布鲁菌进化和分类学研究进展

布鲁菌属革兰氏阴性兼性胞内寄生菌,能感染多种宿主动物和人。该属可分为6个典型种,包括羊种、牛种、猪种、沙林鼠种、绵羊附睾种以及犬种布鲁菌等。此分类是基于其致病性以及宿主偏好性的差异划分。尽管6个种通过传统表型试验能区分,但布鲁菌种内采用DNA-DNA杂交证明DNA同源性高度一致（相似性大于90%）。因此有人提议布鲁菌由单一种组成,即布鲁菌属中只有羊种布鲁菌,其他种都是羊种菌的生物亚型之一。然而基于其他分子技术的基因分型表明其DNA多态性表现明显,说明目前对这个种的分型还是比较准确。而最近分离的海洋种布鲁氏菌分离株（鳍型和鲸型）采用传统分型标准和一些特异的分子标记也证明这种分型比较正确。本文对目前布鲁菌种属进化和分类学进行综述,希望对研究其进化和分类有所帮助。     

The genome of Brucella melitensis

The genome of Brucella melitensis strain 16M was sequenced and contained 3,294,931 bp distributed over two circular chromosomes. Chromosome I was composed of 2,117,144 bp and chromosome II has 1,177,787 bp. A total of 3198 ORFs were predicted. The origins of replication of the chromosomes are similar to each other and to those of other -proteobacteria. Housekeeping genes such as those that encode for DNA replication, protein synthesis, core metabolism, and cell-wall biosynthesis were found on both chromosomes. Genes encoding adhesins, invasins, and hemolysins were also identified.     

Brucella proteomes--a review

The proteomes of selected Brucella spp. have been extensively analyzed by utilizing current proteomic technology involving 2-DE and MALDI-MS. In Brucella melitensis, more than 500 proteins were identified. The rapid and large-scale identification of proteins in this organism was accomplished by using the annotated B. melitensis genome which is now available in the GenBank. Coupled with new and powerful tools for data analysis, differentially expressed proteins were identified and categorized into several classes. A global overview of protein expression patterns emerged, thereby facilitating the simultaneous analysis of different metabolic pathways in B. melitensis. Such a global characterization would not have been possible by using time consuming and traditional biochemical approaches. The era of post-genomic technology offers new and exciting opportunities to understand the complete biology of different Brucella species.     

布鲁氏菌致病及免疫机制研究进展

布鲁氏菌病是由布鲁氏菌属的细菌引起的人畜共患传染病 ,目前布鲁氏菌属的细菌主要有七个种。随着分子生物学技术的发展 ,对布鲁氏菌的致病机制在分子水平上有了更进一步的理解 :布鲁氏菌自身一些与致病有关的基因使得布鲁氏菌逃避了巨噬细胞的杀伤作用 ,在巨噬细胞内存活和定居。在布鲁氏菌病免疫过程中 ,先天性免疫应答主要通过补体、巨噬细胞、天然杀伤细胞来参与 ,获得性免疫应答中 ,CD4 、CD8 、rδT细胞起很重要的作用。文章围绕这些与致病、免疫有关的基因及参与免疫反应细胞的研究进展进行了探讨 ,可为今后进行布鲁氏菌病预防及开发新型基因工程苗提供理论依据。     

布鲁菌赤藓醇代谢研究概况

布鲁菌感染动物后可以逃避宿主免疫系统清除而长期存在,并严重侵害动物生殖系统。赤藓醇是布鲁菌的一种优势碳源,对布鲁菌的生长具有明显促进作用。在布鲁菌基因组中已经鉴定出6个与赤藓醇代谢相关的基因,布鲁菌的赤藓醇代谢途径也基本研究清楚。缺失布鲁菌赤藓醇代谢相关基因会造成布鲁菌在多种感染模型中的生存能力不同程度的改变。论文从布鲁菌对赤藓醇的亲嗜性、赤藓醇代谢通路及转运、赤藓醇代谢的基因调控、赤藓醇对布鲁菌毒力影响等方面进行了综述。     

