棉花产量与纤维品质育种主要方法的简要剖析

棉花是一种常异花授粉农作物,产量和优良的纤维品质是棉花育种的重要目的.目前棉花品种的产量与纤维品质之间大部分成反比,很难同时改善棉花纤维品质与产量.导致棉花产量与纤维品质无法同时提高的原因是不利性状基因与目标性状基因连锁.要同时提高纤维品质和产量,必须从育种方法入手,文章基于棉花的生理特性和生长规律,分析棉花产量和纤维品质育种的遗传基础,重点研究棉花育种方法,以达到同时提高棉花产量和纤维品质的目的.     

棉花纤维品质分子育种的现状及展望

棉纤维是重要的纺织工业原料。随着人民群众对衣着要求的普遍提高,纺工部门引入高效快速的纺纱技术,对棉花品种的总体纤维品质,提出了更高的要求。目前国内外棉花育种家除了利用常规技术外,还大规模开展了棉纤维品质改良的分子育种研究。本文综述了国内外利用克隆出的棉纤维发育基因以及外源基因开展棉纤维品质改良的转基因育种和棉纤维优质基因的分子标记筛选和辅助选择育种的研究进展。同时,根据我国目前棉花品种品质水平、生产状况,提出了棉花品质育种策略。     

国外棉花抗性及纤维改良育种的研究进展

棉花(Anemone vitifolia)是重要的经济作物,棉花纤维是纺织原料的重要来源,棉花生产在世界经济中占有重要的地位,但随着全球气候的不断恶化,世界棉花生产一直受到病害、虫害、干旱、盐碱环境等生物和非生物的胁迫和制约,对全球棉花的产量和纤维质量都造成持续性的危害,国外研究人员通过常规育种技术结合转基因技术,分子标记辅助育种技术等手段创制和培育了一系列的抗性种质资源和品种,改良了棉花的纤维质量,在生产中大面积推广和应用,本研究对国外棉花抗病、耐旱、耐盐、抗虫及纤维改良育种的研究进展进行综述,希望能对中国棉花抗性及纤维改良育种有所帮助。     

南疆早中熟棉花新品种的选育分析

论述了近期南疆棉花种植育种中存在问题,并对未来棉花新品种选育提出了对策。确定现阶段棉花育种方向以抗逆适应性为基础,以综合性状优良为根本,逐步提高产量,重点突破和提高纤维品质性状,选择多类型品种。     

部分棉花野生种和多年生种种籽含油量和种籽指数的遗传变异

棉花是世界上最重要的纺织纤维作物和第二重要的油料作物。已鉴定出8个二倍体基因组群(A到G和K)。棉花野生种是改良棉花品种的重要遗传资源。棉花育种目标的重点是产量和纤维品质，但种籽含油量高的品系也是我们所期望的。在棉花育种中利用野生种和多年生物种在改良种籽含油量方面有一定价值，特别是无腺种籽的野生物种，如     

中国科学家在棉花纤维发育研究领域取得最新进展

在最近短短的几年时间里,中国科学家群体在相关国家科学基金的支持下,利用功能基因组学技术手段在棉花纤维发育研究领域取得了令人瞩目的突破性进展,使我国在棉纤维发生发育的分子机制研究方面处于世界领先地位,其中重要的研究结果发表在国际著名的期刊《ThePlantCell》等杂志上。从分子水平弄清控制棉纤维细胞伸长的真正机制,对于棉花纤维的发生与伸长的调控以及高等植物的生长和形态的建成具有重要科学意义和显著的学术意义。通过棉花纤维发育的基础研究,建立了棉纤维品质分子改良的技术平台,同时为棉花分子育种提供了纤维品质改良的关键功能基因,为进一步显著提高棉花纤维品质,创制纤维品质优异的新材料奠定了重要的基础。     

有机无机复混液体肥对棉花产量及品质的影响

为评价有机无机复混液体肥对棉花产量与品质的影响，研究有机无机复混液体肥与化肥对棉花产量与部分纤维品质的影响。统计试验田（施用有机无机复混液体肥）与对比田（施用化肥）棉花产量，并测定其品质。在产量方面，试验田棉花产量低于对比田，但差异不显著(P>0.05)；在品质方面，试验田棉花纤维长度、衣分均高于对比田，较对比田棉纤维和衣分平均增加5.03%、1.19%，试验田与对比田的棉花马克隆值无统计学差异(P>0.05)。2种肥料在不同示范区对棉花马克隆值和公制支数的差异不同，在新湖县和106团，施用复混肥棉纤维马克隆值低于常规施肥，而在乌苏县高于常规施肥；马克隆值与公制支数呈负相关关系，影响与马克隆值相反。有机无机复混液体肥能满足棉花生产需要，相比常规施肥籽棉产量略低，但可以增加衣分，对皮棉产量的影响小；其次可适当增加棉纤维长度，提高棉纤维品质。     

