包膜硫酸钠/过氧化氢/氯化钠加合物对南美白对虾养殖水体的增氧效果

以过氧化氢、硫酸钠和氯化钠为主要原料,制备包膜硫酸钠/过氧化氢/氯化钠加合物。对加合物的表层结构、稳定性能和释放性能进行分析,结果发现:该加合物颗粒表层为松散的大孔状膜,在空气中敞开放置10 d后包膜加合物分解率只有1.23%,在pH值为6.0,7.0,8.5和10.0的水中5m in内过氧化氢释放率均大于50%。将该物质分别按1.0、2.0、3.0 g/m3的用量投放在南美白对虾养殖池塘中,10 m in后,3个试验池水体溶氧分别比起始状态提高11.6%,18.2%和26.2%,约20 m in溶氧达到最大值,分别比相同时刻对照池高出27.5%,32.5%和40%,相同时刻水体溶氧随投放量的增加而升高;对照池在试验开始后约20 m in南美白对虾浮头,投放量为1.0 g/m3的试验池约60 m in后有少量南美白对虾浮头,另两个试验池一直未见南美白对虾浮头。     

包膜硫酸钠/过氧化氢/氯化钠加合物在南美白对虾养殖上的应用

对包膜硫酸钠/过氧化氢/氯化钠加合物进行稳定性和释放性能进行分析,结果发现:该物质在空气中敞开放置10d后过氧化氢分解率只有0.62%;该物质投放进水中后迅速释放出过氧化氢,10min过氧化氢的释放率达到18.6%,10h后过氧化氢的释放率为82.4%。将该物质应用在南美白对虾养殖上,结果表明:试验开始后,对照池和试验池的溶氧均呈上升趋势,试验池中的溶氧比对照池上升的幅度大;与对照池相比,试验池中的氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮、硫化物、化学耗氧量和细菌数量呈下降趋势,pH值没有明显的变化;该物质对养殖水体的作用效果持续10h以上。     

尼罗罗非鱼规模性的养殖方法

<正> 7 鱼种的回收与回供 使用大规格越冬鱼种进行尼罗罗非鱼的常规养殖,在收获成鱼的同时,往往会随之生产一定数量的鱼种。这些鱼种养不能养,卖不能卖,养殖者常把它当作饲料或干脆抛弃,造成较大的浪费。而越冬基地大多搞成鱼养殖,秋末越冬时往往种源不足,造成越冬池一定程度的闲置。为了解快生产中存在的这     

尼罗罗非鱼规模性的养殖方法

刘梦山先生以多年实践经验撰写的《尼罗罗非鱼规模性的养殖方法》一文,从本期起,本刊连续发表,3期载完,以飨读者。     

尼罗罗非鱼全价饲料养殖效果评价

根据尼罗罗非鱼的营养需要，提出尼罗罗非鱼基础日粮配方，与基础日粮配合使用的维生素预混料配方和微量元素预混料配方，构成一套全价性的尼罗罗非鱼用高效饲料配方。研制的饲料在工厂化封闭式内循环水体中单养条件下养殖尼罗罗非鱼成鱼，经过93天的精心饲养管理，饲料系数在1．7天以下，罗非鱼平均规格达到328克，平均净产32．6公斤／米^2。     

尼罗罗非鱼的池塘养殖

<正> 尼罗罗非鱼1973年从以色列引进菲律宾,研究表明,它比莫桑比克罗非鱼生长快,因此养殖尼罗罗非鱼获利更多。池塘的准备放养鱼种之前,池塘要彻底排干,清除障碍物,水草和野鱼。塘底要干透,直到出现裂纹,然后用新鲜、干净的水灌满鱼塘。若施干的鸡粪之类的有机肥,应撒到水深为20～40厘米的塘底。鸡粪的施用量为每     

尼罗罗非鱼池塘规模化养殖试验

2004年我们在河南省中牟县谢庄镇水产养殖场进行了尼罗罗非鱼池塘规模化养殖试验,取得了很好的成效。每亩产量达2070千克,平均规格0．75千克。现将试验情况报告如下：     

