Hereditary changes in Capsicum annuum L. II. Induced by virus-inoculated grafting

Summary A total of 161 variants were obtained in the second seed generation (G₂) from scions grafted onto broadbean wilt virus (BWV)-inoculated stocks in Capsicum annuum L. The overall rate of variants in the G₁ and G₂ generation was as high as 16.5 per cent as compared with 2.0 per cent for the same grafting combination without inoculation. It may be said, therefore, that the hereditary changes were enhanced by virus treatment. The hereditary changes were from dominant homozygous to either heterozygous or recessive homozygous. Among the variants 44.8 per cent were chimeric for one or more genes. As for the mechanism. the possibility of trunsduction was discussed, although these were induced by grafting.The abstract of this paper has been presented at the XIII International Congress of Genetics held in August 1973 at Berkeley, California, USA as both a contributed paper and an exhibit including real herbarial specimen and color pictures of the variants genetically analyzed.Formerly and presently Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Misima, Japan.     

NAFTA or Nada? Trade's Impact on U.S. Border Retailers

The extensive debate over trade liberalization policies in the United States holds a general consensus that some industries will benefit while others will not. This paper explores the impact of the North American Free Trade Agreement on U.S. retailers in states located along the border with Mexico. Overall, the impact of trade on U.S. border retailers has been beneficial. However, the results demonstrate that retailers in the region are vulnerable to exchange rate fluctuations and other macroeconomic influences that change the relative price ratio between the United States and Mexico. Furthermore, retailers in metropolitan statistical areas that have a relatively high concentration of retail sector employment are more susceptible to these changes.     

The Influence of Booms and Busts in the U.S. Economy on the Interstate Migration System

Migration flows around the U.S. have shown a great deal of temporal and geographical differentiation over the past few decades. However, the recent downturn in the U.S. economy provides a renewed motivation to explore the relationship between the macro‐economy and interstate migration. To address this issue, in this paper patterns of interstate migration are analyzed using IRS data and several migration efficiency measures for 18 2‐year time periods, 1988–2006. Included in the analysis is an examination of the relationship between system migration and economic change, structural changes in the migration system over time (national and state level), and changes in the geography of state‐level migration efficiency rates. As might be expected, the two full business cycles that occurred over this time period saw significant short‐term changes in migration flows, although the economic downturn of 2001‐02 may indicate more fundamental changes in the migration system.     

Relationship changes between lowlander and hill tribes in Xishuangbanna,P.R. China

Xishuangbanna, which is well known for its ethnic diversity, is located in the upper reaches of the Mekong River. Dai lowlanders make up one third of the total population, 13 other indigenous highland groups make up another third and the balance are Han Chinese. The research on which this paper is based was conducted in three villages, Dai, Hani and Jinuo communities and designed to explore the changing relationships between lowlanders and highlanders. It was found that over the past five decades two critical events triggered profound changes. One was liberation by the Chinese Communist Party in 1950, and the other the land and economic reform policies introduced at the beginning of the 1980s.     

Sources of Output Change in the U.S. Economy

Output changes in the U.S. economy from 1972 to 1977 are analyzed using a 477-sector input-output framework. The empirical model is based on benchmark data from the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis. Commodity output changes are attributed to technical change, import substitution, changes in domestic final demand, and changes in export demand. Special attention is given to the importance of international trade and the patterns of change observed in rapidly growing and declining sectors. The results indicate that 71 percent of the sectors lost domestic market share to imports, but on balance international trade contributed to positive output change through increased exports. Technology changes became increasingly important in sectors of the economy experiencing either rapid growth or decline. Conversely, final demand, exports, and import substitution generally appeared to be most important in the slowly changing sectors. These findings confirm and expand on earlier work that indicated a dominant role for technology changes in explaining output changes in emerging and declining industries.     

The spatial dynamics of U.S. fertility, 1970-1990

The fertility downturn in the U.S. since the baby boom has been accompanied by a growing divergence in regional fertility rates. This paper examines the spatial implications of recent fertility trends. Two interrelated questions are posed. First, how and why have the time trends in fertility varied spatially? Second, how have the regional patterns of fertility changed over time? These questions are investigated using a continuous spatio-temporal model of U.S. fertility built using the Dual Expansion Method. Results indicate that the pace of fertility decline has been the most rapid in the Northeast and the slowest in the West. Further, the traditional North-South distinctions in fertility rates are being replaced by East-West patterns. These changes tentatively suggest that regional ethnic composition is becoming an increasingly important factor in accounting for the spatial variation of U.S. fertility.     

