重要生物饵料轮虫与卤虫在营养价值、营养强化等方面的比较

轮虫属轮虫动物门、轮虫纲、真轮亚纲,具有生命力强、繁殖迅速、营养丰富、大小适宜、增殖快速、易大量培养、不易恶化育苗水质等诸多优点。作为一种重要的水生动物饵料,在世界范围内被广泛培养,在多种鱼类和甲壳类幼体培育中发挥着重要作用;卤虫属节肢动物门,有鳃亚门,甲壳纲,鳃足亚纲,无甲目,盐水丰年虫科,卤虫属（Artemia）。卤虫幼体和成虫也是水产动物苗种生产中重要的生物饵料,在海水仔稚鱼培育、河蟹育苗及名贵观赏水族动物的养殖中广泛应用。下面将对它们进行比较性的综述。     

轮虫、卤虫营养强化研究进展

轮虫和卤虫具有丰富的营养价值,是鱼类和甲壳类幼体培育的重要饵料。文章从轮虫和卤虫营养强化剂的选择、营养成分、强化方法和时间等层面概述了该领域的研究进展,可为开展轮虫、卤虫的营养强化以及在水产养殖中的应用提供参考。     

充分发挥轮虫和卤虫在海水育苗中的营养作用

<正> 随着海水养殖业的发展,近些年来,轮虫和卤虫及其无节幼体,由于其适口性好、蛋白含量高。对水质无污染等优点,已被广泛地应用于海水鱼虾蟹类的苗种生产,已成为不可替代的活饵料生物。但人们忽视了它自身营养不足的一面。即必需脂肪酸的营养含量。所谓必需脂肪酸,是指海水苗种培育中,所必需的,但又不能在体内合成。     

纤细裸藻及其对轮虫、卤虫的营养强化

前言 近二十年来,有关鱼类营养需求的研究,取得了显著的进展,特别是已普遍认识到作为必需脂肪酸的n—3高度不饱和脂肪酸(n—3HUFA)的重要性。尤其是在仔鱼期中,生物饵料的投喂不可缺少,n—3HUFA的提供十分重要。现在几乎所有的种苗生产工艺中,都是采用微绿球藻Nannochlorapsis或市售的营养强化饲料,对生物饵料进行营养强化。 作为天然存在的n—3HUFA,绝大部分是EPA(廿碳五烯酸)和DHA(廿二碳六烯酸)。最近,在真鲷、缟鲹、鰤鱼和日本对虾等,对它们二者的必需脂肪酸效果进行比较。其结果,     

卤虫的营养

卤虫(Arem ia)是水产经济动物苗种生产中重要的活饵料之一,卤虫营养价值的高低直接影响到苗种生产的成败与效益。笔者拟就卤虫的营养价值研究作一综述,供学者参考。1卤虫粗蛋白及氨基酸的研究卤虫一直被水产界认为是高蛋白的生物饵料。不同发育阶段、不同产地和不同投喂条件下的卤虫,其体内的粗蛋白含量不同。随着卤虫的生长,粗蛋白的含量有逐步增加的趋势。国内文献报道卤虫卵粗蛋白含量为45.44%[1],卤虫去壳卵的粗蛋白含量为43.03%~57%[1-3],以新疆巴里坤盐湖卤虫卵粗蛋白含量最高(57%),卤虫初孵无节幼体粗蛋白含量为54.61%~59.92%[2],养…     

营养强化的轮虫、卤虫对牙鲆仔鱼的成活、生长及体脂肪酸组成的影响

用3种营养强化剂强化的轮虫和卤虫无节幼体投喂牙鲆仔鱼,研究牙鲆仔鱼的生长、成活、体脂肪酸的组成。结果表明:用强化的轮虫和卤虫无节幼体投喂牙鲆仔鱼,成活率、增重均显著高于对照组(p<0 01),其中V号强化剂的效果最好,成活率为29 34%,比对照组提高100%;增重倍数为217 90,比对照组提高68 61%;这是由于V号强化剂强化的卤虫无节幼体体内含有较多的AA的缘故,饵料中AA含量的提高,可以提高牙鲆仔鱼的成活率、促进其生长。牙鲆摄食强化过的轮虫、卤虫无节幼体后,其EPA、DHA、n-3HUFA、PUFA的含量随着饵料中含量的升高而升高,这也是牙鲆仔鱼生长速度和成活率提高的重要因素之一。     