近红外光谱技术在棉纤维品质检测和产地溯源中的研究进展

棉花纤维品质的检测和产地溯源是下游纺织品质量和产量的重要组成部分,也是保护中国棉纺织品消费者的利益和应对贸易壁垒的有效手段。近红外光谱(near infrared spectroscopy,NIRS)技术因其操作简便,成本低,无污染等优势在各个领域得到广泛的应用,是用于棉纺织纤维检测的有效方法。为了快速分析棉纤维的品质和产地来源,介绍了近红外光谱技术分析的原理和过程,阐述了近红外光谱分析技术在棉花纤维品质检测和产地溯源的国内外研究现状,分析了近红外光谱技术应用于棉纤维品质检测和产地溯源的优势和需要解决的问题,展望了近红外光谱技术在棉花纤维品质检测和产地溯源中的发展趋势。     

我国棉花育种成就与种植结构调整战略

我国棉花育种的主要成就突出表现在:转基因抗虫品种大规模应用,杂交棉面积逐年扩大,抗黄萎病和纤维品质改良进展迅速,不同棉区纤维品质改良目标明确,种子产业化速度加快.随着棉花种植结构战略调整,我国需要发展两熟制种植模式,两熟种植区域适当北移,增粮保棉,一熟棉区向滨海滩涂和旱碱地区适当转移.为此,需要选育生育期较短和耐旱碱的棉花新品种,改进棉花株型,研制和开发主要品种的配套栽培技术,提高水肥利用率.     

湖北棉区棉花品种改良方向

棉花是重要的经济作物,商品率高、涉及行业多、产业链条长,在国民经济中占有重要地位.湖北省地处长江中下游棉区,常年棉花种植面积在 500万亩左右,棉花生育期间的光照、热量充足,棉花纤维品质较优,是国家的优质棉基地.半个世纪以来,湖北棉花品种改良取得了辉煌成就,培育了 40多个优良棉花品种,为湖北棉花生产做出了杰出贡献.但面对当前棉花市场的新情况,湖北棉花品种仍然存在纤维品质单一、产量徘徊不前等不足.因此对湖北棉区棉花品种改良方向和对策进行探讨,对提高湖北棉花生产的核心竞争力具有重要意义.     

棉花产量育种的数量性状分析

产量是棉花育种的主要目标之一，为提高棉花产量育种效率，本文从产量结构模式、产量与其构成因素的相关关系两方面，分析了与棉花产量育种有关的数量性状，并讨论了提高棉花产量遗传潜力的可能性     

Analysis of the Main Decision Characters of Cotton Yield in Heilonggang Cotton Region of the Yellow River Basin

[Objective] In order to improve the efficiency of variety selection and reduce the cost of experiment, it was necessary to select the multi-objective characters comprehensively and make clear the effect of each objective character on the yield of seed cotton. [Method] Through the statistical analysis of 8 years, 607 breeding materials (339 conventional varieties and 268 hybrids) of Guoxin Rural Technical Service Association in Hejian City, Hebei Province, the effects of plant type, yield, maturity and fiber quality on the yield of seed cotton were comprehensively evaluated. [Result] Correlation analysis, regression analysis and general analysis showed that boll weight, lint percentage, first fruiting branches node, percentage of seed-cotton before frost and growth period had significant effects on seed cotton yield in the Heilonggang Cotton Region of the Yellow River Basin. The correlation coefficient between percentage of seed-cotton before frost and seed cotton yield were the highest (r＝0.320 97), and the boll weight decision coefficient was the largest (R²＝0.30), which were the main traits affecting the seed cotton yield. Plant height had the largest direct effect on seed cotton yield, but the total effect was the smallest after indirect effects of other variables (r_2y＝－0.04). Both regression and general analysis showed that neither fiber length (upper half mean length) nor micronaire had significant effects on seed cotton yield. [Conclusion] During the breeding of new cotton lines in the Heilonggang Cotton Region of the Yellow River Basin, boll weight and lint percentage can be used as important agronomic characters for breeders to improve. Shortening the growth period and increasing the percentage of seed-cotton before frost can increase yield. Plant height and first fruiting branches node affect seed cotton yield through interaction with other traits. Neither the fiber length nor the micronaire value have a significant effect on the seed cotton yield, which can be increased simultaneously with the yield during the breeding process.     

