开沟和切拨防堵装置。田间试验表明,破茬开沟装置能开出"V"形沟,2片螺线型缺口圆盘刀直径为350 mm、入土深度为40 mm时,播种开沟宽度为28 mm;切拨防堵装置单片圆盘破茬装置质量为113 kg、破茬深度为70~100 mm时,开沟宽度为40~50 mm,清垄部件清垄宽度为210 mm,均达到了农业技术要求。同时,确定提高破茬率切拨防堵装置的最佳工作参数:机器前进速度为2.22 m/s,配质量为113 kg,破茬圆盘刀入土深度为7.50 cm;得出各因素对破茬率影响的主次顺序为机器配质量机器前进速度入土深度。该研究为高留茬模式和高留茬碎杆覆盖模式的保护性耕作地区的免耕播种作业提供了参考。     

Effects of rotation, stubble retention and cultivation on take-all and eyespot of wheat in northeastern Victoria, Australia

The effects of different rotations and methods of seed-bed preparation on take-all (Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici) (Ggt) and eyespot (Tapesia yallundae; anomorph Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides) of wheat (Triticum aestivum) were investigated in 1984–1986 in a long-term field experiment (established in 1981), on a fine sandy-clay loam in northeastern Victoria. One treatment, representing the conventional practice, involved burning stubble from the preceding crop followed by four passes with a scarifier in the autumn before sowing wheat each year. Other treatments were direct drilled each year (sown without prior cultivation) and included two stubble treatments (retained or burnt) in either continuously cropped wheat or in lupin (Lupinus angustifolius)-wheat rotations.

High levels of take-all and eyespot developed in the continuously cropped wheat (up to 79% and 66% plants affected, respectively). On the other hand, the incidence of plants with either disease was very low or negligible in wheat that was preceded by lupins. In continuous wheat the incidence of plants with Ggt lesions were up to two times higher in the conventionally cultivated treatment (14% 74% and 79% plants affected in 1984, 1985 and 1986, respectively) than in direct drilled treatment (5%, 36% and 39% plants affected, respectively). Generally, the incidence of plants with Ggt lesions and the severity of root symptoms in direct drilled wheat did not differ significantly between the two stubble treatments.

The incidence of eyespot in direct drilled wheat was exacerbated by the retention of wheat stubble on the uncultivated plots (3%, 46% and 66% plants affected in 1984, 1985, and 1986, respectively) but was reduced by burning the stubble (4%, 19% and 33% plants affected in 1984, 1985, 1986, respectively). However, cultivating soil after burning stubble resulted in more plants with eyespot (14%, 39% and 46% plants affected in 1984, 1985 and 1986, respectively) than did burning stubble alone, and in one year the incidence of affected plants in the cultivated treatment was as high as in wheat direct drilled into stubble. The incidence of eyespot was positively correlated (r=0.85, 0.84 and 0.61 in 1984, 1985 and 1986, respectively) with the incidence of lodged tillers. The incidence of lodging was, generally, highest each year in wheat sown directly into wheat stubble and was reduced by burning wheat stubble or by cropping wheat after lupins.

Wojnowicia graminis was frequently isolated, as was Tapesia yallundae, from eyespot lesions suggesting that perhaps not all symptoms of lodging in Victoria can be attributed to Tapesia yallundae.     

残茬覆盖与耕作方式对土壤性状及夏玉米水分利用效率的影响

采用田间和小面积模拟降水试验的方法,对小麦机械收获后残茬覆盖与不覆盖两种条件下免耕、翻耕和间隔深松3种土壤耕作方式夏玉米田的土壤物理性状和水分利用效率进行了研究。结果表明,残茬覆盖与深松相结合,可平衡和改善耕层土壤温度状况,在土壤温度较低时具有保温作用,在土壤温度较高时具有降温作用;可以增加土壤的蓄水和保水能力,模拟降水后24 h测定1 m土层含水量比免耕不盖多26.1 mm,全生育期平均耕层土壤含水量比免耕不覆盖高9.37%;土壤通透性也得到改善;最终水分利用效率比免耕不盖提高25.26%。     

