德化县不同油茶家系适应情况比较

通过对油茶各家系3年的试验观测,结果表明:各油茶家系造林成活率和保存率都比较高,虫害危害也较低;各家系间树高、地径差异极显著,树冠差异显著.闽优无性系在树高生长量、地径生长量和冠幅大于或者相当于本地小果油茶,江西长林无性系、广西岑溪软枝油茶和本地大果油茶可以作为配栽品种搭配.     

氮素施肥对西南桦无性系早期生长的影响

[目的]通过造林试验研究西南桦无性系早期生长对氮素施肥的响应,揭示西南桦幼林氮素需求规律及无性系间差异。[方法]以4个西南桦无性系作为试验材料,设置0、50、150、250、400、550、700 g·株~(-1) 7个处理,开展氮素(尿素)施肥试验,调查保存率、生长(树高、胸径、枝下高和冠幅)、干形(径高比、树干通直度及主干分叉情况)等性状,分析这些性状在施肥处理间、无性系间的差异及二者的交互作用。[结果]造林后第5年,对于4个参试无性系而言,其保存率随施氮量的增加无明显变化规律,树高、胸径和冠幅整体上呈现"增加-稳定-减少"的变化趋势,径高比、树干通直度和主干分叉情况亦渐趋优良,但各施肥处理间差异并不显著(P0.05)。各无性系间生长和干形均差异显著,无性系C3的各性状总体上表现最优,其保存率、树高、胸径、枝下高、冠幅、主干分叉及通直度比最差的无性系C2分别高34%、42%、32%、16%、25%、22%和19%,氮肥和无性系的交互作用不显著。[结论]综上所述,施氮肥并不影响西南桦无性系造林后早期生长和干形质量,无性系间生长和干形差异显著,其中,无性系C3的生长和干形表现最佳。     

楸树杂种无性系早期选择研究

对5a生楸树杂种无性系的生长性状进行统计分析,结果表明：无性系间胸径、树高、地径生长性状的差异均达到显著或极显著水平,其胸径最大值为5.09 cm,树高最大值为4.13 m,地径最大值为6.55 cm.胸径、树高、地径生长性状受到中度以上程度的遗传控制.通过综合比较,初步选出3个优良无性系,胸径、树高遗传增益最高值为18.55％,13.45％,入选率13.00％.     

柽柳优良无性系选育研究

从黄河三角洲自然分布的中国柽柳中选出的2个无性系和从新疆引进的13种柽柳,以中国柽柳为对照,进行无性系遗传测定.通过对4年生3片区域试验林存活率、树高和地径生长量的调查及统计分析,证明东柽1号、2号两个无性系表现最好.在土壤含盐量3.2～4.6 g·kg-1的立地条件下,东柽1号、2号存活率均达88.3%;东柽1号树高、地径生长量分别大于对照17.6%、75.1%,东柽2号树高、地径生长量分别大于对照36.2%、28.4%;同时,观测研究了东柽1号、2号优良无性系的生物学特性.4年生柽柳在3地点的树高遗传力分别为0.90、0.89、0.83,地径遗传力分别为0.92、0.96、0.94.对柽柳树高和地径生长量与地点之间的互作分析得出:树种与地点之间的交互作用不显著,试验中生长表现优良的无性系在3个试验点都有很好的适应性.     

美洲黑杨生长变异与无性系选择

从美洲黑杨原产地密西西比州、得克萨斯州和路易斯安娜州等地引种了104个无性系,并于1998年春在江苏省泗洪县陈圩林场开展无性系对比试验造林。12年生试验结果表明,来自于密西西比州和得克萨斯州7个产地89个无性系长势较好,路易斯安娜州的15个无性系长势较差。树高、胸径和材积等3个生长性状在无性系间差异极显著,性状遗传力(0.552 3~0.658 7)较高,遗传变异系数(8.26%~31.61%)较大。在入选率为5%,选择强度为2.02条件下,材积生长量的选择增益为50.82%。选择的S3412等5个速生无性系12年平均单株材积生长量为1.021 1 m3,超过对照(CK)品种I-69杨15.05%。     