尼罗与奥利亚罗非鱼对池塘蓝藻水华及水质影响的研究

利用尼罗罗非鱼和奥利亚罗非鱼进行了池塘抑藻试验,采用血球计数板测定水体中的微囊藻密度,并对水体理化性质进行了检测分析。试验结果表明,罗非鱼能有效消减水体中蓝藻生物量,降低水体藻毒素浓度,并对水体TN、TP产生一定影响。其中奥利亚罗非鱼试验组蓝藻初始密度为1．53-108cells／L,下降至0．86-108eells／L,降低43．79％;尼罗罗非鱼组蓝藻初始密度为1．54-108cells／L,下降至O．51×108cells,L,降低66．88％。水体总磷含量无显著变化,总氮含量有所下降,水体微囊藻毒素MC—LR含量随着蓝藻密度的下降而降低,并讨论了尼罗与奥利亚罗非鱼摄食抑制蓝藻的摄食抑制及其对水质的影响。     

我国尼罗罗非鱼和奥利亚罗非鱼养殖群体的遗传渐渗

用ＬＫＢ平板电泳仪，４．４％聚丙烯酰胺凝胶对南京罗非鱼良种场尼罗罗非鱼，奥利亚罗非鱼养殖群体肌，肝，脑，心，眼中的１０种同工酶进行电泳分析的结果表明，奥利亚罗非鱼的群体未见的多态位点，平均杂合度为０，是超“纯”的养殖群体，尼罗罗非鱼群体中有２０％的尼奥杂交鱼，其体形酷似尼罗，难以肉眼鉴别，由此可见，我国尼罗罗非鱼养殖群体中已存在遗传渐渗问题，须注意防杂和提纯。在剔除了杂交鱼后，该场尼罗罗非鱼群体的     

Susceptibility of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fed with dietary sodium chloride to nitrite toxicity

Juvenile Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) were fed with diets supplemented with 0 or 6% NaCl for 10 weeks. Tilapia were exposed to approximately 21 mg/l nitrite-N after 5 and 10 weeks of feeding to determine the effect of dietary NaCl supplementation on resistance to nitrite toxicity. Fish were sampled before (baseline, pre-exposure) and after 24 h nitrite exposure to determine the effects of dietary NaCl on mortality, hematology (hematocrit, hemoglobin, and methemoglobin), and plasma electrolyte dynamics (nitrite, chloride, sodium, and potassium). After 10 weeks of feeding, tilapia were also challenged with Streptococcus iniae to determine the effect of sodium chloride on immunity. Tilapia fed with the NaCl-supplemented diet had significantly higher weight gain compared with the control group, which was associated with a significant increase in feed intake in the NaCl group. Mortality from nitrite exposure was lower in tilapia fed with the NaCl-supplemented diet compared with the control group at 5 and 10 weeks, but the differences were not significant. However, dietary NaCl supplementation caused a significant decrease in plasma nitrite levels after nitrite exposure. The dietary reduction in nitrite may be related to the increase in plasma chloride in the 6% NaCl-supplemented fish. A direct link between the effects of dietary NaCl supplementation on methemoglobin (MetHb) could not be established. Tilapia in this study were subjected to acute nitrite toxicity. Dietary sodium chloride may be more effective in protecting against nitrite toxicity at lower levels of nitrite, but the conditions at which it proves to be effective may be limited and requires further investigation. Feeding NaCl to tilapia did not affect susceptibility to S. iniae or immune function, but nitrite exposure cause a stress-related reduction in non-specific immune function. This is the first study to examine the effects of dietary salt on nitrite toxicity in tilapia.     