正反转组合式水稻宽苗带灭茬播种机设计与试验

针对稻麦两茬轮作区,小麦收获时间短、水稻插秧费时费力、直播整地要求高的问题,利用反转灭茬技术和主动防拥堵技术,同时借鉴小麦宽幅精播技术,设计了一种正反转组合式水稻宽苗带灭茬播种机,一次完成旋耕、灭茬、防堵、深施肥、宽苗带播种、覆土和镇压功能。在稻麦两熟区进行了试验,结果表明,反转旋耕装置能很好的灭茬,正转清草装置能有效防堵,在正反旋耕的配合作用下,种床土壤细碎,播种覆土均匀,播种深度和施肥深度变异系数分别为4.58%和2.40%,种肥垂直间距变异系数为4.72%;平均苗带宽度为138.4 mm,与理论设计宽度差异不显著;不同苗带宽度上种子分布有差异但不显著,符合设计要求;苗带宽度对水稻生长有影响,苗带两侧有效分蘖和成穗率显著高于苗带中间(P0.05);机具的通过性满足农艺要求。     

稻茬田小麦宽幅精量少耕播种机的设计与试验

为解决长江中下游稻麦轮作区稻茬田免耕播种小麦机具堵塞及土壤黏附严重等问题,结合当地稻茬田播种小麦需要开排水沟的农艺要求,提出了"种-肥-种"宽幅精量播种和带状旋耕相结合的防堵思路,设计了双翼铧式开沟器、宽幅精量排种机构、种沟双圆盘开沟器和浮动覆土板等关键部件,研究设计了一种稻茬田小麦宽幅精量少耕播种机。试验结果表明,宽幅播种方式与带状旋耕相结合较好解决了稻茬田播种小麦堵塞的问题,小麦播幅平均为74.6 mm,平均播深为39 mm,播深合格率为86.7%,施肥方式为侧下方深施肥,平均施肥深度为81 mm,施肥深度合格率为93.3%,均满足国家标准。厢沟平均深度为175 mm,沟面宽度为238 mm,满足排水要求。该研究为应用于稻麦轮作区稻茬田小麦少免耕播种机的设计提供了参考。     

玉米灭茬起垄施肥播种机的设计与试验

东北春玉米采用垄上播种,整地与播种过程分开,机器进地次数多、播种对行难度大、播种过程易破坏垄形,为解决此问题,该文研制了玉米灭茬起垄施肥播种机。该文对复式起垄和播种的作业过程进行了理论分析,通过经验设计和理论计算确定了中间连接装置、灭茬机构和播种单体的结构形式和参数,对起垄机构进行了基于受力计算的有限元应力分析,对整机的动力配备和稳定性进行了理论分析。样机田间试验结果表明,该机根茬粉碎率为88.2%,起垄垄形规则,垄高、垄顶宽、垄间距合格率分别达到95%、90%和90%,播种效果较好,粒距合格指数92%,种、肥深平均为56.22和114.36 mm。该机各参数满足农艺要求,为垄上播种的耕播联合作业提供了参考。     

科学耕作与留茬改良小麦-玉米两熟农田土壤物理性状及增产效果

为了探讨不同覆盖耕作方式对农田土壤物理性状及作物产量的影响,该试验研究了免耕、常规2种耕作方式和4种留茬高度的玉米秸秆还田处理,对麦-玉两熟农田土壤含水率、容重、孔隙度以及作物产量的影响。结果表明:在0～40cm土层内,秸秆还田的集雨和保水效果显著,免耕留茬0.5m还田处理的含水率比免耕无覆盖处理增加了15.95%。秸秆还田量对0～40cm内土壤贮水量的影响不同。耕作措施显著影响了土壤容重,小麦播种前常规留茬1m还田、常规全量还田处理容重低至1.0g/cm3左右。秸秆还田能增加土壤总孔隙度、降低毛管与非毛管孔隙度的比值。单一免耕处理降低了作物产量,而免耕覆盖能增产,其留茬1m还田处理比无还田处理增产22.44%,比常规留茬0.5m还田处理高3.64%。因此,免耕留茬1m还田处理在改善农田土壤物理性状和增加作物产量方面显著,该研究可为农田管理过程中耕作措施和秸秆还田量的选择提供参考依据。     