刺槐无性系造林试验研究

该文研究了在相同立地条件下 ,8个刺槐无性系品种间在地径、树高生长量方面的差异。结果表明 ,D110 与对照在地径、树高生长量上有显著差异     

云杉3个种103个家系175个无性系选

以引自在甘肃省小陇山林科所经过苗圃测定3年生云杉3个种103个家系和175个无性系为研究对象,观测各种、家系和无性系的成活率和保存率、树高、当年新梢长、地径、东西和南北平均冠幅、顶轮分枝数,并对种、家系和无性系间6个生长性状指标进行了分析,综合选择出优良种、家系和无性系。结果表明:云杉种、家系和无性系间6个生长性状间均存在极显著差异;主要生长指标树高与其它生长指标都存在极显著的相关;多性状综合选择出1个优良欧洲云杉种16个优良家系和无性系现实遗传增益6年生平均树高比其它2个种平均树高提高26.7%,当年抽稍提高70.3%,地径提高50%,冠幅提高36.9%,顶轮分枝数66.7%,保存率提高21.2%。这个优良种16个优良家系和无性系的现实遗传增益6年生平均树高比其它240个家系和无性系平均树高提高24.9%,当年抽稍提高72.3%,地径提高38.5%,冠幅提高31.9%,保存率提高29%。     

弥渡云南松无性系种子园子代生长量遗传分析

对云南松无性系种子园93个无性系子代林9年生的测定表明:云南松无性系子代林生长量明显高于对照,无性系子代林的树高、地径、单株材积、冠幅和枝下高平均值分别超过对照9.79%、15.94%、49.17%、17.35%和7.64%,大于对照的分别有81个、87个、84个、85个和84个无性系子代。子代林树高、地径、单株材积和冠幅的广义遗传力较高,在6.80%～9.42%之间,而枝下高的较低(3.02%)。子代林的树高、地径、单株材积、冠幅和枝下高等诸性状间存在紧密的正相关,这些性状在各无性系间存在着极显著的差异,采用系统聚类法可将无性系分为优良、良好、一般、较差和劣质共5类。筛选出优良无性系有84、58、56、52、41、70、47、39、55、34、75、71、79、45、69、35、65、91、64、57、37、88和32共23个,其树高、地径、单株材积的平均实际增益分别为20.95%、27.51%和87.70%,遗传增益分别为1.58%、2.59%和6.64%;良好无性系有49、42、90、89、53、51、78、44、66、38、85、82、40、67、36、63、28、60、62、46、43、61、29、54、48、72、50、83、9、30、20、16、33和6号共34个,其树高、地径、单株材积的平均实际增益分别为14.12%、19.01%和57.89%,遗传增益分别为1.06%、1.79%和4.38%。     

基于层次分析法榉树无性系生长特性综合评价

以10个榉树无性系为研究对象,基于层次分析法对不同榉树无性系的生长特性进行综合评价。结果表明:不同榉树无性系间树高、胸径、地径、胸径/地径、枝下高、分枝角度、叶面积等定量性状存在极显著或显著差异,无性系重复率为0.62-0.99。不同无性系间的干形、分枝浓密度、分枝均匀度、叶片浓密度、秋叶色彩等性状差异也很明显。综合考虑用材和观赏指标,通过构建4个层次12个指标的决策模型,对10个榉树无性系优劣筛选的综合排序结果为:冲天>4号>壮榉>无性系6号>5号>飞龙>绿花瓶>武野>8号>绿村。‘冲天’、4号和‘壮榉’综合性状排序位列前3位,是用材和观赏兼优品种。     

生长环境对不同品种杉木幼苗生长的影响

为探讨不同生境和品种对杉木生长的影响,分别在西双版纳州勐海县勐海镇和勐海县勐满镇选用3个杉木品种,研究了杉木保存率、树高、地径、冠幅和生物量的变化特征。结果表明：所有处理的保存率均高于85%,2个地点保存率、树高、地径和冠幅均是无性系品系组培苗最高,生物量最多,同一品种在勐海县勐海镇长势优于勐海县勐满镇,因此,在此2个地点均可种植杉木,且杉木无性系较适宜种植。     

Drought resistance of two hybrid Populus clones grown in a large-scale plantation