Retail Trade on the U.S.‐Mexico Border During the NAFTA Implementation Era

ABSTRACT When NAFTA was implemented in 1994, there was a general expectation that it would hurt U.S. retailers along the U.S.‐Mexico border. This paper asks whether there was a significant change in the pattern of retail trade in border MSAs in the years surrounding NAFTA's implementation. Data from MSAs in the four border states are analyzed. After controlling for other potential influences on retail trade, there remained a statistically significant change in the pattern of retail trade between 1992 and 1997. The changes cannot be unquestionably attributed to NAFTA but do suggest that NAFTA had a negative influence on retail sales on the U.S. side of the border.     

Physiological Effects of Winter Rape (Brassica napus var. oleifera) Prehardening to Frost. I. Frost Resistance and Photosynthesis during Cold Acclimation

The objective of the research was to define the changes in photosynthetic activity induced by prehardening and to determine their involvement in frost tolerance of winter rape.
Prehardening of winter rape, consisting of keeping the plants at + 12°C during the light periods from sprouting until the beginning of the 1st stage of cold hardening, contributed to increasing its effectiveness. After 42 days of hardening at + 2°C the resistance of the prehardened plants equalled that attained by winter rape in the most favourable seasons of vegetation in the field. Prehardening stimulated the efficiency of photosynthesis at chill temperatures (+ 2–5°C). Differences in photosynthetic efficiency, like those in frost resistance, increase with successive weeks of hardening. They also concern the leaves already developed at the hardening temperature. A prehardened photosynthetic apparatus is less susceptible to the progress of photoinactivation taking place when the seedlings are kept at + 2°C. It also demonstrated greater activity even during the first hour of hardening or in the newly expanding leaves, and also at higher temperatures, most probably because of the more efficient progress of the dark, processes. The described changes in the functioning of the photosynthetic apparatus induced by prehardening were thus qualitatively very similar to those observed during long-term growth at + 5°C. already described in the literature.     

Air Passenger Transportation and Growth in the U.S. Urban System, 1950–1987

The relationship between transportation and urbanization at the national scale is revisited by focusing upon the role that air passenger transportation has played in the post-war evolution of the U.S. urban system. Theory suggests that major transportation innovations have exhibited profound and prolonged interdependencies with patterns of growth in national or regional urban systems. As the most recent major intercity transportation innovation, it should be expected that utilization of air transportation should bear some relationship to patterns of growth in urban places. This paper documents this relationship by using FAA and U.S. Census data to correlate volumes of air passenger flows per capita with changes in population and employment for the 50 largest U.S. metropolitan areas. The expectation that higher volumes of air passenger flow per capita exhibit a positive correlation with both previous and subsequent growth is confirmed by the analysis. More detailed examination of both high and low air passenger index cities suggests functional and regional consistencies with the central hypothesis. The implications of these results for air transportation and airport planning include at least some justification for increased attention to provision of air service and adequate airport infrastructure as well as reiteration of the importance of air transportation in economic development.     

Patterns of Broadband Efficiency in the U.S

Data envelopment analysis is used to assess the efficiency of broadband Internet adoption and use in the U.S. Analyses at the state level from 2005 to 2007 suggest that broadband adoption and use is not equally efficient across the U.S. states. Although the instantaneous efficiencies are relatively high for many states, the changes in total factor productivity suggest that the efficiency of broadband adoption and use still increases over time. Moreover, it is observed that efficiency values are often spatially autocorrelated, which suggests spatial dependency from spillovers or interstate competition. This leads to a particular spatial diffusion pattern in broadband adoption. Although states have different strategies in support of broadband expansion they need to identify their shortcomings and use the appropriate mix of inputs (and outputs) to improve their efficiencies.     