An aerosolized Brucella spp. challenge model for laboratory animals

To characterize the optimal aerosol dosage of Brucella abortus strain 2308 (S2308) and B. melitensis (S16M) in a laboratory animal model of brucellosis, dosages of 10(3)-10(10) colony forming units (CFU) were nebulized to mice. Although tissue weights were minimally influenced, total CFU per tissues increased beginning at 10(6)-10(7) CFU dosages, with 10(9) CFU appearing to be an optimal dosage for S16M or S2308 aerosol delivery. At 12 weeks after vaccination with 10(7) CFU of B. abortus strain RB51 (SRB51) or saline (control), mice were challenged intraperitoneally (i.p.) (6.4 x 10(4) CFU) or via aerosol (1.76 x 10(9) CFU) with S2308. Mice vaccinated with SRB51 had reduced (P < 0.05) splenic, liver and lung colonization (total CFU and CFU/g) after i.p. challenge with S2308 as compared with control mice after i.p. S2308 challenge. Control and SRB51-vaccinated mice did not differ (P > 0.05) in splenic, liver or lung colonization after aerosol S2308 challenge. Failure to demonstrate vaccine protection was not because of a high aerosol challenge dosage as colonization of spleen and liver tissues was lower (P < 0.05) after aerosol challenge when compared with control mice after i.p. S2308 challenge.     

羊种布鲁氏菌生物3型的分离和鉴定

本实验对新疆某羊场小尾寒羊5只流产胎儿进行布鲁氏菌病原分离、鉴定,结果从5只流产胎儿胃内容物中均分离到羊种布鲁氏菌生物3型。表明新疆羊群中存在羊种布鲁氏菌生物3型病原。     

实时荧光定量PCR检测布鲁菌方法的建立

旨在建立实时荧光定量PCR检测布鲁菌的方法。经选取高度保守的具布鲁菌属特异性的BSP31基因设计了一对引物及探针,并采用矩阵法优化反应体系,筛选出引物、探针、dNTP和Mg2+最优浓度配比,同时进行了特异性和灵敏性试验,建立了实时荧光定量PCR检测布鲁菌的方法。该方法可用于对布鲁菌病普查监测及进出境动物及其产品的检验检疫。     

布鲁菌免疫分子研究进展

布鲁菌病是布鲁菌引起的人兽共患传染病,包括7种21型,其中感染人的主要有牛、羊、猪布鲁菌3种,其免疫涉及体液免疫和细胞免疫.在布鲁菌的免疫过程中,先天性免疫应答主要通过补体、自然杀伤细胞、巨噬细胞、细胞因子等的参与.获得性免疫应答中,CD4 、CD8 、γβT细胞起重要作用.布鲁菌重组亚单位疫苗是近年研究的热点,而且发现的免疫分子也很多.文章围绕布鲁菌免疫机理、免疫相关分子进行探讨,为筛选疫苗候选分子奠定基础.     

布鲁氏菌检测技术的研究进展

布鲁氏菌病是由布鲁氏菌引起的,以流产和发热为特征的一种全世界广泛分布的人畜共患慢性细菌传染病.严重威胁着人和多种动物的生命健康.布鲁氏菌可感染人类、多种家畜和野生动物.导致巨大的经济损失和严重的公共卫生问题.因此,该病的检测工作也是预防其发生的重要组成部分.笔者综述了免疫学ELISA、胶体金、PCR等布鲁氏菌的检测技术,这些技术均能准确、快速、特异性地检测出布鲁氏菌.     