Poplar hybrids were grown with irrigation in a large-scale plantation to investigate the mechanisms underlying clonal differences in drought resistance. Beginning in spring 1992, Populus trichocarpa x P. deltoides (TD) and P. deltoides x P. nigra (DN) cuttings received 46, 76, or 137 cm year(-1) of irrigation to supplement the 18-20 cm of annual precipitation, and all trees received the same fertilization regime. Stem volume, assessed as the square of stem diameter at breast height times tree height (D(2)H), and water relations of the trees were studied from the end of their second growing season until the end of their fifth growing season. By the end of the second growing season, stem volume of Clone TD was 40-146% larger than that of Clone DN, but stem volume growth was independent of irrigation in excess of 46 cm year(-1) in both clones. During the third growing season, stem volume growth of both clones was limited by both the 46- and 76-cm irrigation treatments, so that by the end of the third growing season trees in the 46-cm irrigation treatment were only half the size of trees in the 137-cm irrigation treatment. These treatment differences were maintained through the fifth growing season. Although stem volumes of Clone TD trees in the 76- and 137-cm irrigation treatments were larger than the corresponding values for Clone DN trees at the end of the third growing season (1994), these clonal differences gradually decreased in subsequent years and were not detectable after 5 years, because stem volume relative growth rate of Clone DN was greater than that of Clone TD in all treatments. Although both clones exhibited similar predawn leaf water potentials, Clone DN typically maintained higher midday leaf water potentials, suggesting better stomatal control of water loss. Clonal and treatment differences in osmotic potential at full turgor were minimal and could not explain the clonal differences in drought resistance. Root density and root density to stem volume ratio increased more in response to moderate drought in Clone DN than in Clone TD, resulting in enhanced drought resistance (high stem volume growth rate under moderate drought conditions) and an increased capacity to withdraw water from the soil. We conclude that the greater drought resistance of Clone DN compared with Clone TD was the result of the maintenance of a more favorable water balance by stomatal regulation and greater carbon allocation to roots during the early stages of drought. However, the low root density to stem volume ratio in Clone DN growing in the 46-cm irrigation treatment suggests that severe water limitation restricted the preferential allocation of carbon to belowground tissues, so that both root and shoot growth were constrained by severe drought.     

美洲黑杨无性系的苗期生长比较

从美国田纳西州、路易斯安那州引进599个无性系,通过3年苗期试验,对苗期生长表现较好的13个无性系进行生长量测定,结果表明：一根一干苗各无性系之间地径生长存在显著性差异,二根一干苗和三根一干苗各无性系之间地径生长存在着极显著性差异;苗高生长在各无性系之间均存在着极显著性差异;参试无性系的地径、苗高表型变异系数分别为12.638%和5.570%,广义遗传力分别为0.835和0.860,遗传变异系数分别为11.562%和5.150%。说明各性状遗传潜力较大,存在着广泛的遗传变异,具有获得较大遗传增益选择的潜力。     

Clonal variation in morphology, growth, physiology, anatomy and ultrastructure of container-grown white spruce somatic plants

We assessed clonal variation in morphological variables, mineral nutrition, root growth capacity, net photosynthesis, tannin distribution, and cuticle and epicuticular wax features within four families of white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss). Seeds were collected from four families obtained through controlled crosses among selected genotypes. For each family, plants were produced either from seeds (zygotic) or by somatic embryogenesis (clones). Each family was therefore represented by its zygotic seedlings and three clones. Within a family and under similar growth conditions, several clones differed significantly from the zygotic seedlings in height, root-collar diameter, needle dry mass, branch density, shoot dry mass, root dry mass, and length of needles. Branch density (number of first-order branches per cm height) of zygotic seedlings and clones varied from 0.8 to 1.4 branches cm(-1) and from 0.6 to 1.3 branches cm(-1), respectively. Mean needle length of zygotic seedlings and clones ranged from 11 to 14 mm and from 11 to 17 mm, respectively. For many variables (height, dry mass of new roots, needle dry mass and branch density), differences among clones were significantly greater than differences among zygotic seedlings within a family. Tannins were more abundant in needles of clones than in needles of zygotic seedlings. In some clones, tannins occurred as a ribbon along the central vacuole, whereas in others they appeared as aggregates dispersed in the vacuole. Within a family, N, P and K showed considerable variations in their use efficiency. Interclonal variations were observed in root growth potential and net photosynthesis. Variations in growth and physiology reflect genetically determined differences among clones within a family.     

Early growth analysis and evaluation of 21 Eucalyptus clones in Leizhou Peninsula

The growth, morphology, and wind resistance of 21 Eucalyptus clones were investigated and analyzed in Leizhou Peninsula, Zhanjiang city. The results showed that coefficient of variation of each index phenotype varied from 15.21%-42.46%. There were significant differences among the clones in growth indexes. The top five clones with high individual volume were JJ144, 2#, 28#, 9#, and JJ197. The morphological indexes were significantly different among the clones. There were also significant differences among the clones in wind resistance index, and the clones with good wind resistance were 28#, JJ162, JJ195 and JJ215, their preservation rate were more than 80%. It was found that tree height and DBH significantly correlated to individual volume, and stem form was significantly related to branch. Using the principal component analysis, it was determined that JJ144, 2#, 28#, 9# and JJ162 were the excellent clones with good performance in the Leizhou area.     

