浅述多肉植物的应用及发展

综述了多肉植物的繁殖特性、适应性、观赏性、管理特点及其经济价值,并从多肉植物在室内装饰、绿化工程、环境保护、药用功能、实用性等方面进行总结。展望了多肉植物的市场发展前景,以期为多肉植物的研究与发展提供基础。     

洋兰引种栽培、展示及应用

自2012年起,郑州植物园引种收集蝴蝶兰、石斛兰、兜兰等洋兰共7个属36个品种。在对其进行生物学特性、引种情况以及生长情况观测基础上,对其观赏性和适应性进行评价,从而筛选出适宜于温室栽培展示的种类。同时,就展览温室中洋兰的景观展示方式进行了探讨,为洋兰在室内展示应用提供借鉴和参考。     

西安植物园展览温室植物选择及引种植物研究初报

为了更有效地进行植物多样性保护,充实现有景观,2006年西安植物园展览温室加大植物引种栽培力度,重新布展。目前共收集热带亚热带植物120科233属609种。其中兰科25属近60种,棕榈科14属29种,热带果树10科19种,多肉植物16科44属100余种,珍稀濒危植物22种。针对引种植物不同的形态、观赏特性、用途以及该温室特点共分了8个植物区域：多肉多浆区、棕榈植物区、四季花园区、观果植物区、附生植物区、荫生植物区、观叶观花植物区、悬垂植物区。温室今后应加大对专类植物以及珍稀濒危植物的保护力度,同时为有效利用有限的空间资源,草本植物、悬垂植物及附生类植物也应加强收集保存。     

浙江省野生花境植物资源及观赏应用初步研究

通过调查浙江省野生植物资源,根据花境植物选择标准,从观赏性、适应性和安全性出发筛选出观赏应用价值较高的33种野生花境植物,评价分析其生长习性、生境特点和主要观赏特性及花境应用,并指出花境植物应用中存在的大量引种国内外品种导致的生态安全、品种退化、价格偏高、种类偏少、管理难等诸多问题,并提出在保护野生植物资源的前提下,选择适应性强、抗逆性强、观赏价值高、种植以后无需经常更换的野生花境植物,并进行合理有效开发利用的建议。     

基于原生境的景观温室多肉植物区设计模式研究

通过对中国现有8座典型景观温室的考察发现,景观温室多肉植物区以美学为原理的设计存在一些问题,具体表现为景观特色不突出、景观体验不丰富等。针对这些问题,提出了遵循植物原生境的设计方法,即在设计中模仿多肉植物原生境典型的地形地貌、基质、色彩、植物等特征,据此提出景观温室多肉植物区的生境主题设计模式,旨在为后期景观温室多肉植物区的创新设计提供参考。     

巴的叶插繁殖

我在多肉植物的收集、养护及探索过程中,把主要精力放在了番杏科的植物上。与朋友交流品种时,朋友附赠了一株巴。巴(Crassula hemisphaerica)是景天科青锁龙属多肉植物。2003年4月,用正常的多肉植物栽培基质定植,长势很好。9月初,叶片水灵嫩绿,四棱叶十分整齐,叶尖距10厘米,节间距离较短,叶片紧密瓷实,株型规整,观赏性很高。可惜,20多天后,中间抽出花茎,逐渐长高、分叉,结上了小米粒大的花蕾,后开     

“霸气”十足的非洲霸王树

非洲霸王树(Pachg Podicumgeagi)为夹竹桃科肉质乔木,也是多肉植物中观赏性较强的新品种之一。露地栽培的高可达8米,盆栽的株高仅20～30厘米,适合家庭栽培     

观赏植物多样性及其生物学分析

对南充市某区观赏性植物进行调查分析,调查结果显示,南充市某区野生观赏植物资源共86科229属270种。其中,裸子植物11科17属17种,蕨类植物4科3属6种,被子植物中单子叶植物62科174属212种,双子叶植物9科35属35种。观花植物39科77属136种,观果植物27科42属106种,观叶植物共45科98属176种,观茎干植物共7科9属12种,观姿植物共25科39属55种,芳香植物共17科34属48种。通过对该区野生观赏植物温度适应性、水分适应性、光照适应性进行分析,结合实际环境,对南充旅游景点观赏性植物的建设提出了合理化建议。     

中国北方地区优良岩石园植物筛选

为解决岩石园植物景观配适性、延长观赏时长、生态适应性等问题，以北京植物园宿根园的岩石园植物为研究对象，对22科49属60种（含品种）岩石园植物采用层次分析法(AHP)进行养护难易、观赏性、抗逆性等的综合评价，筛选出白屈菜、马蔺、绢毛委陵菜、假龙头花等32种具有良好应用前景的岩石园植物，其中宿根植物20种，丰富了岩石园的植物选择，增添了岩石园四季景观的色彩，可为北方地区岩石园建设提供参考和示范。     

常见多肉品种图鉴

全世界共有多肉植物1万多种,常见的多肉植物包括仙人掌科、番杏科、大戟科、景天科、百合科、萝科和菊科。由于多肉植物品种大多来自国外,在国内的名称不统一,因此多肉品种的命名很混乱。本刊挑选了10多个常见品种,简单介绍其生长习性,方便大家普及入门。     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.