盛花期红豆草青干草氮磷和钙代谢利用的探讨

作者用绵羊对盛花期红豆草青干草氮磷和钙的代谢沉积率进行了测定,其结果氮为16.26％,磷为96.42％,钙为92.94％。在试验期间,绵羊平均日增重为169.1±54.7克,说明用盛花期刈割的红豆草调制的青干草具有优良的饲用价值。     

红豆草草地生产能力的评价

用测产、化学分析，动物消化代谢试验等方法，对不同生育时期红豆草草地的生产能力及光能利用率做了全面评价，结果表明，盛花期红豆草生产能力最高，干物质产量达10336．2kg/hm^2，绵羊对其干物质的消化率为63．33％，产可消化干物质5263．6kg；产粗蛋白1491．5kg，消化率67．24％，产可消化粗蛋白900．2kg；氮的代谢沉积率18．22％，盛花期红豆草能值为18196．5KJ／kg，可积累能量188．08GJ/hm^2，占红豆草生长期内太阳有效辐射的2．56％，占农作物生长季内太阳有效辐射的0．84％，占全年太阳有效辐射的0．62％，能量消化率为61．27％。积累的可消化能94．06GJ/hm^2，占红豆草生长期，农作物生长季和全年太阳有效辐射比率依次为1．28％，0．42％，和0．31％。     

绵羊对红豆草营养期青干草的采食率和消化率

利用全收粪法测定甘肃高山细毛羊对普通红豆草营养期青干昔的采食率和消化率，结果得出：干物质的采食率95.23%，干物质的消化率62.28%,有机物的消化率65.70％。粗蛋白的消化率69.79％，无氮浸出物的消化率69.83％，粗纤维的消化率55.68％，证明红豆草营养期青干草是优质豆科牧草。     

高山草原绵羊放牧生态及消化代谢系列研究Ⅲ。放牧绵羊食入牧草消化率动态及其限制性因素分析

采用羊粪液代替瘤胃液的牧草干物质二级离体消化率和绵羊食道瘗管方法研究高山草原放牧绵羊采食牧草干物质消化率季节动态,结果表明,在草地牧草生长的7月、8月、10月和1月,绵羊食入牧草(DM)消化率分别为61.00±1.96%,58.84±1.93%,51,40±0.84%和40.58±1.13%;同时应用灰色关联度分析方法对放牧绵羊食入牧草消化率限制因素综合分析认为:湿度、CP、NFE是影响消化率的主要因素。     

美国香豌豆干草成熟期可消化性及氮利用

给5只羯绵羊饲喂成熟期美国香豌豆干草,以全收集粪尿法测定其营养物质的表观消化率及氮存留率。结果表明,其干物质、有机物质、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、粗纤维、无氮浸出物、钙与磷的表观消化率依次为55.86%±3.18%、57.09%±3.48%、72.46%±2.58%、47.27%±2.07%、26.73%±10.82%、60.66%±2.07%、7.01%±6.40%、20.32%±16.26%。成熟期香豌豆干草粗蛋白质和无氮浸出物消化率与相应生育期的苜蓿干草相近,但粗纤维消化率低于后者;其干物质和有机物质消化率与成熟期红豆草鲜草接近。成熟期香豌豆干草氮表观消化率较高,而氮存留率1.97%±6.12%很低,说明香豌豆能氮不平衡,不宜单独饲喂;实际饲养中,应与一些能量饲料搭配。     

用食道瘘管测定放牧绵羊日采食牧草干物质量

采用食道瘘管技术与两级离体消化试验及外源指示剂Cr_2O_3测定日排粪量技术3结合的方法,在新疆南山夏秋两季牧场分别进行放牧中国美利奴细毛绵羊牧草干物质采食量的测定。测得夏牧场上18只放牧母羊采食牧草干物质量平均为96.02±7.408克/体重公斤~(0.75)和日排粪干物质量平均为38.72±4.20克/体重公斤~(0.75)。秋牧场上8只放牧母羊采食牧草干物质量平均为75.41±5.799克/体重公斤~(0.75)和日排粪干物质量为38.31±2.73克/体重公斤(0.75)。测得用3只食道瘘管羊采集夏秋牧场上牧草标样的干物质消化率分别为59.65±2.376％与49.02±5.538％,秋季采食牧草干物质量及消化率均显著大于秋季(p<0.001)。两季牧场的日排粪干物质量没有显著性差异(p>0.05)。     

红豆草中单宁对过瘤胃蛋白的保护研究

本文就红豆草中所含有的单宁酸含量对过瘤胃蛋白的保护作用进行了探索性研究。结果表明：红豆草营养期的鲜草全株单宁含量２．６３０％，叶子含量为３．２３５％，在作为绵羊的完全日粮时，适口性好，蛋白质利用率高，使试验羊平均日增重达１７５．０±７６．２ｇ，胡建议将３％作为其它不含单宁饲草进行过瘤胃蛋白保护时加入单宁剂量的参考值。     

红豆草和紫花苜蓿营养价值研究总结

本试验目的在于评价红豆草和苜蓿的生产能力及营养价值。第二年盛花期红豆草的干草产量比苜蓿高30%,蛋白质高13%,14种氨基酸的含量也高于苜蓿。红豆草花期的落叶量少,茎较柔软,含有2～3%的丹宁,不会引起鼓胀病,但适口性较苜蓿差.鲜草饲喂生长肉兔的效果不如苜蓿,草粉配合料饲喂肥育兔的效果相近;压缩颗粒料饲喂生长肉兔的效果差异不显著.在绵羊试验中,结实期红豆草粉配合料的采食量比苜蓿的高14%,日增重高17%;盛花期分别高10%和27%.两种牧草对兔和绵羊的消化能差异无几.     

不同季节收获的星星草对绵羊采食量和养分消化率的影响

旨在研究不同季节收获的星星草(Puccinellia tenuiflora)对绵羊采食量及养分消化率的影响。选用平均体重为30.37±2.15kg的乌珠穆沁公羊12只,随机分为4个处理,每个处理3个重复,分别饲喂四季收获的星星草。试验绵羊采取单笼饲养,预饲期15d,正式试验期7d,自由采食和饮水,采用全收粪法进行消化代谢试验。结果表明:绵羊四季采食星星草干物质含量分别为412.42、639.23、741.49和321.30g/d,秋季显著高于春季和冬季的干物质采食量(P<0.05);秋季星星草有机物消化率显著低于其他季节(P<0.05);不同季节的星星草对绵羊的碳、氮采食量均有显著影响(P<0.05),饲喂不同季节星星草的绵羊均处于氮的负平衡状态,分别为-1.12、-0.78、-0.13和-3.16。总之,星星草低的含氮量和采食量是限制星星草饲喂价值的重要因素。     

应用羊粪液取代瘤胃液两级离体消化试验的探索

应用羊粪液法和瘤胃液法两级离体消化试验的配对比较,通过七次不同日期所做的配对试验,测得同一种标准苜(?)草粉干物质消化率平均值分别为56.40±1.78％和56 64±3.53％,两音差异,(?)著、P>0.05)。测得32种饲草的干物质消化率平均值(?)为52.54±10.16％和50 12±10.74％,差异亦不显著(P>0.05)。瘤胃液法测草消化率(Y)和羊粪液测得相应结果(X)呈高度相关(r 0.97,P<0.01)。它(?)回归方程为:Y=1.022x-0.598 n=32,RSD=2.77。上述结果可为羊粪(?)的体外消化试验的完善和应用提供参考。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein