兜兰花粉活力及柱头可授性探究

本研究以‘绿肉饼’兜兰为试验材料,用扫描电子显微镜对其花粉块进行研究分析。结果显示,花粉块可分为两半,表面光滑呈现紧密网状结构。为获得‘绿肉饼’人工授粉最佳时间,采用TTC (氯化三苯基四氮唑)染色和联苯胺-过氧化氢法进行花粉活力及柱头可授性的研究。TTC染色法结果表明,‘绿肉饼’的花粉活力呈现从弱到强再到弱的趋势,其中开花15~20 d的花粉活力最大,授粉率较高;联苯胺-过氧化氢法结果表明,‘绿肉饼’的柱头可授性随开花时间先弱后强再变弱,其中开花10~20 d的柱头可授性最高。     

葛花粉活力及柱头可授性检测

葛(Pueraria montana (Willd.) Ohwi)自然结实率不高,为了找到可靠的进行科学人工育种方法,本研究以葛为研究对象,采用I2-KI法、2,3,5-氯化三苯基四氮唑(TTC)法对葛花粉活力进行测定,采用联苯胺-过氧化氢法测定其柱头可授性。结果表明:(1)葛的花粉活力在开花前1 d最高,且此时花粉活性最强,开花后随散粉时间延长而逐渐降低,在开花后2~5 d有一个花粉活力较稳定的时期;(2)葛柱头可授性在开花后第1天最强,此后可授性下降并迅速在第5天不再具有可授性。本研究通过对葛花粉活力与柱头可授性进行研究,明确了葛花粉活力与柱头可授性最强的时间,推导出葛的最佳授粉方法是:采集开花前1 d的花粉对开花后第1天的柱头进行人工授粉,为进一步对葛进行科学人工育种提供了一定的数据支持。     

小黄金西番莲柱头可授性和花粉活力分析

小黄金西番莲(Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa)杂交结实率不高。本研究以小黄金西番莲为研究对象,通过分析花粉活力和柱头可授性,为提高其杂交结实率提供依据。分别采用联苯胺-过氧化氢法和花粉离体培养法对柱头可授性和花粉萌发率进行检测,分析不同状态下柱头的可授性和花粉萌发最适的蔗糖、硼酸浓度。结果表明:(1)个不同状态(花苞期,萼片分离期,花瓣分离期,半开放期,完全开放期)下的柱头均具备可授性。(2)不同蔗糖、硼酸浓度对花粉萌发具有显著性影响,低浓度促进其萌发,高浓度则起到抑制作用,最适蔗糖浓度为20%,硼酸浓度为0.06%。(3)固体和液体培养基对花粉萌发率的差异不显著。本研究结果为提高小黄金西番莲坐果率,加快杂交育种进程及促进生产应用提供科学依据。     

14个车厘子品种的花粉活力及柱头的可授性研究

为探明车厘子在南方坐果率低的原因,以14个车厘子品种的花为试材,对其花粉活力及柱头的可授性进行研究。结果表明:花粉染色率达95%以上且柱头可授性强70%以上的品种只有意大利早红,其次花粉染色率在90%以上,柱头可授性强达60%~70%的品种有曙光2、曙光3号、曙光4号。美早花粉染色率达90%以上,但柱头可授性弱,只有57%,龙冠的花粉活力低,但柱头可授性强,达73.9%。     

太子参花粉活力和柱头可授性研究

目的:研究太子参的花粉活力、柱头可授性及花粉贮藏。方法:采用离体萌发法、染色法测定花粉活力,用联苯胺-过氧化氢法测定柱头可授性,并检测不同贮藏条件下花粉的活力。结果:离体萌发法适用于太子参花粉活力测定,最适培养基为0.04%硼酸+15%蔗糖+11%聚乙二醇,萌发率达92.44%;太子参花药开裂期柱头可授性较强;花粉的短期保存以4℃效果较好,长期保存以-80℃效果最佳。结论:在进行杂交授粉时,应选花药开裂期的花粉,对开花第2天的柱头进行人工授粉,本研究为太子参的良种选育及种质资源保护提供了科学依据。     

万寿菊花粉活力及柱头可授性研究

为探明造成万寿菊雄性不育系结实率低的原因,对万寿菊花粉活力及柱头可授性进行了研究。采用花粉离体萌发法研究万寿菊自交系V-01花粉萌发适宜温度、花粉活力日变化和适宜贮存条件;用联苯胺-过氧化氢法检测万寿菊雄性不育系S-261、S-17-06-29、S-0191不育株柱头的可授性;水溶性苯胺蓝染色法检测花粉在柱头的萌发情况。结果表明：（1）万寿菊V-01适宜萌发温度介于25~30℃之间;V-01花粉活力日变化趋势为先升高后降低,11-13时采集的花粉萌发率最高;4℃干燥贮存是最适宜的花粉贮存条件。（2）万寿菊柱头形态呈‘γ’状时有可授性,可授性可持续3天。（3）万寿菊花粉授粉到柱头上1 h内即可萌发,授粉后2 h,花粉细胞达到花粉管内。     

狭瓣辣木的开花动态及花粉活力和柱头可授性

为了观测狭瓣辣木和多油辣木改良种PKM-1开花散粉时期花部形态、花粉萌发率和柱头可授性的变化规律,本研究采用琼脂培养基萌发法测定花粉萌发率,用联苯胺-过氧化氢法测定柱头可授性,结合田间花部性状随着时间变化的实际观测进行分析。结果表明,狭瓣辣木花朵开花之初,花药即完全打开并开始大量散粉,柱头直立,高于雄蕊;花朵开放后,柱头直立不变,高度逐渐低于雄蕊。PKM-1花朵开花之初,花药微微闭合,2 h后完全打开并开始大量散粉,柱头微微弯曲,高度低于雄蕊;花朵开放后,柱头逐渐弯曲,高度逐渐高于雄蕊。狭瓣辣木花粉萌发率在开花第2天达到最大值77%,呈现先上升后下降的趋势。PKM-1花粉萌发率在开花第1天达到最大值69%,之后迅速降低;狭瓣辣木和PKM-1柱头可授性均呈上升趋势,二者在开花第3天柱头可授性最强。在开花第1天,狭瓣辣木柱头具有微弱活性,而PKM-1柱头没有活性。在自然授粉条件下,狭瓣辣木花期柱头形态不利于其杂交授粉;在开花第2天采集花粉,在开花第3天柱头可授性最强时人工授粉,可以提高狭瓣辣木结实率和杂交成功率。本研究对于制定辣木杂交育种措施、提高辣木人工授粉效率和产量有重要意义。     

黄蜀葵开花结实生物学研究

通过田间观察,采用TTC法、联苯胺-过氧化氢法、花粉-胚珠比等方法,对黄蜀葵的花部特征、花粉活力、柱头可授性、繁育系统进行了研究.结果表明:黄蜀葵花为两性花,单花开花期为1d,每棵开花历时70 d左右,花粉-胚珠比为83.74±12.956 9,表明其繁育系统类型为兼性自交.柱头可授性在开花初期最强.花朵即将开放与开花初期花粉活力最高、最强,达到90％左右.     

肉果秤锤树花粉活力测定及柱头可授性分析

为探明国家二级保护植物肉果秤锤树不同开花散粉时期(1～11 d)花粉活力与柱头可授性的变化规律,本研究采用过氧化物酶法快速测定花粉活力,用联苯胺—过氧化氢法测定柱头可授性。试验结果表明：肉果秤锤树花粉在开花散粉后的1～11 d均具活力,花粉活力最佳时间段为花后4～7 d (花粉活力均保持在80%以上),其中第4天花粉活力最高,为85.57%;柱头可授性在开花后1～4 d逐渐增强,且花后4～8 d的柱头可授性达到最强,随后柱头可授性逐渐降低。肉果秤锤树花粉活力与柱头可授性的最佳时间之间有很大程度重合,建议在开花4～8 d进行花粉采集和授粉工作,可提高其授粉成功率和结实率。本研究可以为肉果秤锤树野生资源保护与人工繁育提供理论依据和参考。     