布鲁菌疫苗株Rev.1全基因序列的测定与分析

为促进布鲁菌病Rev.1疫苗及相关疫苗的研发, 该研究提取Rev.1疫苗株核酸, 应用PacBio平台进行全基因序列测定与分析。结果表明, Rev.1疫苗株基因组大小约3 299 187 bp, G+C含量为57.2%, 组装为染色体1、染色体2两条环状基因组, 大小分别为2 121 370、1 177 817 bp, G+C含量分别为57.2%、57.3%。将其Ery、BLS和VirB10基因序列与9株GenBank上发表的布鲁菌参考菌株的Ery、BLS和VirB10基因序列进行比较分析, 存在不同程度的差异, 同源性为97.4%~100%。     

牛布氏杆菌PCR检测方法的建立

根据GenBank上公布的牛布氏杆菌外膜蛋白OMP31的基因序列设计特异性引物,对牛布氏杆菌样品进行PCR扩增并将产物克隆到pMD18-T载体后测序。结果表明,扩增的目的片段大小为602 bp,与预期扩增序列同源性为99.7％;该PCR检测体系的特异性强,不能在非布氏杆菌 DNA中扩增出条带;敏感性高,最低检测的DNA含量为0.9 pg/μL。该检测体系的成功构建为牛布氏杆菌病的检测、鉴定和流行病学调查提供了有力的技术支持。     

牛种布鲁杆菌PCR检测方法的研究

为了弥补血清学和微生物学方法检测和诊断布鲁菌病的种种不足,建立用布鲁菌BCSP31聚合酶链反应（PCR）快速检测布鲁菌病原的方法。根据编码牛种布鲁菌31 000外膜蛋白基因序列设计的一对特异性引物,扩增出预期350bp的基因片段。结果,此方法具有较高的特异性和敏感性,DNA最低检测量为0.42pg。结果表明,布鲁菌病原...     

不同种型布鲁菌标准株的比较基因组学研究

探究不同种型布鲁菌标准株的基因组构成差异。通过布鲁菌全基因组DNA芯片技术对19株不同种型布鲁菌标准株进行比较基因组学研究。结果显示：19株不同种型布鲁菌标准株之间存在大量缺失基因,同时发现一些基因以多拷贝形式存在。缺失基因的功能大致分为4类：信息储存和传递;胞内活动处理;营养代谢、功能未知或仅了解部分功能,共鉴定到这类基因211个。深入认识了19株不同种型布鲁茵标准株基因组组成上的差异,为我们进一步认识不同种以及亚型在毒力以及宿主特殊性提供了依据。大量缺失基因在19株布鲁菌标准株出现,构成了布鲁菌标准株不同种以及亚型之间的遗传学基础。     

布鲁菌IF3蛋白的原核表达及鉴定

布鲁菌病是由细胞内寄生的革兰氏阴性小杆菌布鲁菌引起的一种人兽共患病,以发热、流产为主要症状,严重威胁着人畜健康.以布鲁菌M16基因组DNA为模板,采用PCR技术扩增出537 bp的布鲁菌IF3蛋白编码基因,并克隆至原核表达载体pET32a( ),成功构建了pET32a-IF3重组质粒,经IPTG诱导,证实目的蛋白以可溶性形式高效表达,利用离子交换层析纯化重组蛋白,纯度可达95%,免疫印迹显示,表达的重组蛋白具有良好的抗原性,为布鲁菌病的诊断和新型疫苗研究奠定了基础.     

布鲁氏菌omp28基因的克隆、表达及反应原性分析

本研究克隆了羊种布鲁氏菌16M株、羊种布鲁氏菌M28株、犬种布鲁氏菌、绵羊附睾种布鲁氏菌、牛种布鲁氏菌A19株、猪种布鲁氏菌S2株的omp28基因并对以上不同种菌株的omp28基因序列及编码的氨基酸序列进行了比对,结果显示不同种布鲁氏菌omp28基因之间仅6个碱基不同,而且只有2个氨基酸不同,亲水性分析结果显示两处氨基酸的差异对蛋白亲水性不造成影响.将羊种布鲁氏菌16M的omp28基因亚克隆到pET32a中表达,OMP28在低温下诱导以可溶性形式高效表达.Westem-blot结果显示OMP28反应原性良好,是布鲁氏菌病诊断抗原的可能选择.     

