兜兰花粉活力及柱头可授性探究

本研究以‘绿肉饼’兜兰为试验材料,用扫描电子显微镜对其花粉块进行研究分析。结果显示,花粉块可分为两半,表面光滑呈现紧密网状结构。为获得‘绿肉饼’人工授粉最佳时间,采用TTC (氯化三苯基四氮唑)染色和联苯胺-过氧化氢法进行花粉活力及柱头可授性的研究。TTC染色法结果表明,‘绿肉饼’的花粉活力呈现从弱到强再到弱的趋势,其中开花15~20 d的花粉活力最大,授粉率较高;联苯胺-过氧化氢法结果表明,‘绿肉饼’的柱头可授性随开花时间先弱后强再变弱,其中开花10~20 d的柱头可授性最高。     

葛花粉活力及柱头可授性检测

葛(Pueraria montana (Willd.) Ohwi)自然结实率不高,为了找到可靠的进行科学人工育种方法,本研究以葛为研究对象,采用I2-KI法、2,3,5-氯化三苯基四氮唑(TTC)法对葛花粉活力进行测定,采用联苯胺-过氧化氢法测定其柱头可授性。结果表明:(1)葛的花粉活力在开花前1 d最高,且此时花粉活性最强,开花后随散粉时间延长而逐渐降低,在开花后2~5 d有一个花粉活力较稳定的时期;(2)葛柱头可授性在开花后第1天最强,此后可授性下降并迅速在第5天不再具有可授性。本研究通过对葛花粉活力与柱头可授性进行研究,明确了葛花粉活力与柱头可授性最强的时间,推导出葛的最佳授粉方法是:采集开花前1 d的花粉对开花后第1天的柱头进行人工授粉,为进一步对葛进行科学人工育种提供了一定的数据支持。     

5个萱草品种花粉生活力和柱头可授性比较分析

本研究以5个萱草品种为试验材料,分析其形态差异并明确不同萱草品种花粉生活力和柱头可授性,为有效提高萱草杂交育种提供基础。研究结果表明,‘H5’花朵直径最大,即将开放时的花蕾也最长,‘H2’花朵直径和即将开放时的花蕾最小;‘H4’花葶最高,‘H3’(‘金娃娃’)最矮;‘H2’株高最高,‘H3’最矮;‘H1’叶片长宽比最大,‘H3’最小。染色结果表明,醋酸洋红、KI-I2和TTC染色液均能使萱草花粉着色,且不同品种间存在显著性的差异。花粉离体培养结果表明‘H1’花粉在36种组合培养基中均不能正常萌发。柱头可授性结果表明,‘H1’和‘H5’柱头可授性较高,‘H2’,‘H3’和‘H4’依次降低。综合以上研究发现‘H1’和‘H5’是萱草杂交育种中很好的亲本材料。本研究通过花粉生活力和柱头可授性的鉴定可快速筛选杂交育种中的优良父母本,为萱草新品种的培育提供便利。     

小黄金西番莲柱头可授性和花粉活力分析

小黄金西番莲(Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa)杂交结实率不高。本研究以小黄金西番莲为研究对象,通过分析花粉活力和柱头可授性,为提高其杂交结实率提供依据。分别采用联苯胺-过氧化氢法和花粉离体培养法对柱头可授性和花粉萌发率进行检测,分析不同状态下柱头的可授性和花粉萌发最适的蔗糖、硼酸浓度。结果表明:(1)个不同状态(花苞期,萼片分离期,花瓣分离期,半开放期,完全开放期)下的柱头均具备可授性。(2)不同蔗糖、硼酸浓度对花粉萌发具有显著性影响,低浓度促进其萌发,高浓度则起到抑制作用,最适蔗糖浓度为20%,硼酸浓度为0.06%。(3)固体和液体培养基对花粉萌发率的差异不显著。本研究结果为提高小黄金西番莲坐果率,加快杂交育种进程及促进生产应用提供科学依据。     

14个车厘子品种的花粉活力及柱头的可授性研究

为探明车厘子在南方坐果率低的原因,以14个车厘子品种的花为试材,对其花粉活力及柱头的可授性进行研究。结果表明:花粉染色率达95%以上且柱头可授性强70%以上的品种只有意大利早红,其次花粉染色率在90%以上,柱头可授性强达60%~70%的品种有曙光2、曙光3号、曙光4号。美早花粉染色率达90%以上,但柱头可授性弱,只有57%,龙冠的花粉活力低,但柱头可授性强,达73.9%。     