番石榴花粉生活力及柱头可授性研究

为研究番石榴最佳花粉采集期、授粉期及去雄期,以番石榴新鲜花粉为试材,采用正交设计试验,筛选最优培养基配方,进而测定不同保存时间及不同开放状态的花粉生活力和柱头可授性。结果显示,培养基组分对番石榴花粉生活力的影响程度由强到弱为糖>硼酸>氯化钙,最佳处理组合为150 g/L蔗糖+0 g/L硼酸+0.3 g/L氯化钙,其花粉生活力为91.9%。花粉生活力随保存时间延长而降低,新鲜采摘的番石榴花粉生活力为89.69%,保存96 h的花粉生活力为0%。番石榴花在时期Ⅲ（花苞完全裂开、萼片脱落）花粉生活力最高,时期Ⅳ（花瓣展开）柱头可授性最强;另外,时期Ⅰ和Ⅱ的花粉囊并未打开,柱头上未附着花粉且花粉生活力较低。因此,番石榴花的最佳授粉期为时期Ⅳ,最佳花粉采集期为时期Ⅲ,最佳去雄期为时期Ⅰ和Ⅱ。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Evolution under domestication involving disturbance of genic balance

Summary An hypothesis is developed that the rapid change from wild plants into domesticated crops principally involves the selection of alleles with non-functional gene products which leads to reduced control of the highly integrated metabolism and morphogenesis previously accumulated by lengthy natural selection. Such disturbance of the genome produces altered physiological and morphological development which, although deleterious in nature, serves mankind better and has been selected.     

Genetic variation for disease and nematode resistances and forage quality in perennial diploid and tetraploid lucerne populations (Medicago sativa L.)

Summary Twenty-five lucerne populations of the Medicago sativa complex, which were either diploid or tetraploid and wild or cultivated, were analysed for their resistance to four different fungal diseases and to stem nematode. Forage quality, including stem digestibility and saponin content, was also tested.Populations varied in susceptibility to the diseases caused by Colletotrichum trifolii, Verticillium albo-atrum, Sclerotinia trifoliorum and Pseudopezizza medicaginis, and to the nematode Ditylenchus dipsaci. Except for Sclerotinia rot, sativa and falcata subspecies differed in susceptibility, but this grouping of populations did not account for the full range of variation among them. However, the resistance to P. medicaginis was much lower in the sativa than in the falcata populations.Populations also varied significantly in stem fiber content and digestibility. Stem digestibility was negatively correlated to forage yield. Wild sativa and falcata populations had lower fiber content and higher digestibility than cultivated sativa populations. The medicagenic acid was the sapogenin responsible for the anti-nutritional effect of the lucerne measured by the yellow mealworm larvae Tenebrio molitor. The medicagenic acid content was lowest for the pure sativa populations, highest for the pure falcata populations, and intermediate for the French sativa varieties that have some traits originating from falcata germplasm. Some populations could be used in breeding programs to improve disease and nematode resistance, and forage quality.     

Review of Effects of Active Components of Gastrodiae Rhizoma on Central Nervous System

In order to explore the pharmacological effects of active components of Gastrodiae Rhizoma on the central nervous system,through consulting related literatures,...     

Effects of Pb on Rhizosphere Soil Enzyme Activity and Chemical Constituents of Achyranthes bidentata Blume

[Objectives]The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Pb on rhizosphere soil enzyme activity and chemical constituents of Achyranthes bidentat...     

不同P-Zn配比对小麦幼苗微量元素营养的影响

采用了螯合-缓冲营养液培养方法对小麦进行了苗期培养试验,在3个P水平(0,0.6,3.0 mmol/L)和3个Zn水平(0,3,30 μmol/L)的完全组合下对小麦苗期生长及Zn、Fe、Cu、Mn营养进行了研究,旨在为小麦微肥施用提供理论依据.结果表明,P、Zn的正常供应促进了小麦生长,二者的缺乏与过量均会抑制小麦发育,且这种影响在冠部表现得更为明显.在小麦苗期,Zn与Cu的吸收存在明显的拮抗作用,但供Zn则促进了Zn和Cu的转运,而Mn转运则受到了抑制;过量供Zn时,大量Zn被转运到冠部,同时明显抑制了(Fe+Cu+Mn)的吸收总量;P的供应显著地抑制了Fe的吸收,但P的供应提高了Zn、Cu、Mn的转运率;P、Zn在对Zn与Fe、Cu、Mn间吸收竞争的影响中,Zn本身的影响要比P的影响更为明显,供Zn明显促进了小麦幼苗对Zn的吸收;在小麦幼苗冠部,Zn与Fe的竞争中,供P利于Zn的吸收,缺P则利于Fe的吸收;而Zn与Cu以及Zn与Mn间的竞争中,缺磷时利于Zn的吸收,供磷后则利于Cu和Mn的吸收.总之,小麦幼苗Zn、Fe、Cu、Mn营养中,P、Zn的不同配比会不同程度地改变Zn与Fe、Cu、Mn的协同或拮抗效应.     

Isozyme variation between diploid and tetraploid cytotypes of Glycine tabacina (Labill.) Benth.

Summary Glycine tabacina (Labill.) Benth. is a wild perennial species related to the cultivated soybean, G. max (L.) Merr. It is composed of diploid (2n=40) and tetraploid (2n=80) cytotypes. Currently, to differentiate the cytotypes, plants are grown out in the greenhouse and chromosome counts made on pollen mother cells. It is a laborious and time consuming process. The objective of this study was to determine whether electrophoretic techniques could be utilized to separate the cytotypes. Electrophoretic examination of seven isozyme systems from seed of 67 G. tabacina accessions revealed banding patterns that could be used to differentiate between diploid and tetraploid cytotypes in the species. Among the tetraploid accessions, the number of bands observed were always greater than the diploids. Some tetraploid banding patterns consisted of bands similar to the diploid tabacina and/or additional bands previously identified in other Glycine species. The patterns of isozyme multiplicity and variation in the tetraploid tabacinas suggests more than one mode of origin for the tetraploids.     

Some physiological and photosynthetic characters of rice × sorghum and rice × wheat hybrids

Summary Some photosynthetic characters as-leaf anatomy, leaf photosynthetic rate and CO₂ compensation pointdistinguishing C₃ and C₄ plants and physiological characters as leaf area ratio, nitrogen content, leaf stem ratio and total shoot-to-root and deep root-to-shoot ratios have been studied in rice × sorghum and rice × wheat hybrids. Rice × sorghum 1. has lower values of photosynthetic rate, leaf nitrogen, total root and deep root-to-shoot ratio and CO₂ compensation point as of rice parent where as, rice × sorghym 2. is superior in all these characters. Both hybrids lack kranz anatomy. Though both rice × sorghum hybrids show characters of C₃ rice plant but rice × sorghum 2. has improved drought tolerance and leaf characters in relation to yield. Rice × wheat hybrid have higher assimilatory area and higher total root-to-shoot ratio. Grains of rice × wheat hybrids are identical to rice grain. However, as grains of rice × wheat hybrid does not contain seed coat, it could be exploited as novel rice germplasm after improvement.Abbreviations T CO₂ compensation point - T21 CO₂ compensation point at 21% O₂ - T2 CO₂ compensation point at 2% O₂ - dR/sR deep Root-to-shoot Ratio - LAR Leaf Area Ratio - CER photosynthetic rate - TR/SR Total Root-to-Shoot Ratio