Mitigation of effects of extreme drought during stage III of peach fruit development by summer pruning and fruit thinning

A water deficit during stage III of fruit growth was established with the aim of determining if it is possible to achieve an improvement in tree water status by summer pruning and fruit thinning. The experiment was set up as a randomized block split-plot design across trials (irrigation) where pruning was assigned to the main plot and fruit thinning to the sub-plots. The irrigation treatments were (1) standard full irrigation (FI), and (2) suppression of irrigation during stage III of fruit growth until leaves visibly withered (LWI); the pruning treatments were (1) experimental summer pruning (EP), and (2) standard summer pruning (CP); and three fruit thinning intensities were applied to facilitate analysis of the effects of the treatments in relation to fruit load. Changes in amount of light intercepted and in tree stem water potential (Psi stem) were evaluated. The EP treatment reduced the amount of light intercepted by the tree. In the FI treatment, there was a significant reduction in fruit growth measured as both water accumulation and dry mass accumulation. Under FI conditions, reductions in fruit load as a result of EP were not accompanied by a significant improvement in Psi stem. In the LWI treatment, EP produced a significant improvement of 0.17 MPa in Psi stem, but there was no improvement in fruit growth compared with CP trees. A reduction in fruit load from 350 (commercial load) to 150 per tree significantly improved Psi stem by 0.3 MPa at the end of stage III of fruit growth. These results indicate that improvements in water status in response to pruning may be insufficient to promote fruit growth if the pruned trees are unable to provide an adequate supply of assimilates to the developing fruits.     

杉木无性系生长表现和优良无性系选择

对营造在福建省洋口国有林场的10年生杉木无性系测定林进行调查分析得出:试验林总体生长表现较好,树高、胸径和材积生长在无性系间存在明显差异,达极显著水平;无性系的重复力均比较大,其中胸径和材积的无性系重复力达0.691和0.757,无性系的生长稳定性较好;通过综合比较,从试验林选择出优良无性系5个,10年生时平均材积遗传增益达23%以上,材积现实增益达30%以上,表现出明显的生长优势。     

广西凭祥西南桦中幼林林木生长过程与造林密度的关系

造林密度决定着林分后期密度大小,是影响人工林生长的重要因素之一,与林木生长过程密切相关,决定着林分的健康状况及生产力,是林分合理结构的数量基础[1].造林密度过高将过早加剧林分内部竞争,增加林木死亡率,减少生长量[2-5],因此,确定合理的造林密度是人工林营造的关键技术环节,揭示造林密度与林木生长过程的关系,将有助于制定合理的人工林经营制度.     

Variation in wood properties of six natural acacia hybrid clones in northern Vietnam

Wood properties of six 8-year-old natural acacia hybrid clones between Acacia mangium and Acacia auriculiformis, planted in Bavi, Vietnam, were studied. The hybrid clones possessed obvious heterosis in growth and in some wood properties. The characteristics of growth, air-dry specific gravity, lengths of fibers and vessel elements, S₂ microfibril angle, green moisture content, and shrinkage were examined to clarify the variation among clones. From the results, the differences among the clones in growth and in some wood properties were significant. The pattern of distribution of specific gravity showed that there were low and high specific gravity zones in the stem. Specific gravity at stump height or at 3.0 m was useful for prediction of specific gravity in the whole tree stem. Moreover, clones with high specific gravity can be predicted at a young age. There was no significant correlation between diameter growth and specific gravity. Of the six clones studied, clone BV5 was selected as the best based on its growth ability and specific gravity. Part of this report was presented at the 57th Annual Meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Hiroshima, August 2007     

楸树优良无性系组培苗苗期试验研究

作者对引进的5个楸树无性系组培苗进行了苗期无性系对比试验,并对组培苗移栽时不同苗高和截干处理对1a生苗木生长量的影响进行分析,结果表明:5个无性系间1a生株高、地径生长量差异显著,冬季受冻害差异极显著,5个无性系中001-4表现最好;组培苗移栽前不同苗高和截干处理对无性系1a生长量不存在显著影响,苗期生长状况仅与无性系相关。本研究为楸树无性系组培苗的苗期选择及移栽方式确定提供了依据。     

樟树无性系生长与形质性状早期分析

对2012和2013年种植在广东省河源市紫金县的2片樟树（Cinnamomum camphora）无性系林进行调查分析,结果表明,参试无性系保存率达93％以上,不同无性系间树高、地径、冠幅和干形4个性状均存在极显著差异,生长与形质性状的重复力较高,为0．8077-0．9354;树高、地径和冠幅3个生长性状之间极显著相关,但干形与生长指标的相关度随林龄增加呈降低的趋势。建议今后开展樟树无性系选择时应兼顾生长和形质两方面的性状。