The intramacrophagic environment of Brucella suis and bacterial response

Phagocytes have developed various antimicrobial defense mechanisms to eliminate pathogens. They comprise the oxidative burst, acidification of phagosomes, or fusion of phagosomes with lysosomes. Facultative intracellular bacteria, in return, have developed strategies counteracting the host cell defense, resulting in intramacrophagic survival. Until lately, only very little was known about the phagosomal compartment containing Brucella spp., the environmental conditions the bacteria encounter, and the pathogen's stress response. Recently, we have determined that the phagosomes acidify rapidly to a pH of 4.0-4.5 following infection, but this early acidification is crucial for intracellular replication as neutralization results in bacterial elimination. A vacuolar proton-ATPase is responsible for this phenomenon that is not linked to phagosome-lysosome fusion. On the contrary, in vitro reconstitution assays revealed association only between phagosomes containing killed B. suis and lysosomes, describing the absence of phagolysosome fusion due to specific recognition inhibition for live bacteria. Further evidence for the necessity of an intact, acidic phagosome as a predominant niche of brucellae in macrophages was obtained with a strain of B. suis secreting listeriolysin. It partially disrupts the phagosomal membranes and fails to multiply intracellularly. How does B. suis adapt to this environment? We have identified and studied a series of genes that are involved in this process of adaptation. The bacterial heat shock protein and chaperone DnaK is induced in phagocytes and it is essential for intracellular multiplication. A low-level, constitutive expression of dnaK following promoter exchange does not restore intramacrophagic survival. Another chaperone and heat shock protein, ClpB, belonging to the family of ClpATPases, is important for the resistance of B. suis to several in vitro stresses, but does not contribute to intramacrophagic survival of the pathogen. Additional bacterial genes specifically induced within the phagocyte were identified by an intramacrophagic screen of random promoter fusions to the reporter gene gfp. A large majority of these genes are encoding proteins involved in transport of nutrients (sugars, amino acids), or cofactors, such as nickel. Analysis of the intracellular gene activation reveals that low oxygen tension is encountered by B. suis. Altogether, these results suggest three major stress conditions encountered by brucellae in the phagosome: acid stress, starvation and low oxygen tension.     

奶牛布鲁氏菌的监测与分离鉴定

本试验采用SAT方法对乌鲁木齐地区某牛场进行了布鲁氏菌病监测,对阳性奶牛的乳汁进行细菌分离培养,用VirB8-PcR方法对分离株VirB8基因进行扩增鉴定。结果表明,2个分离株均为布鲁氏菌,布鲁氏菌分子分型PCR的鉴定结果显示该牛场感染的自然菌株为布鲁氏菌牛种（3b,5,6,9型）。     

The myth of Brucella L-forms and possible involvement of Brucella penicillin binding proteins (PBPs) in pathogenicity

Brucella spp. L-forms have been proposed to be stationary phase organisms in the evolution of new variants and enduring entities in the host in complicated cases of brucellosis and during latent brucellosis. In vitro formation of Brucella L-forms has been achieved by treating the cells with sub-lethal doses of penicillin. Interestingly, Brucella spp. have classified during the evolution into two groups, penicillin susceptible or penicillin resistant, yet both types grow on 20 μg/ml of methicillin. Strains proven susceptible to penicillin grew in the presence of methicillin as L-forms as demonstrated by light and electron microscopy. In addition, the B. melitensis vaccine strain Rev.1, a penicillin susceptible organism, responded to sheep serum by development of L-form-like structures unlike wild type, strain 16M. The two strains grew normally in sheep macrophages. We propose, for the first time, a model that associates Brucella pathogenicity with the structure and activity of two of their penicillin binding proteins (PBPs). According to the model, PBP1 has evolved as the major cell wall synthesizing enzyme of the genus, capable of responding to host serum growth factor(s) necessary for Brucella survival in the host. This property is associated with high avidity to β-lactam antibiotics. PBP2 complements the activity of PBP1. New β-lactam antibiotics and improved vaccines might be developed based on this property.