机采棉杂交后代主要株型性状与产量和品质的关系

【目的】从株型、产量及品质众多复杂因素中找出影响机械化生产较大的因素并进行遗传改良,选育适宜机械化生产的高产优质品种,提高棉花育种的效率。【方法】以陆地棉Z571与中棉所49杂交的F2:3群体为研究对象,应用统计软件SAS V8等分析其农艺性状的变异、方差和相关性。【结果】F2:3群体株系材料间农艺性状发生了显著分离,且后代中出现了许多超亲个体,在田间进行选择时要注意农艺性状之间复杂的关系;株高、单株果枝数与单位面积籽棉产量呈极显著正相关;单株果枝数与纤维上半部平均长度、断裂比强度呈极显著负相关,与马克隆值呈现正相关;单株营养枝数与纤维上半部平均长度、断裂比强度呈极显著正相关,与马克隆值呈现显著负相关;产量构成因素中的单位面积铃数与纤维上半部平均长度、断裂比强度呈极显著正相关,与马克隆值呈极显著负相关,铃重和品质性状的相关性与单位面积铃数相反。【结论】株型性状与产量和品质之间均存在显著或极显著的遗传相关;高产高品质的株型特征为单株营养枝数较多;选育高产优质的棉花新品种时要选择铃数较多、铃重较小的材料。     

品种和整枝方式对棉花产量及品质构成因素的影响

为了探究简化栽培措施对不同类型棉花品种产量和纤维品质性状的影响程度,以3种类型棉花品种为试验材料,在中等密度（5.2万株/hm²）条件下研究常规整枝和不整枝2种栽培方式对棉花产量及纤维品质性状的影响。结果表明整枝措施对不同类型棉花品种的铃重、籽指、衣分、纤维长度、马克隆值、整齐度指数、伸长率均没有显著影响,对纤维比强度影响显著(F=7.27);整枝和品种类型对棉花产量构成因素（铃重、籽指、衣分）和纤维品质性状均没有互作效应。在种植密度5.2万株/hm²时,整枝措施能提高棉花品种的纤维比强度,对棉花产量构成因素（铃重、籽指、衣分）无显著影响。     

Performance and combining ability in cotton (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Gossypium hirsutum</Emphasis> L.) populations with diverse parents

Improving fiber quality properties of cotton is important for increasing the efficiency of manufacturing textiles, including enhancing yarn quality and spinning performance. This study was conducted to determine if we could identify valuable cotton cultivars to use as parents in breeding programs with the goal of improving fiber properties. Seven parents were combined in a diallel design and selfed to obtain 21 F₂ populations. Positive general and specific combining ability effects were observed for all traits. General combining ability tended to be larger than specific combining ability, indicating these traits are controlled primarily by additive genetic effects. Correlations among traits were generally positive except for lint yield correlations with fiber strength and length. For improving the fiber quality measures of strength and length, line 7235 shows excellent general combining ability effects. SG125 would provide elite germplasm to increase agronomic measures of lint yield and lint percent. The MD51 genotype has the highest potential among the genotypes tested here to provide germplasm combining both improved yield and fiber strength. These parents, or their selected progeny, should be useful in a breeding program to generate variability from which selection can be used to identify lines with improved fiber and/or agronomic properties.     

转RRM2和ACO2-E6基因棉花冠层特征和光合特性与产量形成的关系

为探明转基因棉花产量形成关键期的生理机制,2014―2015年以转RRM2基因棉花及其亲本中棉所12(CK1)、转ACO2-E6基因棉花及其亲本中棉所24(CK2)为材料,研究冠层特征、光合特性等与转基因棉花产量形成的关系,分析比较转基因棉花与亲本的生长发育、产量及其构成的差异。结果表明:转RRM2基因棉花的铃重、籽棉产量、皮棉产量、纤维上半部平均长度和断裂比强度均高于或显著高于中棉所12。转ACO2-E6基因棉花的衣分、籽棉产量、皮棉产量、纤维上半部平均长度和断裂比强度均高于或显著高于中棉所24。转基因棉花的籽棉产量与盛铃期的叶面积指数、光系统Ⅱ光化学量子产量、光系统Ⅱ最大光化学效率和可溶性总糖含量等分别呈显著的线性相关。转基因棉花的叶面积指数和可溶性总糖含量于产量形成关键期均高于或显著高于各自对照,且表现出较优的冠层结构以及较合理的源库比。     