Effect of seeders and tillage equipment on vertical distribution of oilseed rape stubble

When the spreading of a disease depends on the proportion of infected residues remaining at soil surface it is of crucial importance to analyse the effects of tillage practices on the vertical distribution of stubble. This is the case with phoma stem canker (blackleg), whose epidemics are initiated in autumn, by air-borne ascospores released from stubble located at the soil surface. We compared initial vertical distribution of oilseed rape residues to those observed after sowing and various tillage operations (rotary harrowing, stubble disking, chiselling and mouldboard ploughing). Almost 20% of the initially buried residue was brought back to soil surface with seeding. Rotary harrow brought 40% of the residue buried in the 0–10 cm layer up to the surface and left unburied about 70% of surface residue. Stubble disking appeared to be more efficient for residue burial than chiselling. Mouldboard plough was the only tool that buried all residues. A simple model was developed that predicted burial and return to the soil surface of potentially infected residues as a function of tillage practices used after harvest. Simulation of different tillage sequences showed that the order in which tools were used also affected location of residues. Our results highlighted the importance of tillage in the cultural control of phoma stem canker and will contribute to the definition of integrated pest management strategies for oilseed rape.     

Effects of mouldboard ploughing and direct planting on yield and nutrient uptake of potatoes in Norway

The use of conservation tillage systems is now widespread for cereals in erosion-prone areas of Norway. However, few growers are willing to adopt such practices for other crops. An experiment was conducted in southern Norway (60°46′N, 10°49′E) from 1987 to 1993 to compare the effects of two different tillage treatments on potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) yield and quality. The conventional labour-intensive treatment, with autumn mouldboard ploughing, levelling and two passes with a spring-tine harrow in spring was compared with planting directly into untilled barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) stubble, with straw removed. The soil type in the experiment was a morainic, stony loam (Typic Cryoboroll, Orthic Melanic Brunisol). Prior to the start of the experiment direct-planted plots had not been ploughed for 9 years. During the trial years (1987–1993) a pattern of two different yield curves emerged as functions of the date of harvesting. The yield curve for direct planting was steeper, crossing that of conventional tillage on approximately 10 September, thus predicting higher tuber yield for direct planting when harvesting occurred after this date, but lower tuber yield than with conventional tillage in the case of early harvesting. The reason for this is thought to be cooler soil and delayed growth and maturation with direct planting. Furthermore, direct planted potatoes gave higher haulm yield, and also had higher contents of N, P and K in both haulm and tubers. No significant differences in tuber quality were found between the two treatments. A strong negative correlation was found between the yield increase caused by direct planting and mean air temperature in August. The trial indicated that direct planting of potatoes in cereal stubble is a viable alternative to conventional plough tillage on loam soil in Norway, provided that the growing season is adequately long.     

Seasonal changes in surface aggregate stability under different tillage and crops

Temporal changes in the surface aggregate stability of an Oxic Paleustalf under different tillage practices (direct drilled/stubble retained versus conventional cultivated/stubble burnt) and under different crops (wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) versus lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.)) were monitored at a 10-year-old rotation site in Wagga Wagga, N.S.W., Australia.

Seasonal fluctuations in aggregate stability were observed under all treatments and were greater than the differences detected between the different tillage and cropping treatments. The seasonal variation was significantly related to the soil water content at the time of sampling and the lowest stability occurred during the autumn/winter period. Cropping under direct drilling and stubble retention resulted in significantly higher stability and lower seasonal fluctuations in stability than under conventional tillage and stubble burning. Despite the seasonal fluctuation, water stability over the season of both of the macroaggregate (more than 250 μm) and microaggregate (less than 50 μm) fractions increased significantly.

While the mean (temporal) stability of the different treatments was significantly related to the mean organic carbon content (r = 0.91) and polysaccharide content, the temporal changes were not related to the soil organic carbon content nor the living root length density.