卤虫的营养强化及其在水产养殖中的应用

卤虫作为水产养殖业饵料的营养价值,可以通过用富含必需脂肪酸,特别是（Ｎ－３）高不饱和脂肪酸（ＨＵＦＡ）的强化得到加强。本文介绍了英国、日本、法国、比利时等国的卤虫营养强化技术及强化饵料,并对营养强化卤虫在水产养殖上的具体应用进行了综述。     

卤虫的营养强化及其在水产养殖上的应用

卤虫作为水产养殖业饵料的营养价值,可以通过用富含必需脂肪酸,特别是（Ｎ＿３）高不饱和脂肪酸（ＨＵＦＡ）的强化得到加强。本文介绍了英国、日本、法国、比利时等国的卤虫营养强化技术及强化饵料,并对营养强化卤虫在水产养殖上的具体应用进行了综述。     

卤虫的营养强化及其对罗氏沼虾幼体培育的影响

用小球藻强化培育卤虫，研究不同时间后卤虫体内脂肪酸的变化，并用此卤虫投喂罗氏沼虾幼体，研究其对罗氏沼虾幼体发育及成活的影响。实验结果表明，卤虫在强化12h后EPA及HUEA含量最高，强化时间延长至24h，EPA和HUFA含量反而下降。卤虫经营养强化可明显地促进罗氏沼虾幼体的生长发育并提高育苗成活率，而且在24h内随着强化时间的延长，效果越明显。     

卤虫卵孵化强化剂的初步研究与应用

对两种不同品系的卤虫卵进行了孵化对比实验,分别分为实验组和对照组两组,其中实验组添加孵化强化剂,其他孵化条件与对照组相同。两组对照组的孵化率分别为80.3％和79.6％,而加入孵化强化剂之后的实验组的孵化率分别为85.3％和86.4％,增幅范围为5％～10％。从而更加说明了孵化强化剂型的显著效果,为进一步的中试奠定了基础。     

盐湖卤虫卵的开发利用

着重介绍了卤虫卵的采收、贮藏、加工方法,阐述了影响卤虫卵孵化率的一些因素,以达到利用盐湖卤虫卵的目的。     

高效液相色谱法测定卤虫无节幼体中精胺含量

本研究建立了高效液相色谱法测定卤虫无节幼体中精胺含量的方法。样品经5％三氯乙酸溶液提取,提取液采用丹璜酰氯柱前衍生,以甲醇一水为流动相,经C18反相色谱柱分离后用紫外检测器检测。精胺的线性范围为0．1～1000μg/ml,线性相关系数为0．9999,检出限为0．06μg/ml。3个添加浓度（0。1、1．0和5.0μg/m1）的平均回收率为86．3％～96.39/6,相对标准偏差皆小于59/6。采用此方法对卤虫中精胺进行检测,其精胺含量为0．077mg/g。本方法具有分析时间短、线性范围宽、灵敏度和精密度高等优点,适合于卤虫中精胺的检测．     

