森林水文作用研究方法综述

在参考了国内外有关资料的基础上，提出了一系列森林水文作用的研究方法模式及其数学模型的推导，认为流域系统模型能最准确地模拟森林水文作用过程。并且提出流域系统模型，遥感技术和地理信息系统（ＧＩＳ）的建模和流域分析专家系统相结合是研究评价森林水文作用的最有效的方法。     

试论森林水文效应趋向

总结了过去一段时间国内外森林水文效应的研究情况，在森林能增加水平降水、森林枯落物和林下土壤的涵养水源功能以及改良水质等方面达成共识，认为这些方面的效应为正效应，但森林对垂直降水的影响、对径流和洪水的影响等方面还存在分歧，其主要是由研究方法的差异、试验区域差异的不可比性、研究尺度的差异性和森林本身的异质性引起的。并提出今后森林水文生态效应的研究要结合水文过程的研究，对森林在水文循环中所起的作用和作用机理进行分析，建立具有不同下垫面特征的标准地尺度上的土壤——植被——所连续体模型，并与中尺度大气环流模式相嵌套，再分析流域、区域的森林水文生态效应。     

应用卫星遥感技术研究平通河流域的森林水文效益

由于森林经营不合理、乱砍滥伐,引起水土流失、河水枯竭。森林水文研究,是合理进行森林经营的基础,正确评估流域的森林蓄水能力,对防旱、防洪抢险工作将具有很重要的作用。国内外,许多学者对森林水文进行了大量研究,取得了成果,但多数是采用常规的研究方法对小流域进行研究,未能充分考虑流域内自然地理因素,代表性较差,不适合对大流域的森林水文效益研究。目前,对大流域的森林水文研究,尚无成熟的方法。为此,我们在1990年至1991年应用卫星遥感技术对面积为1048.7平方公里的平通河流域森林水文进行研究,以探索出快速、准确、适合大流域森林水文效益评价的方法。     

祁连山水源涵养林生态水文研究概述

以祁连山水源涵养林为研究对象,基于森林生态水文学理论,充分利用祁连山森林生态站长期生态监测数据及其研究成果,在流域尺度上,围绕水源涵养林的重要性、研究历程和研究成果及经验进行论述。内容涉及森林水文、森林气象、冻土水文等领域,尤其关注了祁连山水源涵养林区水分动态及时空分配、森林对降水及河川径流的调节、多年冻土和季节性冻土的水文作用等方面的研究。     

流域湿地森林生态系统界定研究

为了明确流域湿地森林生态系统的边界范围,根据流域湿地森林生态系统定义和森林水文作用过程,选取土地覆盖类型、郁闭度、坡度、坡向作为分析指标,提出了流域湿地森林生态系统实体边界和水文功能边界的划分方法。以资江流域为案例,划分出了资江流域湿地森林生态系统实体边界和水文功能边界。研究结果能为流域湿地森林生态系统的经营管理提供科学依据。     

森林水文效应遥感计量分析的研究

本文是利用遥感技术进行流域的综合研究，试图寻找一种评价森林水文效应的方法，在建立水文效应计量模型的基础上，对湖南湘，资沅，澧四水流域的水文现状作出评价，并分析了生物措施和工程措施的关系，确定流域的适宜森林覆被率。结果表明：资水的水文环境质量较好，其次是湘江，沅江，澧江的水文环境质量较差。四水流域的适宜森林覆被率指标，湘江为０．４９，资水为０．４７，沅江为０．５０，澧水为０．５０。     

森林水文研究概述

森林是一个复杂的生态系统, 森林水文是近年来研究的热点。如何正确看待森林对流域径流的调节作用, 评价森林水文效应, 是值得长期探讨的话题。文中主要探讨了森林对流域径流的调节作用, 以及如何利用流域水文模型模拟森林流域水文动态过程, 正确评价森林水文效应。     