Flesh quality of tilapia Oreochromis niloticus fed solely on raw Spirulina

ABSTRACT:   In order to simplify the food chain in a closed ecological recirculating aquaculture system, raw Spirulina platensis cultivated in 50-L photobioreactors were fed to tilapia Oreochromis niloticus as a uni-feed from the onset of exogenous feeding. The feasibility of using tilapia grown on raw Spirulina (body weight: 155.4 ± 3.9 g, standard length: 16.2 ± 0.2 cm; n  = 3) was investigated for 30 weeks for sashimi (sliced raw meat). Some of the rheological properties of the flesh were measured to clarify the obtained results of sensory evaluations of texture and fatness. The elastic modulus of flesh of the Spirulina -fed fish was significantly higher than that of the control fish (body weight: 168.9 ± 5.8 g, standard length: 17.8 ± 0.5 cm; n  = 3) that were fed commercial diets. In addition, the viscosity of the flesh of the Spirulina -fed fish was significantly lower than that of the control fish. There was no significant difference in the rupture strength between the two treatments. The rheological parameters in the muscle were found to coincide with the results of the sensory assessment. These results suggest that tilapia fed solely on raw Spirulina have a high flesh quality that is suitable for sashimi. The muscle lipid of the raw Spirulina -fed fish had lower levels of non-polar lipids such as triglycerides and partial glycerides, but higher levels of polar lipids such as phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. The fatty acid profile of the raw Spirulina -fed fish muscle, especially in the polar lipid fraction, was characterized by an abundance of Σn-6 highly unsaturated fatty acids (20:3n-6, 20:4n-6, 22:4n-6, 22:5n-6).     

Dietary taurine improves reproductive performance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) broodstock

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of supplemental taurine on reproductive performance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) broodstock fed soybean meal‐based diets. Four isonitrogenous (350 g kg^?1 protein), isocaloric (18 MJ kg^?1) diets were formulated to contain 0, 5, 10 and 15 g kg^?1 taurine. The diets were fed to triplicate groups of juvenile Nile tilapia (10–15 g average body weight) at a female: male ratio of 3 : 1, to apparent satiation, three times per day for 130 days. The size at first maturation decreased with increasing dietary taurine to 10 g kg^?1 and levelled off with further taurine supplementation. The time to first spawning was also significantly shorter at 10 g kg^?1 taurine level. Spawning performances, including spawning frequencies, total number of spawnings per tank, number of spawnings per female and absolute fecundity, were all significantly improved with increasing dietary taurine up to 10 g kg^?1. However, the quadratic regression analyses indicated that the maximum spawning performance occurred at 8 g kg^?1 of supplemental taurine. Eggs produced from broodstock fed 10 g kg^?1 taurine exhibited significantly higher hatchability and required shorter time for hatching and yolk‐sac absorption and also resulted in higher larval weight than at other dietary taurine levels. The highest egg protein, total amino acids and taurine were also obtained at 10 g kg^?1 taurine. These results suggest that 8 g kg^?1 dietary taurine is required for optimum reproductive outputs of Nile tilapia broodstock.     

Effect of water temperature on energy budget of Nile tilapia,Oreochromis niloticus

A 21‐day growth trial was undertaken to investigate the effect of water temperature (25, 28, 31, 34, 37 °C) on growth, feed utilization and energy budget of juvenile Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) (initial body weight around 12 g) with four replicates at each temperature. Feed intake energy (IE), recovered energy (RE), faecal energy (FE), excretory energy (UE + ZE) and heat energy (HE) were calculated to obtain the energy budget. The results showed that feeding rate and ammonia excretion were not significantly affected by water temperature. Specific growth rate in wet weight (SGRw) and FE was significantly lower in the fish reared at 37 °C while no significant difference was observed between the fish reared at 25–34 °C. Protein retention efficiency was highest at 28 °C and lowest at 37 °C. The proportion of IE channelled into RE and UE + ZE was lower while those lost in HE was higher in the fish reared at 37 °C. The optimal growth temperature was estimated as 30.1 °C based on the regression of SGR and water temperature. Energy budget at maximum growth (34 °C) was: 100 IE = 27.0 RE + 1.1 (ZE + UE) + 10.6 FE + 59.2 HE. HE accounted for 69.3% and RE for 30.7% of metabolizable energy.     

Acute toxicity of nitrite on tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) at different external chloride concentrations

Tilapias (Oreochromis niloticus) juveniles (total length 4.9 ± 0.2 cm and weight 1.8 ± 0.2 g) were exposed to several nitrite concentrations (0, 10, 18, 32, 56 and 100 mg l⁻¹) for 96 h, using a semi-static renewal method at chloride levels of 35.0 and 70.0 mg l⁻¹. At the end of the 96-h period, the median lethal concentration (LC₅₀) of nitrite was 28.18 mg l⁻¹ in water with low chloride content (35.0 mg l⁻¹) and 44.67 mg l⁻¹ with high chloride content (70.0 mg l⁻¹, respectively). It indicated that high concentrations of chloride ions could reduce the toxicity of nitrite. During the toxicity experiments, the behaviour and clinical signs of tilapias were also observed. Furthermore, the test of toxic mechanism was designed taking five test concentrations, viz., 5, 10, 15 and 20 mg l⁻¹ and a nitrite-free control. Nitrite exposure produced high levels of methaemoglobin (MHb) but did not seem to cause mortality, as surviving tilapias showed high levels (85.37 ± 2.23 and 53.82 ± 3.44 at 35.0 and 70.0 mg l⁻¹ chloride, respectively). The percentage of MHb exposed to nitrite was significantly higher (P<0.05) than the control (0 mg l⁻¹ nitrite) and increased with the increasing nitrite concentration. However, the percentage of MHb decreased with the increasing chloride concentration.     