Lupin had a more beneficial effect on promoting macroaggregate stability than wheat under the conventional tillage/stubble burnt treatment but no significant difference was found under the direct drilled/stubble retained treatment.     

Barley yield and evapotranspiration governed by tillage practices in interior Alaska

Tillage and residue management practices are sought in the subarctic where small grain production is often curtailed by the lack of soil water. Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) grain yield and evapotranspiration were compared among four tillage and three residue management practices near Delta Junction, Alaska, USA from 1988 through 1991. Barley was hand-harvested in the fall whereas soil water content was determined biweekly during the growing season by neutron attenuation. Grain yield was similar for spring disk, fall chisel, and conventional (fall and spring disk) tillage across years. No tillage, however, resulted in a 260 kg ha⁻¹ greater yield as compared with fall chisel and conventional tillage in 1990 when evaporative demand exceeded that in other years by nearly 10%. In 1990 and 1991, grain yield from plots devoid of stubble and loose straw was at least 200 kg ha⁻¹ greater than from plots with stubble or stubble and loose straw. Barley consumed at least 15 mm more water to achieve the greater yield on no tillage or no stubble and loose straw plots. Water-use efficiency did not vary among tillage treatments, but was greatest in 1990 for plots devoid of stubble and loose straw. This study suggests that, in dry years with high evaporative demand, no tillage or removal of stubble and loose straw from the soil surface will enhance grain production and water-use efficiency of barley in the subarctic.     

Ground cover during fallow from wheat, sorghum and sunflower stubble under three tillage practices in Central Queensland

As part of a large scale study into the effect of soil-surface conditions and crop residues on runoff and soil loss, techniques to estimate cover were developed. The vertical projection of cover was measured from photographs of 9 treatments (3 crop species × 3 tillage practices), while stubble weight was estimated using a calibrated visual-rating technique. The techniques were then used to quantify the stubble resulting from different crops, grain yields, tillages and over time.

Projected cover post-harvest is a function of crop species and seasonal effects as expressed in grain yield, and was in the order wheat (90.3), sorghum (58.5) and sunflower (43.1). Projected cover was linearly related to grain yield. During the fallow, tillage had a large effect on decreasing projected cover, with change in projected cover during the fallow being in the order: zero tillage

Projected cover and stubble weight were related in the form: Projected Cover=m[1−e^{−stubble weight}], with the asymptote value, m, varying for each crop and ranging from 98.1 for wheat and 64.7 for sorghum to 49.3 for sunflowers. From the relationships of projected cover to grain yield or stubble weight and a knowledge of how it changes over time or owing to cultivation, a predictive equation was developed to determine projected cover at any stage in the fallow.     

Tillage and straw management for modifying physical properties of a subarctic soil

Conservation tillage practices are intended to minimize soil erosion. Yet little is known concerning changes in physical properties of subarctic soils subject to tillage practices. This study ascertained whether physical properties of a newly cleared subarctic soil are altered after 7 years of continuous barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) using different tillage and straw management strategies. Tillage and straw treatments were established in 1983 near Delta Junction, Alaska, and consisted of conventional fall and spring disk, fall chisel plow, spring disk, and no-tillage. Tillage plots were split by straw management practices, which included straw and stubble, stubble only, and no straw or stubble. Soil samples were collected from the upper 0.15 m of the profile in the spring of 1990 to assess water content, bulk density, saturated hydraulic conductivity, dry aggregate and mechanical stability, penetration resistance, water retention, and particle size distribution. Percent non-erodible aggregates, mechanical stability, and penetration resistance were greater for no-tillage compared to conventional tillage, chisel plow, and spring disk. No-tillage soils were also typically wetter, denser, and had a greater hydraulic conductivity. The spring disk treatment was least susceptible to erosion and also conserved soil water compared with chisel plow. Straw maintained on the surface conserved water and promoted soil stability.     