国内森林水文研究

森林水文学是水文学的分支学科，是研究森林和水关系的学科。它研究的主要目的就是理清所研究地区森林植被对水分循环的影响以及森林水文循环的整个过程，即通过测定森林水分收入和支出的各项森林水文要素研究降水在森林中的再分配和森林的水文效应，进而得出森林植被调节径流、涵养水源的水文功能规律。     

我国森林水文研究现状及发展趋势概述

在简要介绍我国森林水文研究历史的基础上，概述了我国森林与降水、径流、蒸发散、水循环和水质等方面的研究现状及主要成果，并对我国森林水文研究的未来民展方向进行了初步分析。     

森林水文数学模拟及分析

以安藤长期径流模型为基础,结合森林流域的林冠截持降水、森林土壤蓄水、土壤的饱和及超渗地表径流等特点建立起森林流域径流模型,模拟了林冠截持、林冠和地面的蒸散、渗透和地下水的涵养、直接径流及地下径流的生成等过程。同时将此模型用于比较3个小流域的水文特征并通过两个对比小流域水文特征的比较,分析了森林采伐后因植被变化而带来的水文效应。     

Effect of clear-felling on runoff in two small watersheds in Central Sweden

Small watersheds were used in a study of the effect of clear-felling on runoff from coniferous forest areas in Central Sweden. After a 3-year calibration period, two watersheds were clear-felled (on one of them the slash was left and on the other slash was removed) and a third was left as a reference.Runoff under forested conditions was 271 and 246 mm year^?1, respectively for the treated watersheds, while the precipitation measured 732 mm year^?1 as a mean for the investigated period. Clear-felling resulted in an increase in runoff of 119 and 75% (371 and 215 mm per year), respectively. The increase occurred during the period of snowmelt (April–May) and the period without snow (June–October). During winter (November–March) a very small increase in runoff was noted. The effect of clear-felling on runoff appears to be greater than has been reported from most other Scandinavian investigations.The increase in runoff during snowmelt is probably due to an increased snow accumulation in the clear-felled area as compared to the forest. The increased runoff for the period without snow is explained by reduced transpiration from the vegetation and reduced evaporation caused by an increased aerodynamic resistance.No effects of slash removal could be detected, probably because of the natural variation between the two treated watersheds.     

Assessment of ecosystem services as an opportunity for the conservation and management of native forests in Chile

This paper quantifies two important native forest ecosystem services in southern Chile: water supply and recreational fishing opportunities. We analyzed streamflow in relation to forest cover in six watersheds located in the Valdivian Coastal Range (39°50′–40°05′S), the effect of forest management on streamflow in two watersheds in the Valdivian Andes (600–650 m of elevation; 39°37′S), and fish abundance as a function of forest cover in 17 watersheds located in the Coastal Range and the Central Depression (39°50′–42°30′S). We found that the annual direct runoff coefficient (quickflow/precipitation) and total streamflow/precipitation in the dry summer season were positively correlated with native forest cover in the watershed (R² = 0.67 and 0.76; ^*P = 0.045 and 0.027, respectively) during four years of observations. Conversely, a negative correlation was found between summer runoff coefficients (total streamflow/precipitation) and cover of Eucalyptus spp. and Pinusradiata plantations (R² = 0.84; ^*P = 0.010). We estimated a mean increase of 14.1% in total summer streamflow for every 10% increase in native forest cover in the watershed. The analysis of streamflow changes between two paired watersheds dominated by native secondary Nothofagus stands, one thinned with 35% of basal area removal and a control, showed that the former had a 40% increase during summer (four years of observations). The best correlation between fish abundance and forest cover was found between trout abundance (%) and secondary native forest area in 1000 m × 60 m stream buffers (R² = 0.65, ^***P < 0.0001). We estimated a 14.6% increase in trout abundance for every 10% increase of native forest cover in these buffers. Similar approaches to quantify forest ecosystem services could be used elsewhere and provide useful information for policy and decision-making regarding forest conservation and management.     