Using multivariate analysis of water quality in RAS with Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) to model the evolution of macronutrients

Since fish are very sensitive to water quality, their welfare is greatly influenced by the environment. Little is known about the most suitable levels of ions for optimum growth in fish, although their concentration tends to increase with the accumulation of waste and uneaten feed. Maintaining good water quality is important since it will also affect biofilter function and provide optimal growth and better fish health. Multivariate analysis was used to study the evolution of water quality in thirteen feeding trials with Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Specifically, thirteen different variables were measured: pH, electrical conductivity, ammonium, nitrite, nitrate, bicarbonate, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, phosphate and sulfate. A random regression model was assessed to determine the evolution of these variables in time, resulting in an increase in its level except for ammonium and nitrite, which tended to decrease with time, and calcium, that was more variable among trials. A posteriori, trials were sorted into three groups, depending on the fish stocking density (less than 1, between 1 and 2 and more than 2 kg m⁻³). Random regression analysis allowed to find equations that describe the behaviour of each ion, showing different patterns depending on the variable. Principal component (PC) analysis suggests that most of the variance is described by two PCs, the first explained the total content of dissolved ions and the second most important PC was related to fish and feed. That implies that changes in water chemistry are separate from changes in fish density or feeding and they explain more of the variation in ion concentrations. The application of random regression models and PCA provides a meaningful characterization of RAS water samples based on water quality criteria.     

Effect of dietary sodium chloride acclimation on growth and plasma thyroid hormones in tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (L.) in relation to sex

This trial was conducted in order to test the effect of supplemental dietary sodium chloride on growth and plasma thyroid hormone levels of male and female monosex groups of tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (L.) reared in fresh water and 10‰ brackish water. At the end of the experiment. the gonadal development of females was observed. A high‐salt diet (8% NaCl) was fed to female and male tilapia for a period of 3 weeks. After this time. both groups were transferred directly to fresh water and 10‰ brackish water, and a growth trial was conducted over 90 days. The results indicate that dietary supplementation with NaCl improved the growth of females and males at 30 days, except for females maintained in fresh water. Females reared in 10‰ brackish water showed an increase in growth rates that was accompanied by the highest plasma T3 levels. In contrast, males did not exhibit the same relationship in 10‰ brackish water, showing lower plasma T3 levels than in fresh water. Histological sections of O. niloticus ovaries revealed that female groups contained oocytes at different stages of development. At 90 days, females reared in 10‰ brackish water showed oocytes in maturation, while in fresh water, they showed the highest proportion of vitellogenic oocytes and no mature oocytes. The highest proportion of mature oocytes observed in brackish water was associated with the better growth rate in relation to fresh water. These results confirm that tilapia breed freely in low‐salinity brackish water as well as in fresh water.     

Outbreak of betanodavirus infection in tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.), in fresh water

A betanodavirus associated with a massive mortality was isolated from larvae of tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus , maintained in fresh water at 30 °C . Histopathology revealed vacuolation of the nervous system, suggesting an infection by a betanodavirus. The virus was identified by indirect fluorescent antibody test in the SSN1 cell line and further characterized by sequencing of a PCR product. Sequencing of the T4 region of the coat protein gene indicated a phylogenetic clustering of this isolate within the red-spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus type. However, the tilapia isolate formed a unique branch distinct from other betanodavirus isolates. The disease was experimentally reproduced by bath infection of young tilapia at 30 °C. The reservoir of virus at the origin of the outbreak remains unidentified. To our knowledge, this is the first report of natural nodavirus infection in tilapia reared in fresh water.