陆地棉与中棉种间杂交的研究及在育种上的应用

1.对陆地棉与中棉的杂种第一代和克服杂种第一代的不孕性进行研究,初步找出了不孕的原因和克服办法,为创造种间杂种,丰富育种材料,提供了可能。2.种间杂种遗传基础复杂,与具有优良性状多的陆地棉品种回交,获得许多超越亲本性状的新类型,可以选育出丰产、优质、抗病性强等的新品系。3.杂种第一代花粉母细胞染色体数,在同一花蕾上就有所不同,说明受精卵细胞在分裂的过程中已不正常,每一细胞的染色体数也不尽相同。     

紫外辐射对普陀水仙生理生化指标的影响

研究紫外线辐射下普陀水仙茎、叶生理生化指标的变化,为进一步研究开发利用海岛植物提供理论依据。本实验紫外辐射时间共设3个梯度,2h、12h、24h,以0h为对照组,测定了普陀水仙茎、叶中SOD、POD、MDA、脯氨酸、电导率、可溶性蛋白质、可溶性糖及叶绿素等生理生化指标。结果表明：随着紫外辐射时间延长,茎、叶中SOD和POD活性变化呈先上升后下降趋势,辐射时间为2h时达到最高,茎中的POD活性明显低于叶。茎和叶中脯氨酸、可溶性糖、MDA含量和电导率均随着紫外辐射时间延长而增大。茎、叶中可溶性蛋白质的含量呈先上升后下降趋势,辐射时间为12h时达到最大。叶绿素a、叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素的含量均呈先增高后减少的趋势,叶绿素的含量在辐射时间2h时达到最大。综合研究认为,紫外辐射下2-12h之间,普陀水仙茎、叶具较强的抗紫外辐射特性,自身能够有效地解除紫外辐射对其造成的伤害。     

生长季节浇肥对移栽卫矛叶片内保护酶活性的影响

通过对移栽卫矛苗木浇施复合肥后生长期叶片内保护酶活性变化情况的研究,判断最有利于移栽苗生长的施肥量,为实际生产提供理论支持。以3年生卫矛苗木为试材,浇施NPK比例为6：12：18的复合肥,每株施肥量为F1 8.33 g,F2 28.33 g,F3 48.33 g,F4 68.33 g,F5 88.33 g,1个对照,3次重复。肥料平均分4个月浇入土壤,每个小区25株,随机排列。于4~8月份的每月第10天取样,测定保护酶活性。试验结果表明,SOD呈现出先升高后降低的单峰曲线变化规律,经F3、F4、F5处理后的苗木SOD比对照和F1、F2处理后的苗木SOD提前1个月达到最高值;POD活性除对照一直升高外,经施肥处理后的苗木,其POD均在6月份达到最高值后下降;对照PPO的活性在6~7月份达到最低值,而施肥后的PPO活性始终处于升高趋势,与对照变化明显不同,且7~8月的PPO活性极显著高于对照。综合比较来看,F3处理的施肥量最佳。     

Magnetic Fluid Model of Discharge Path in Internal Gears of E. D. M. Grinding

In this paper, the moving laws at any point of meshing discharge are stuied about internal gears E. D. M. grinding. It is the first time that the meshing theory of gears is combined with electric discharge machining, and the discharge principles of infernal gears of E. D. M. are described.     

Production System Changes in the Korean Consumer Electronics Sector

This paper establishes the concept of production system as an analytical framework to embrace recent industrial changes. Five dimensions of production system changes are posited. A case study of the Korean consumer electronics sector shows that the companies have experienced diverse patterns of changes, but these changes are generally related to plant location, ownership, export orientation, and company size.     

大豆品种自贡冬豆花芽分化及开花逆转过程的形态解剖学研究

研究了光周期反应敏感的晚熟大豆[Glycine max (L.) Merr.]品种自贡冬豆在正常花芽分化和开花逆转过程中的解剖学特征。光周期处理包括连续短日照（SD, 12 h）、连续长日照（LD, 16 h）和13 d短日后转入长日(SD13d-LD)3种。结果表明, 自贡冬豆在连续短日条件下可正常开花结实;经13 d短日照处理后移至长日照下约50％的植株发生开花逆转,另外50％的植株形成短的顶端花序;在连续长日照下保持营养生长。短日照不仅促进大豆的生殖发育, 而且加快出叶速度。短日处理3 d基部叶腋开始分化花芽;13 d顶端分生组织开始分化花序,19 d顶端花序分化结束,29 d植株开花。SD13-LD处理,在移至长日照的最初14 d内,顶端分生组织继续分化花原基,但分化速度比连续短日处理慢,分化出的花芽数目少。长日处理20 d（出苗后33 d）左右,约50％植株的顶端分生组织逆转到营养器官的分化。在连续长日条件下,顶端分生组织一直分化叶片。还讨论了叶片和花器官的同源性。     