A nutrient budget of some intensive marine shrimp ponds in Thailand

Abstract. A mass balance was constructed for nutrient flow through intensive marine shrimp ponds in which budgets for nitrogen and phosphorus were determined for a series of ponds in southern Thailand over two or three culture cycles. Ninety-five per cent of the nitrogen and 71% of the phosphorus applied to the ponds was in the form of feed and fertilizers. Of the feed input (at a food conversion ratio of 2) only 24% of the nitrogen and 13% of the phosphorus was incorporated into the shrimp harvested, whilst the remainder was retained in the pond and ultimately exported to the surrounding environment. The effluent water contained 35% of the nitrogen and 10% of the phosphorus discharged. Of the N and P exported in this effluent, 63–67% occurred during routine water exchange and the remainder during drainage on harvest. A major portion of the nitrogen (31%) and most of the phosphorus (84%) was retained in the sediments, emphasizing the importance of the correct removal and disposal of sediments between crops. Pond age (between two and six production cycles) did not markedly affect nutrient flows, whilst increasing stocking density increased the quantity of nutrients, but not their relative proportions.
The results derived from the nutrient budget provide data which may help define effective management techniques for reducing potentially harmful nutrient levels within intensive shrimp ponds, and for reducing the discharge of nutrients to the local environment. The data may also assist in determining the carrying capacity of an area for shrimp farming, and the potential impact of its development on the environment.     

用丰年虫卵壳制备甲壳素和壳聚糖

介绍了用丰年虫卵壳制备甲壳素及壳聚糖的方法及过程,通过傅立叶变换红外光谱仪的检测并与美国标准谱图库检索出的用蟹壳制备的壳聚糖光谱图对照,证实丰年虫卵壳制备的壳聚糖。     

Design and development of a flowing bed reactor for brine shrimp culture

An automatic self-cleansing high density brine shrimp reactor has been designed and tested, and the concept appears successful. Initial experiments suggest that extra-ordinarily high densities of brine shrimp may be maintained in such a system. The concept of a flowing film of glass beads appears to be a very useful technique in scouring waste material from animal culture tanks. The concept is particularly useful for culture of small marine herbivores in continuous culture. The bead flow rapidly removes waste material while allowing for water passage, yet completely containing the animals.Further design improvement and development should result in a high density brine shrimp culture system which is both simple and inexpensive to build, as well as reliable and cost effective to operate, and capable of efficient algal cell removal from culture water.     

Using brine shrimp as a drug carrier for therapeutic applications in aquaculture

A method is described to introduce water-insoluble drugs into brine shrimp nauplii (BSN). The uptake of drug by brine shrimp may be modeled as a batch adsorption process; in this way, one can calculate the dosage required for a given population of BSN. The results of this study show that a drug can be loaded into BSN at concentrations up to 9 μg per nauplius. Such concentration is high enough to fulfill the recommended dosage for an adequate treatment of BSN-feeding fish or shrimp larvae. Results are also presented on the loss of drug upon the transfer of larvae from medicated water to drug-free water.     

利用盐田卤水池大面积养殖卤虫的试验研究

１９８９年６至９月，作者利用塘沽盐场９．３公顷的低度卤水池养殖卤虫（Ａｒｔｅｍｉａｐａｒｔｈｅｎｏｇｅｎｔｉｃａ），方法是先在卤水池中培养微藻，粪肥用量４５０ｋｇ／ｈａ·ｍｏｎ，然后接种卤虫无节幼体，密度１．５—１．７×１０４个／ｍ３。试验期间投加少量粉碎过筛后的谷糠７．５ｋｇ／ｈａ·ｄ，谷糠颗粒直径４０—５０μｍ。试验三个月，共收获成体卤虫３６７４３．６ｋｇ，平均单产３９５０．９ｋｇ／ｈａ．     

PROBIT analysis predicts hatching rates of brine shrimp Artemia sp. cysts

Thirty replicates of San Francisco Bay brine shrimp Artemia sp. cysts from one lot were weighed to 0·01 mg. The mean mass of a single cyst was 2·597 μg (±0·040 μg, 95% confidence level). Batches of 1 g from the same lot were hatched in the laboratory, and fraction hatched versus time data were fitted to a nonlinear curve using PROBIT analysis. Median time of hatch was 24·8 h with a standard error of ±3·92 h. Cysts and nauplii in 1-ml aliquots were pipetted at regular intervals and counted under a dissecting microscope. The number of cysts pipetted at the beginning of the experiment was 19% less than estimates based on the known number per volume of hatching medium, indicating that hatching data derived from pipetting procedures may contain large sampling errors. PROBIT analysis allows fraction hatched to be predicted when a particular lot of cysts is hatched under controlled conditions.