林木害虫的预测预报

一、害虫的预测预报主要是根据害虫的生物学与生态学特性,通过调查分析的方法,从害虫数量变化与影响害虫生存的主要环境因子的相关性中,找出害虫发生发展规律,推测害虫大发生的可能性。预测预报工作是贯彻“预防为主,综合防治”方针的重要环节,是避免防治工作中的盲目性和浪费现象的必要手段,对控制虫灾和减少林木损失,具有重要意义。做好这项工作,必须依靠党的领导,发动群众,建立测报网,责成专人,坚持常年测报。对严重林木害虫(如松毛虫)要建立虫情档案。当虫情急剧变化时,应会同调查,及时发出预报,进行联防联治。测报工作包括以下几方面内容:     

齐齐哈尔半干旱地区虫情测报灯诱集昆虫试验

通过在齐齐哈尔半干旱地区使用自动虫情灯诱集昆虫试验,结果表明,在试验区,鳞翅目、双翅目和同翅目昆虫占绝对优势;诱集到的昆虫中,森林害虫和农业害虫占较大比例,其中草地螟(Loxostege sticticalis Linne)数量最多,3年中共诱集到17 500头,占总诱集数量的31.15%;诱集害虫的同时也诱集到一些益虫,但数量不足以影响生态平衡。因此,使用自动虫情测报灯具有良好的害虫诱集效果。     

杨干象幼虫空间分布型及其应用的初步研究

昆虫的空间分布型是指昆虫种群在其生存空间的分布方式,是种群的一个重要特征。空间分布型的研究,可使我们了解昆虫种群特征。从理论上揭示因昆虫种群的发展及环境条件变化而引起的分布变化。空间分布又是抽样技术的理论基础,同时对预测预报、防治都有重要意义。我国目前对蛀干害虫空间分布的研究很少,为此我们于1987     

槟榔园间种香蕉对园内有害生物及天敌种群影响

通过调查和统计槟榔园内昆虫种群数量,研究槟榔园间种香蕉对园区昆虫种群数量的影响。研究结果表明,间种香蕉后,监测的5种害虫中,仅蛞蝓的数量产生了变化,以8月31日调查结果,蛞蝓种群数量降低72.22%;对天敌资源种群影响结果显示,间种香蕉对瓢虫、垫跗螋和蜘蛛的影响较小,但会增加寄生蜂种群数量。     

马尾松毛虫幼虫低密度种群空间分布型与落粪分布的研究

虫情监测是森林害虫综合治理的前提。直接观测虫情,常因树木高大而难以实现。对我国林业大害虫马尾松毛虫(Dendrolimus punctatus),已有较理想的模型,通过对林间落粪的调查来估计幼虫数。由于低密度虫情监测尤为困难,而用落粪作间接观测的价值就随之增加,林间一定时段内的落粪是幼虫种群在该时段内活动的结果,其分布则是该时段内种群分布的综合反映。可以设想,落粪分布与种群分布间存在一定关系。对落粪的调查取样,应建立在了解其分布特征的基础上。为此,研究了低密度幼虫种群的空间分布型及落粪分布的规律。     

第五讲 森林病虫害发生的条件

一、森林病害的发生与环境的关系害虫的发生与周围环境有着密切的联系,环境条件适合于害虫生长发育时,害虫数量就显著增长,因而形成灾害。否则害虫数量就减少,灾害不易形成。因此,根据环境条件变化情况预测害虫数量的上升或下降,以便决定是否需要进行防治工作。影响害虫种群数量变动的环境因子可分为非生物因子和生物因子两类。非生物因子对害虫的影响: 1、温度昆虫是变温动物,其体温随环境温度而异。温度在很大程度上决定害虫的发     

杨树防护林蛀干害虫及其天敌的调查与分析

吉林省西部杨树防护林蛀干害虫的调查结果表明:白杨透翅蛾和青杨天牛的平均危害率分别为19.31%和11.98%,是杨树防护林的主要蛀干害虫。两种蛀干害虫的主要天敌均为啄木鸟和肿腿蜂,且种群数量很少,呈零星分布;害虫的种群变化与天敌的种群变化密切相关,据此可以对害虫的种群数量进行监测,并预测害虫大发生的可能性。对于没有实施过人为防治的杨树防护林,可以利用诱捕害虫数量与基础危害率的相关关系进行蛀干害虫的预测预报。     

自动虫情测报灯在林业害虫测报中的应用

通过2008-2009年连续2a在郑州主要林区的灯光诱测,共诱集到11目42科168种昆虫,其中林业害虫7目36科161种,占总虫量的99.31%;益虫6目6科7种,占总虫量的0.69%;诱集到的昆虫益害比为1:144.19.林业害虫中鳞翅目占总虫量的85.39%,鞘翅目占总虫量的12.31%.虫情测报灯诱测害虫种类多、数量大,诱集益虫数量极少,可作为一种有效的监测、诱杀工具应用于林业害虫的测报与防治工作.     

江苏鳞翅目蛾类昆虫资源变化趋势浅析

采用以黑光灯诱集为主结合林间采集昆虫的方法,开展了江苏林业有害生物普查,共查得林业有害昆虫种类937种,其中以鳞翅目蛾类昆虫种类数量为最多,分属28科617种,属江苏新记录的294种;就蛾类昆虫与1980年病虫害普查结果进行了比较,其种类结构、主要害虫的种群数量、大发生型害虫的种类、发生频率和种群消长规律等均发生了明显变化。     

柳毒蛾幼虫空间分布型的研究

昆虫的空间分布型是昆虫种群的重要属性之一,主要是指昆虫种群中的个体在空间的分布形式。不同种的昆虫空间分布型不同,同一虫种的不同虫态及在不同生态环境下的分布型也有差异。通过对空间分布型的研究,可使我们进一步了解昆虫种群特征,揭示种群下的空间结构及其空间图式特征,同时又是确定资料代换和相应抽样技术的理论基础,使我们能确定在不同允许误差、不同密度下的调查抽样数。而分布型和抽样技术的研究,可使我们获得准确的调查资料,这对于种群的数量分析,预测预报都有重要意     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.