尖峰岭热带林集水区一组水质背景值及水质生态效应

采用定位观测和多流域检测的方法,研究分析了尖峰岭热带要集水区不质及水质生态效应,４１个检测集水区径流７．０１≤ＰＨ〈８．０４的区域占８１％,ＰＨ值随海高度增加而减波,ＤＯ≥６．０ｍｇ／Ｌ的占９０％。随海拔高度中而增加;ＢＯＤ８≤３．０ｃｍ／Ｌ占９０％,ＴＤＳ≥１１．１ｍｇ／Ｌ占９８％,随海拔高度增加而减小,４项检测值为１类水质标准,热带山地雨林系统对雨水水质项的有效功能为：径流中ＤＯ、ＰＨ、ＴＤＳ     

Effects of forest vegetation on runoff and sediment transport of watershed in Loess area, west China

This paper aims to study the effects of vegetation on runoff and sediment transport at the watershed scale, and to provide a theoretical basis for afforestation in the Loess area, in the nested Caijiachuan watershed, Jixian County, Shanxi Province of west China. Forest watersheds and farmland watersheds with similar terrain features were selected through cluster analysis to study their runoff and sediment transport characteristics. Results showed that compared with farmland watersheds, runoff generation time in forest watersheds was delayed remarkably, and peak flow was reduced greatly, which indicates that vegetation played an important role in holding and absorbing rainfall. Besides, with the increase of forest coverage, the runoff amount, runoff depth and runoff coefficient decreased during the rainy seasons. The runoff depth and runoff coefficient of farmland watersheds in the rainy season were 5–20-fold as much as that of forest watersheds, and runoff and sediment yield of watersheds with low forest coverage were 2.7–2.9-fold and 3–6-fold as great as those with high coverage during rainstorms, and low forest coverage had larger variation in sediment hydrograph. For the complexity and scale dependence of the influence of forest vegetation on runoff, forest hydrological functions based on regional scale or watershed scale were worthy of further studies. __________ Translated from Science of Soil and Water Conservation, 2006, 4(3): 48–53 [译自: 中国水土保持科学]     

长江上游低山丘陵区小流域森林植被变化对径流影响分析

森林植被的变化可以调节森林水文过程。本文以广元市碗厂沟的5个小流域为研究对象,根据实测水位资料,分析了在植被恢复过程中流域径流的变化情况。结果表明:随着森林植被的不断恢复,(1)流域降水转化为径流的数量(即径流系数)降低;(2)在相同的雨量级与相似的雨强情况洪峰得到削弱,洪峰时间延长;(3)在相似的降雨历时的条件下洪水过程线历时增长。     

Bioclimatic factors in forest site potential

The distributions of the radiative index of dryness, β (i.e., the ratio of yearly sums of net radiation to those of the latent heat of precipitation), in Appalachian and Australian watersheds in relation to aboveground forest biomass were studied and compared. The patterns of β and biomass distribution on corresponding slopes are similar for both watersheds (e.g., south-west facing slopes in the northern hemisphere correspond to north-west facing slopes in the southern hemisphere). The effect of the daily course of microclimate on bioproductivity of corresponding slopes appears to be similar.The average value of β = 0.75 for the Appalachian watershed corresponds to optimum growth potential. The average value of β = 1.57 for the Australian watershed corresponds to limited growth conditions.     