华北、日本落叶松球果不同发育时期特性比较

为了解决华北落叶松和日本落叶松球果种子难以区分的问题,明确落叶松在合子胚形成后,球果特性变化,确定球果种子的各种特性和落叶松胚性愈伤诱导率的相关性关系,找到华北和日本落叶松诱导体细胞胚的最佳取材时期,以华北落叶松和日本落叶松球果为试验材料,比较不同发育时期的2种落叶松球果纵径、球果横径、球果纵横径比、种子纵径、种子横径、种子纵横径比和合子胚长7个表型指标的差异。同时,进行不同发育时期2种落叶松合子胚的胚性愈伤诱导试验,并对各指标分析相关性。结果表明：华北落叶松球果横径和种子横径在不同发育阶段一直大于日本落叶松。在各个时期的落叶松球果和种子的纵横径比,日本落叶松均显著高于华北落叶松。在相同的培养条件下,每个时期的华北落叶松胚性愈伤诱导率都大于日本落叶松的胚性愈伤诱导率,在7月27日采集的华北落叶松获得了最高的胚性愈伤诱导率,为78.89%。由相关性分析可知,落叶松胚性愈伤诱导率与球果横径呈显著的正相关。研究为今后大力发展落叶松的体细胞胚诱导研究,提供了重要的第一手数据,为中国落叶松优良无性系快速繁殖、遗传改良以及人工种子生产等方面奠定坚实的基础。     

Labor Market of a U.S.-Japanese Automobile Joint Venture

Starting with a brief location analysis of the plant site, in this paper we analyze the characteristics and geography of the labor market for a U.S.- Japanese automobile joint venture. Based on a survey of the firm's employees, we show that the labor market is two-tiered and stretches over many states in the United States. There are clear differences in skills, gender and socio-demographic characteristics between short and long distance movers, and American workers are willing and able to adapt to technology and work practices originating in a different culture. Most employees hold positive opinions of the work environment and practices at the plant, Japanese influence in the U.S. economy and U.S.-Japanese economic relations, despite perceiving Japan as an economic threat to the United States. We conclude with some policy implications of our findings and an agenda for future research.     

Short‐Run Dynamics of Income Disparities and Regional Cycle Synchronization in the U.S.

Since the 1990s, the issue of regional income convergence and its long‐term tendencies has been thoroughly and heatedly discussed. Much less attention, however, has been devoted to the short‐run dynamics of regional convergence. In particular, three important aspects have not yet been adequately addressed. First, it is indeed essential to understand whether regional disparities manifest a tendency to move systematically along the national cycle. Then, if this happens to be the case, it becomes crucial to know whether 1) these movements are pro‐ or counter‐cyclical,2) the cyclical evolution of the disparities is a consequence of differences in the timing with which the business cycle is felt in regions or it is motivated by the amplitude differences across local cyclical swings. In this paper, we shed light on these issues using data on personal income for the 48 coterminous U.S. states between 1969 and 2008. Our results indicate that income disparities do not move randomly in the short run but follow a distinct cyclical pattern, moving either pro‐ or counter‐cyclically depending on the period of analysis. These patterns are probably explained by the changes in the direction of capital and labor flows that favor developed or poorer states in different periods. As for the underlying mechanism, it appears that the short‐run evolution of the disparities in recent years is largely a consequence of differences in the timing with which the business cycle is felt across states rather than the outcome of amplitude differences across local cyclical swings.     

大久保桃常温运输保鲜技术研究

以大久保桃为试材,结合实际生产中存在的问题,通过选择采收适当成熟度的果实、改进装车码垛方式和桃果包装方式,研究其在产地到销售地常温运输中果温及果实品质的变化,以期为生产实践提供理论参考。