玉米的不同加工处理对瘤胃液VFA浓度的影响

选用3头装有永久瘤胃瘘管的云南黄牛,饲喂5种含不同加工处理(粉碎、粉碎蒸汽、干碾压、湿碾压、蒸汽压片)玉米的日粮,在精粗比为50:50的条件下,采用3×5不完全拉丁方设计,对瘤胃液总挥发性脂肪酸(TVFA)浓度、乙酸浓度、丙酸浓度、乙酸占TVFA比例、丙酸占TVFA比例进行测定,以研究不同处理玉米日粮对瘤胃液挥发性脂肪酸浓度的影响。结果表明,对于TVFA,湿碾压玉米日粮组显著高于粉碎蒸汽玉米日粮组(P<0.05),而与其它三组间无显著差异;湿碾压玉米日粮组乙酸浓度显著高于粉碎、粉碎蒸汽与蒸汽压片玉米日粮组(P<0.05),而与干碾压玉米日粮组无显著差异(P>0.05);各处理玉米日粮组间乙酸占TVFA比例,粉碎玉米日粮组显著低于其它四组(P<0.05),且这四组间差异不显著(P>0.05);各处理组间瘤胃内丙酸浓度及丙酸占TVFA比例差异不显著(P>0.05),但丙酸占TVFA比例存在蒸汽压片>干碾压>粉碎蒸汽>湿碾压>粉碎玉米日粮组的趋势。     

气相色谱测定羊瘤胃液中挥发性脂肪酸方法研究

建立了程序升温气相色谱法测定羊瘤胃液中的挥发性脂肪酸。样品经过滤离心,偏磷酸溶液酸化后,直接进样分析。结果表明:该方法实现了羊瘤胃液中乙酸、丙酸和正丁酸直接快速分离,方法的精密度、回收率较高。     

气相色谱-质谱联用法测定瘤胃液中的甲酸和其他6种挥发性脂肪酸

本试验旨在建立一种测定瘤胃液中甲酸、乙酸、丙酸、异丁酸、丁酸、异戊酸和戊酸的气相色谱-质谱联用方法。样品选用湘东黑山羊和荷斯坦奶牛的瘤胃液,18000 r/min离心10 min,取上层清液。将上层清液与25%的偏磷酸按照9∶1(v∶v)的比例混合均匀,静置0.5 h后,4℃条件下18000 r/min离心10 min,取上清液过0.22μm滤膜,进行气相色谱-质谱分析。以DB-FFAP毛细管柱进行分离,甲酸、乙酸、丙酸、异丁酸、丁酸、异戊酸和戊酸在9 min内达到基线分离。结果表明:这7种组分色谱峰保留时间的相对标准偏差均小于0.5%,峰面积的相对标准偏差均小于5.0%。甲酸、乙酸、丙酸、异丁酸、丁酸、异戊酸和戊酸分别在0.8~121.0μg/mL、0.3~3081.0μg/mL、0.4~1165.2μg/mL、0.4~275.1μg/mL、0.2~543.0μg/mL、0.5~129.9μg/mL和0.4~271.5μg/mL内线性关系良好,线性相关系数均达到0.998以上,检出限(3倍信噪比)在0.069~0.252μg/mL。山羊和奶牛瘤胃液样品的加标回收率分别为91.8%~103.8%和78.7%~95.2%。本试验建立的测定瘤胃液中甲酸以及其他6种挥发性脂肪酸的气相色谱-质谱联用方法选择性强、样品用量少、操作简单,可为反刍动物瘤胃碳水化合物代谢及甲烷生成的相关研究提供技术支撑。     

牛瘤胃液的临床应用

在诊治牛病过程中,常遇到因饲养管理不善、中毒、久病或久服药物以致有害物质聚积于瘤胃,改变了瘤胃内环境,进而使瘤胃微生物区系遭到严重破坏,引起患牛长期食欲不振,消化不良,反刍减少或废绝。因此,在临床治疗时,除结合药物、手术等方法外,还应用瘤胃液作为瘤胃微生物区系接种,以促进瘤胃消化功能的恢复。多年来,笔者用健康牛瘤胃液,治疗此类有关病牛300余头次、收效显著,现介绍如下。     

反相高效液相色谱法测定瘤胃液中的生物胺

本文旨在应用反相高效液相色谱法建立瘤胃液中生物胺的测定方法.样品经0.5 mol/L盐酸提取后,用丹磺酰氯柱前衍生,流动相为乙腈和0.1 mol/L乙酸铵溶液;采用梯度洗脱,流速为1.0 mL/min;紫外检测器波长254 nm,柱温30℃.应用该方法,研究高精料和低精料饲粮条件下瘤胃液中5种生物胺浓度的差异.结果表明...     