Effects of Different AFD Treatments on Yield Formation and Fiber Quality of Cotton

[Objective] We examined the effects of spraying AFD (Agent of flower bud differentiation), a new plant growth regulator, on cotton yield formation and fiber quality. This study was designed to provide a scientific basis for chemical regulation. [Method] Six treatments of different AFD concentrations were used for this experiment. Cotton plant height, boll number, boll weight, seed cotton yield, and fiber quality were assessed to clarify the effects of chemical regulation on cotton at different concentrations. [Result] The results showed that cotton plant height was associated with AFD concentration while AFD was effective in inhibiting the cotton boll shedding ratio and significantly increasing the boll opening ratio. Furthermore, the boll number per plant and boll weight were significantly higher in plants sprayed with AFD at concentrations of 1 350^-1 800 mL·hm^－2 than in the control group and higher seed cotton yields were obtained. Different concentrations of AFD had no significant effect on cotton breaking strength, micronaire value, and breaking elongation. However, the highest AFD concentration had certain inhibiting effects on fiber length and uniformity index. [Conclusion] The use of chemical control via a suitable concentration of AFD had a significant effect on increasing cotton yield and little effect on fiber quality. The study of the mechanism by which AFD affects cotton traits is of great significance for cotton production.     

Combining ability of upland cotton, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Gossypium hirsutum </Emphasis>L., with traits associated with sticky fiber

Sticky cotton causes severe processing problems at textile mills and can be caused by plant sugars deposited directly from the plant to the lint in the absence of insects. A partial diallel design was used to investigate the combining ability of six upland cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., genotypes in Lubbock, Texas. Sucrose and glucose on fibers were measured as well as more mechanical fiber properties including stickiness ratings. Variance component analysis indicated significant differences among genotypes for all fiber traits and for sugar content. The greatest differentiation occurred in samples taken from more immature fruiting forms. Moreover, significant GCA and SCA differences were determined among parental lines for fiber traits including stickiness ratings. Findings suggest that breeding efforts could be directed toward lines with a low likelihood of producing sticky cotton.     

镉胁迫对三个棉花品种(系)产量、纤维品质和生理特性的影响

以抗草甘膦棉花种质系ZD-90和转Bt基因抗虫棉品种s GK3为材料,以陆地棉标准系TM-1为对照,研究了镉(Cd)胁迫下棉花生育期内的植株生长、产量、农艺性状、纤维品质和抗氧化酶系统活性。结果表明,低浓度Cd对棉花植株的生长发育有一定的促进作用;高浓度Cd对植株的生产发育有显著的抑制作用,植株生长量、子棉产量和皮棉产量显著降低。Cd胁迫对棉花单株铃数、铃重和单铃种子数的影响较大,而对衣分无显著影响。不同浓度Cd处理间的棉花纤维品质性状无显著差异。棉花植株体内的抗氧化化物酶(POD、SOD和CAT)活性在棉花生长发育的初期或低浓度胁迫条件下迅速升高,但随着Cd浓度的增大和胁迫时间的延长,酶活性受到抑制。植株体内累积的MDA含量则随着Cd处理浓度的增加和胁迫时间的延长呈逐渐升高趋势。3个品种比较,TM-1对Cd较敏感,ZD-90次之,s GK3受Cd胁迫的为害相对较轻,是一个较耐Cd的棉花品种。     

多环境下陆地棉染色体片段代换系及F_1皮棉产量与纤维品质的表型分析

以1套陆地棉染色体片段代换系为亲本材料,采用株系间随机成对杂交组配F1,在5个环境下鉴定片段代换系亲本及F1的皮棉产量与纤维品质性状表现。结果表明,与轮回亲本(中棉所36)相比,F1在铃重与皮棉产量性状上具有一定的对照优势,亲本与F1的纤维长度与比强度均表现出明显的对照优势,且环境间表现一致。F1铃重、衣分与皮棉产量在各个环境下的中亲优势均值全部为正,且相对较大。除个别环境外,纤维长度、马克隆值与比强度的中亲优势均值也全部为正,但数值相对较小。片段代换系及F1的遗传变异丰富,部分亲本与F1在多个环境下的综合表现优异,其皮棉产量与纤维品质得到同步提高,群体材料的遗传改良与杂种优势利用具有广阔前景。