水土保持监测基本方法述评

水土保持监测为水土流失治理和水土保持规划提供了基础数据,是水土保持事业的根本性工作。针对目前水土保持监测存在的基础研究薄弱,理论体系不健全等问题,对水土保持监测的基本概念、监测与水土保持其他学科的关系;水土保持监测的主要目标、对象、内容及基本方法等进行了系统论述;在综述水土流失和水土保持监测研究国内外发展现状的基础上,针对水土保持监测工作中存在的问题,提出了建议和对策。     

贵州省水土保持监测点观测数据整编方案及分析评价方法

水土保持监测工作开展较晚,相应的观测数据整编方案及整编数据的分析评价方法相对欠缺.主鼢要介绍了贵州省水土保持监测点概况及贵州省已投入运行的3个水土保持监测站点的降雨观测场、坡面径流小区、小流域控制站等观测数据的整编内容、程序及步骤,便于水土保持监测成果数据的查找、保存等.在初步分析评价整编数据合理性、可靠性的基础上,提出了当前监测点观测数据中存在的主要问题.该研究对充分发挥水土保持监测点观测数据的整编工作在水土保持监测中的桥梁作用,以及对促进水土保持监测工作的交替和可持续发展都具有重要意义.     

重庆市水土保持监测工作成效与发展思路

全面总结了重庆市直辖以来水土保持监测工作取得的成效,对目前监测网络布局、监测成果应用、监测队伍建设方面存在的问题进行了分析,并从明确监测机构定位、优化站网布局、提升监测技术含量、强化成果应用、加强技术培训和人员管理等方面对进一步加强水土保持监测工作进行了展望,为强化监测工作在水土保持事业中的支撑作用,推动长江经济带绿色发展和建设山清水秀的美丽重庆提供了发展思路。     

湖北省水土保持监测站点径流小区布设及观测成果应用

科学布设水土保持监测站点和径流小区是水土保持监测网络建设的重要内容。由于原有的水土保持监测网络存在空间布局不均衡、监测设施不标准、监测功能定位不明确及不能满足新形势需要等问题，湖北省从2018年开始对全省水土保持监测网络进行优化布局和升级改造，包括优化监测站点的空间布局和对各监测点径流小区进行统一设计等。优化布局和升级改造后，实现了8个水土保持三级区水土保持监测站点全覆盖，明确了监测站点和径流小区的代表区域、功能定位和成果应用。湖北省水土保持监测网络升级改造中监测站点和径流小区的优化布局及观测成果的应用方案，可为其他省份水土保持监测网络升级改造工作提供参考。     

黄河流域水土保持监测成果及应用情况简述

黄河流域的水土保持监测工作自20世纪末步入新阶段以来,监测范围不断扩大,监测精度不断提高,监测内容与指标不断增加,监测技术和手段不断进步,取得了一系列监测成果。简要介绍了20世纪末以来黄河流域水土保持监测范围、内容及方法、取得的成果,尤其是黄河流域、黄河中游重点支流、典型县级行政区等区域水土保持遥感监测成果类型及精度,并列举了监测成果在政府决策、水土流失治理效益分析等方面的应用情况。     

无人机遥感技术在生产建设项目水土保持监测中的应用——方法构建

无人机遥感为水土保持监测提供了新的技术支撑手段,但这一技术在水土保持监测工作中的应用尚处于起步阶段,还未形成统一、有效的方法与标准.研究将无人机遥感技术与水土保持监测现行的规范规程相结合,从基础数据获取、监测信息提取及信息在水土保持监测中的应用等3方面,构建基于无人机遥感的生产建设项目水土保持监测方法,并将其应用于工程实例.基础数据获取包括飞行规划设计、原始数据获取及原始数据处理3个步骤,最终生成DEM和DOM成果;监测信息提取可在DEM或DOM成果的基础上进行,通常包括土地利用类型、监测对象位置、长度、面积及体积等;信息应用主要是结合相关规程规范,将提取出的有效信息,逐一应用到生产建设项目水土保持监测工作中.应用结果表明,研究构建的方法简单实用,可提高无人机遥感在水土保持监测中应用的技术水平,为生产建设项目水土流失防治提供技术支撑.     

浙江省水土保持监测工作实践与思考

水土保持监测是水土保持工作的重要基础。通过全面总结近年来浙江省水土保持监测工作在监测站网标准化创建和优化提升、水土流失动态监测、生产建设项目水土保持监测等方面取得的成效，提出浙江省水土保持监测工作存在水土保持监测站点布局有待优化、监测手段和监测设施设备有待提升、水土流失动态监测成果分析的深度和广度不能满足水土保持高质量发展的需要、监测精度不能满足科学防治水土流失的需要、生产建设项目水土保持监测滞后、监测评价不准确等问题。结合《关于加强新时代水土保持工作的意见》要求，提出浙江省应从优化全省水土保持监测站网建设、加强生产建设项目水土保持监测、推进重要河流径流泥沙监测、强化水土流失动态监测等方面全面深化水土保持监测工作，助推新时代水土保持高质量发展。     

新时期水土保持监测工作刍议

监测是水土保持工作的基础,也是水土保持的一项重要工作.生态文明建设和经济社会的新发展,对水土保持监测工作提出了新的任务和要求.随着社会发展,做好新时期水土保持监测工作,为水土保持和生态文明建设夯实基础、提供支撑,迫在眉睫,责任重大.文章对如何做好与社会发展和需求相匹配的水土保持监测工作,加强供给侧改革,提供高水平的监测成果和服务,进行了分析和思考,提出了政策建议和保障措施.     

开发建设项目水土保持监测之我见

水土保持监测是水土保持工作的基础,目前尚处于起步发展阶段.论述了开发建设项目水土保持监测的目的和意义、监测内容、指标及监测特点,针对目前开发建设项目水土保持监测存在的主要问题,提出建议和对策.     

口泉河生态修复工程水土保持监测设计

"七河"生态修复是我省当前及今后一段时期重点实施的重大水利工程,做好生态修复工程的水土保持工作显得尤为重要.本研究以口泉河生态修复工程为例,进行了详细的水土保持监测设计,主要包括监测范围、内容、方法和成果等,形成了科学、完整、有效的水土保持防护体系.研究成果可为我省同类工程的水土保持监测提供实践参考.     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.