利用高效液相色谱法同时测定瘤胃液中几种水溶性维生素

本试验旨在建立利用高效液相色谱同时测定瘤胃液中几种水溶性维生素的方法。取瘤胃液,用正己烷、偏磷酸萃取后,其上清液用氮气吹干浓缩(40℃),以流动相A溶解。色谱条件:SBC8色谱柱,粒径5μm,4.6 mm×150 mm;流动相A,V甲醇∶V0.05 mol/L磷酸三钠(pH=2.5)=7∶93;流动相B,V甲醇∶V0.05 mol/L磷酸三钠(pH=2.5)=90∶10;流速1.0 mL/min;检测波长245 nm。结果表明:1)该方法对烟酰胺、烟酸、叶酸、核黄素和氰钴胺素的最小检出质量浓度分别为12.90、12.00、74.11、24.00、9.57 ng/mL(信噪比=3),线性回归相关系数分别为0.999 9、0.999 3、0.990 3、0.999 0、0.999 5;2)瘤胃液样品中加标烟酰胺、烟酸、叶酸、核黄素和氰钴胺素的平均回收率分别为97.5%、96.8%、73.2%、84.4%、89.1%,相对标准偏差分别为2.9%、3.0%、15.6%、7.8%、5.0%。由此得出,本方法适用于同时测定瘤胃液中烟酰胺和烟酸的含量。     

PEG和CrEDTA作为绵羊瘤胃液相标记物的比较研究

对4只4×4拉丁方设计中的绵羊，分别用PEG（聚乙二醇）和CrEDTA（乙二胺四乙酸铬）两种液相标记物同时测定了瘤胃液稀释率和瘤胃液体积。结果表明，两种方法测得的瘤胃液稀释率之间或瘤胃液体积之间存在极显著（P＜0．01）或显著（P＜0.05）相关关系。但用两种方法测得的瘤胃液稀释率或瘤胃液体积之间差异极显著（P＜0．01）或显著（P＜0．05）。用PEG法测得的两指标均高于用CrEDTA法测得的结果。     

绵羊瘤胃液中固氮菌的分离及其特性的研究

由两头绵羊的瘤胃液中分离到三株具有固氮能力的细菌,可于无氮培养基中生长繁殖,其中一株为需氧固氮,固氮能力较强,另两株为厌氧固氮,固氮能力较弱,鉴于它们在瘤胃液中存在数量较多,认为是绵羊瘤胃中一个正常的菌群,从而为瘤胃菌群增加了一个新的类群,并进行了生化鉴定及生长特性的研究。     

The microflora and concentrations of volatile fatty acids in the rumen of cattle fed on single component rations

The composition of the rumen microflora and the volatile fatty acids were examined in cattle free-grazing on grass or stall-fed on hay, grass pellets, oats or dried beet pulp with molasses. Total and viable counts of anaerobic bacteria were highest on the grass feeding, but viable counts as a percentage of total counts were highest when oats or beet pulp with molasses were fed. Counts of cellulolytic bacteria were lowest on these latter 2 diets, and highest on grass or grass pellet diets. Studies of the anaerobic flora showed that the composition in animals fed on grass pellets resembled more that found in animals free-grazing on grass than in those fed on hay. Counts of aerotolerant bacteria were only a small percentage of the total count, but were highest on the hay diet. On this latter diet and on grass-feeding the streptococci (identified as Streptococcus bovis) were predominant, but contrary to expectation, streptococci were found only in small numbers on the oats diet, where coryneform rods were the major type present. Although a period of 4–6 weeks was allowed for the animals to adapt to the feeds, the 2 periods of feeding on oats and dried beet pulp with molasses markedly affected the composition of the rumen flora in the subsequent periods of feeding grass pellets and hay. Ruinen volatile fatty acid analysis showed a propionogenic effect of oats and the highest percentage of butyric acid when beet pulp with molasses was fed. The expected propionogenic effect of grass pellets was not observed.     

Ammonia, pH and volatile fatty acids in the bovine rumen after feeding with hay.