基于EDEM-ADAMS仿真的稻茬地双轴破茬免耕装置研制

针对长江中下游稻麦轮作区的稻茬地根茬量大韧性强、土壤黏度高不宜粉碎等问题，该研究基于仿真试验研制双轴破茬免耕装置。通过EDEM软件建立破茬开沟装置-秸秆-土壤离散元模型，采用正交试验得到破茬开沟装置的刀型、排列方式以及刀具数量，基于EDEM-ADAMS联合仿真，采用单因素试验、正交试验、二次回归正交旋转试验和响应曲面法对甩刀、粉碎装置以及双轴破茬免耕装置进行动力学分析，得到甩刀具参数、旋耕刀轴和粉碎刀轴转速以及双轴轴心水平与垂直高度，得到机具最佳参数：破茬装置选用30把旋耕刀采用双螺旋排列，刀轴转速为286 r/min；粉碎装置选用L型（32把）和直刀（8把）采用双螺旋排列，刀轴转速为605 r/min；双轴水平距离548 mm、垂直高度168 mm。根据最佳参数试制样机并进行田间性能测试。田间试验结果表明，秸秆和稻茬以0.93 kg/m2全量覆盖时，双轴破茬免耕装置对水稻秸秆、根茬的平均切断率以及切茬率分别为95.09%和95.16%，机具通过性良好，田间平均出苗率为95.29%，符合当地农艺要求，适用于秸秆覆盖量大的作业情况。所设计的双轴破茬免耕装置满足长江中下游稻麦轮作区小麦免耕播种作业要求，可为双轴旋转型耕作装置以及根茬不易粉碎、土壤黏度高条件下的免耕播种提供参考。     

Effects of tillage systems and rotations on crop production for a thin Black Chernozem in the Canadian Prairies

Soil degradation is the single most important threat to global food production and security. Wind and water erosion are the main forms of this degradation, and conservation tillage represents an effective method for controlling this problem. The objective of this study was to quantify the effects of three tillage methods [zero (ZT), minimum (MT) and conventional (CT)] and three four-year crop sequences [spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)–spring wheat–winter wheat–fallow; spring wheat–spring wheat–flax (Linum usitatissimum L.)–winter wheat; spring wheat–flax–winter wheat–field pea (Pisum sativum L.] on crop establishment, plant height, seed weight, soil water storage, crop water use, crop water use efficiency and grain yield over a 12-year period under Canadian growing conditions. Plant establishment was not adversely affected by tillage systems or crop sequences except for flax, where a small reduction was observed with ZT and MT. Conservation tillage showed a yield benefit over CT of 7%, 12.5% and 7.4% for field pea, flax and spring wheat grown on cereal stubble, respectively over the 12 years of the study. Much of the yield increase was due to an increase in soil water in the 0–30 cm soil layer with ZT and MT. However, tillage systems had no effect on grain yield for spring wheat grown on fallow and field pea stubble due to a lack of differences in spring soil water content. Flax grown in sequence with cereals only yielded higher than when it was grown in the sequence which included field pea, even though flax was seeded on spring wheat stubble in both cases. Winter wheat yielded higher when grown on flax stubble than on spring wheat stubble. The results indicate that a one-year non-cereal break crop was enough to alleviate the negative effects of consecutive cereal crops on winter wheat. Spring wheat grown on field pea stubble always yielded more than when grown on cereal stubble. A 10% increase in water use efficiency was observed with flax grown with ZT and MT management. Crop sequence improved water use efficiency in flax and spring wheat. Growing spring wheat on field pea stubble as opposed to growing it on cereal stubble resulted in a 10% increase in water use efficiency. Overall, rainfall accounted for 73%, 72%, 67% and 65% of total water used by field pea, flax, winter wheat and spring wheat, respectively. This explains the large year effect as a result of variation in growing (May–August) season precipitation. The non-significant tillage system by year interaction implies that the positive benefits of ZT and MT occur over a wide range of growing conditions, while the absence of a tillage system by crop sequence interaction suggests that knowledge developed under CT management also applies to ZT and MT. The results of this study support the large shifts towards in conservation tillage being observed in the Canadian prairies.