太子参花粉活力和柱头可授性研究

目的:研究太子参的花粉活力、柱头可授性及花粉贮藏。方法:采用离体萌发法、染色法测定花粉活力,用联苯胺-过氧化氢法测定柱头可授性,并检测不同贮藏条件下花粉的活力。结果:离体萌发法适用于太子参花粉活力测定,最适培养基为0.04%硼酸+15%蔗糖+11%聚乙二醇,萌发率达92.44%;太子参花药开裂期柱头可授性较强;花粉的短期保存以4℃效果较好,长期保存以-80℃效果最佳。结论:在进行杂交授粉时,应选花药开裂期的花粉,对开花第2天的柱头进行人工授粉,本研究为太子参的良种选育及种质资源保护提供了科学依据。     

万寿菊花粉活力及柱头可授性研究

为探明造成万寿菊雄性不育系结实率低的原因,对万寿菊花粉活力及柱头可授性进行了研究。采用花粉离体萌发法研究万寿菊自交系V-01花粉萌发适宜温度、花粉活力日变化和适宜贮存条件;用联苯胺-过氧化氢法检测万寿菊雄性不育系S-261、S-17-06-29、S-0191不育株柱头的可授性;水溶性苯胺蓝染色法检测花粉在柱头的萌发情况。结果表明：（1）万寿菊V-01适宜萌发温度介于25~30℃之间;V-01花粉活力日变化趋势为先升高后降低,11-13时采集的花粉萌发率最高;4℃干燥贮存是最适宜的花粉贮存条件。（2）万寿菊柱头形态呈‘γ’状时有可授性,可授性可持续3天。（3）万寿菊花粉授粉到柱头上1 h内即可萌发,授粉后2 h,花粉细胞达到花粉管内。     

狭瓣辣木的开花动态及花粉活力和柱头可授性

为了观测狭瓣辣木和多油辣木改良种PKM-1开花散粉时期花部形态、花粉萌发率和柱头可授性的变化规律,本研究采用琼脂培养基萌发法测定花粉萌发率,用联苯胺-过氧化氢法测定柱头可授性,结合田间花部性状随着时间变化的实际观测进行分析。结果表明,狭瓣辣木花朵开花之初,花药即完全打开并开始大量散粉,柱头直立,高于雄蕊;花朵开放后,柱头直立不变,高度逐渐低于雄蕊。PKM-1花朵开花之初,花药微微闭合,2 h后完全打开并开始大量散粉,柱头微微弯曲,高度低于雄蕊;花朵开放后,柱头逐渐弯曲,高度逐渐高于雄蕊。狭瓣辣木花粉萌发率在开花第2天达到最大值77%,呈现先上升后下降的趋势。PKM-1花粉萌发率在开花第1天达到最大值69%,之后迅速降低;狭瓣辣木和PKM-1柱头可授性均呈上升趋势,二者在开花第3天柱头可授性最强。在开花第1天,狭瓣辣木柱头具有微弱活性,而PKM-1柱头没有活性。在自然授粉条件下,狭瓣辣木花期柱头形态不利于其杂交授粉;在开花第2天采集花粉,在开花第3天柱头可授性最强时人工授粉,可以提高狭瓣辣木结实率和杂交成功率。本研究对于制定辣木杂交育种措施、提高辣木人工授粉效率和产量有重要意义。     

黄蜀葵开花结实生物学研究

通过田间观察,采用TTC法、联苯胺-过氧化氢法、花粉-胚珠比等方法,对黄蜀葵的花部特征、花粉活力、柱头可授性、繁育系统进行了研究.结果表明:黄蜀葵花为两性花,单花开花期为1d,每棵开花历时70 d左右,花粉-胚珠比为83.74±12.956 9,表明其繁育系统类型为兼性自交.柱头可授性在开花初期最强.花朵即将开放与开花初期花粉活力最高、最强,达到90％左右.     

肉果秤锤树花粉活力测定及柱头可授性分析

为探明国家二级保护植物肉果秤锤树不同开花散粉时期(1～11 d)花粉活力与柱头可授性的变化规律,本研究采用过氧化物酶法快速测定花粉活力,用联苯胺—过氧化氢法测定柱头可授性。试验结果表明：肉果秤锤树花粉在开花散粉后的1～11 d均具活力,花粉活力最佳时间段为花后4～7 d (花粉活力均保持在80%以上),其中第4天花粉活力最高,为85.57%;柱头可授性在开花后1～4 d逐渐增强,且花后4～8 d的柱头可授性达到最强,随后柱头可授性逐渐降低。肉果秤锤树花粉活力与柱头可授性的最佳时间之间有很大程度重合,建议在开花4～8 d进行花粉采集和授粉工作,可提高其授粉成功率和结实率。本研究可以为肉果秤锤树野生资源保护与人工繁育提供理论依据和参考。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.