The effect of feeding level and interval between feedings on the fermentation pattern in the bovine rumen have been investigated in experiments with hay. The animals were completely adapted heifers fitted with rumen cannulas, and the parameters measured were ammonia, pH, volatile fatty acids (VFA) and non-glucogenic/glucogenic ratio (NGGR) in the VFA mixture.Increasing feeding levels, ranging from 2/3 to 4/3 of maintenance level, resulted in higher average concentrations of VFA and lower pH in the rumen fluid. Further the highest level of intake caused a considerable diurnal variation in the pH and the concentration of total VFA, and increased the variation in the molar composition of the VFA mixture.Three feeding intervals ranging from 8 to 16 hrs., with hay administered at maintenance level, caused no changes in the fermentation pattern.Typical variations in the concentrations of ammonia and valeric acid as related to time after feeding were demonstrated, but the concentrations of the branched-chain fatty acids in the rumen fluid were found to be quite constant.It may be concluded that a representative mean value of the parameters measured, except for ammonia and valeric acid, may be based on relatively few samples when feed intake does not exceed maintenance level, whereas sampling every hour is required at higher feeding levels.     

毛细管气相色谱法测定发酵液中丙酸的含量

丙酸(propionicacid,以下简称PA)是一种理想而又有前途的粮食、食品和饲料防腐剂,在国外饲料工业中的应用最为广泛犤1,2犦。我国作为世界饲料生产大国,对丙酸的需求量很大,并且呈现逐年递增的态势。据统计,仅1999年,我国就从国外进口丙酸9880t犤2犦。预计到2003年,我国的丙酸需求量将超过10000t,而我国丙酸的年产量却不足200t犤2犦。目前,国际上主要采用化学合成法生产PA,也有学者开始研究利用微生物(如丙酸杆菌)发酵法生产PA犤3犦。微生物发酵法的原料来自农副产品,能充分利用可再生资源,符合绿色化工发展方向,因而日益受到人们的重视。…     

Volatile fatty acids in the rumen of sheep fed a synthetic diet

A trial was conducted with wethers to study the effect of the administration of a synthetic diet (composition: 30.125% starch, 30.125% sucrose, 25% cellulose, 5.25% urea, 8.125% mineral supplement, 1.25% maize oil and 0.125% cholinechloride) upon rumen fermentation. The adaptation to the synthetic diet lasted three months, the proportion of the synthetic diet increasing every week (by 10%) to the detriment of a traditional diet (composition: 0.5 kg meadow hay, 0.3 kg barley, 0.2 kg wheat bran, salt and straw ad libitum). In the 10th week the animals consumed 0.5 kg granular synthetic diet, 0.2 kg cellulose flakes and 0.01 kg polystyrene. After three weeks of the administration of the fully synthetic diet, the rumen fluid was sampled after morning feeding in intervals of 0, 1, 3, 5 and 7 hours. In the dynamics of fermentation, statistically significant differences were found only in isobutyric and isovaleric acid between the 0th and 1st and between the 5th and 7th hours (P less than 0.05--P less than 0.001). The data for all the time intervals were recalculated to average values. These were as follows: total volatile fatty acids 63.03 mmol/l, acetic acid 51.00 mol%, propionic acid 26.75 mol%, butyric acid 19.43 mol%, isobutyric acid 0.91 mol%, isovaleric 1.27 mol%, valeric acid 0.62 mol%, energy efficiency of VFA production 78.23%. The obtained data are confronted with literary data on synthetic diets which contained urea and various energy sources.     

脂肪酸添加剂对奶牛瘤胃挥发性脂肪酸和甲烷的影响

21头安装瘤胃瘘管的荷斯坦产奶牛随机分为对照组和试验Ⅰ~Ⅵ组,每组3头,对照组饲喂全混日粮(TMR),试验Ⅰ~Ⅵ组每天饲喂TMR加50.0 g、100.0 g、150.0 g、200.0 g、250.0 g、300.0 g/头复合脂肪酸日粮,主要探讨复合脂肪酸对奶牛瘤胃甲烷(CH4)产量、挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)、氨氮(NH3-N)浓度和pH值及产奶性能的影响。结果,TMR中每天添加150.0~200.0 g/头复合脂肪酸,明显(P<0.05)提高奶牛乳脂率和瘤胃乙酸浓度,显著(P<0.05)降低奶牛的CH4释放量、CH4能/GE值和瘤胃NH3-N浓度,对奶牛的标准乳(FCM)、乳干物质、乳蛋白和乳糖均有提高趋势,能有效地提高奶牛的经济效益和生态效益。