Effects of intensive harvesting on nutrient capitals of three forest types in New England

Effects of whole-tree clearcutting are being studied in three major forest types in the northeastern United States: a spruce-fir forest in central Maine, a northern hardwood forest in New Hampshire, and a central hardwood forest in Connecticut. At each site we sampled total and extractable nutrient capitals, inputs and outputs of nutrient ions in precipitation and streamflow, nutrient removals in harvested products, and nutrient accumulation in regrowth. Depending upon location, combined losses of nutrients in harvested products and increased leaching to streams were in the ranges of 374–558 kg ha⁻¹ for Ca, 135–253 kg ha⁻¹ for K, 50–65 kg ha⁻¹ for Mg, 248–379 kg ha⁻¹ for N, and 19–54 kg ha⁻¹ for P. Opportunities for replacing these losses over the next rotation are best for N. Data on inputs in precipitation versus outputs in streamflow indicate that, once effects of harvest subside, most N in precipitation will stay within the forest. By contrast, Ca shows a net output of 8–15 kg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ from uncut watersheds, and the added leaching losses due to harvest may have a serious impact on Ca capital. This is especially the case for the Connecticut site, where total site capital for Ca is only about 4000 kg ha⁻¹.     

杉木、马尾松人工林径流特征的研究

为探讨亚热带人工林的水文效应,1984～1990年,在江西省分宜县山下林场22年生杉木和马尾松林中,对降雨、径流等进行定点测定,结果表明:试验区林地的年平均径流量为15.648～31.148 mm,年平均径流系数为1.245％～2.537％。降雨量与径流量的较佳回归模型为y=ab。     

Water yield changes as a result of silvicultural treatments in an oak ecosystem

Interception loss represents an important factor of water balance. The reduction of interception loss through silvicultural treatments to the benefit of water yield is very important for countries with large periods of limited rainfall like Greece. In the context of climate change and its possible effects on water availability, oak ecosystems can play a significant role in water production, as they comprise the largest part of the forested area in Greece. The objective of this study is to investigate the relationships between water interception changes, as a result of different forest management treatments, and water yield. For this reason, experimental watersheds have been established for the study of the hydrological impacts of thinning and clearcutting in an oak ecosystem in northern Greece. Two watersheds were used as control while different combinations of thinning (removal 50% of basal area) and clearcutting treatments were used in the other three study watersheds. Canopy annual interception amounted for 9.0%, 6.7% and 1.8% of the total precipitation in the untreated, thinned and clearcut plots respectively. The practiced thinning and clearcutting operations increased the available amount of water by a mean annual average of 13.2 mm and 42.8 mm respectively compared to the control watersheds. The total water surplus represented 29.5%, 30.9% and 33.9% of the average annual precipitation for the control, thinned and clearcut plot respectively. Surface flow was very low even during large rainfall events, possibly due to the soil and bedrock attributes and the topography of the area. Analogous silvicultural treatments can increase water availability but they should incorporate reduced-impact logging and skidding practices and thus cause the least possible soil disturbance, by carefully selecting the best suited wood harvesting systems and methods.     

黄土高原和六盘山区森林面积增加对产水量的影响

[目的]定量评价黄土高原地区造林对流域产水量的影响,指导林水协调的林业发展和森林管理。[方法]综合分析多年在黄土高原、泾河流域、六盘山区开展的森林产流影响的多尺度研究结果。[结果]在黄土高原区域尺度,林地平均年径流(16 mm)比非林地(39 mm)减少59%;在典型流域尺度(泾河干流上游流域),森林年均产水量(76 mm)比自然草地减少51%,其中,半湿润土石山区的森林年均产水量(88.8 mm)比自然草地减少58%;在典型小流域尺度(半湿润的香水河小流域),完全覆盖森林后的年均产流比无森林覆盖情景减少59%。森林增加导致的年产流减幅在干旱地区和干旱年份会更大,并可能超过100%,如年降水量低于450 mm的黄土流域、半干旱的泾河上游黄土区的林地及半干旱的叠叠沟小流域的坡面乔木林分样地,其年产水量常为零或负值,即需消耗土壤水分和坡上汇入径流等维持生存。低度间伐不能显著减少森林蒸散耗水。[结论]在黄土高原研究的小流域、流域和区域空间尺度内,造林减少年产流量的平均幅度都在50%~60%以上,且随干旱程度的增加可达到100%,并因消耗降水外的其他水源而出现负产流。需依据水分承载力合理选择待恢复植被类型和确定森林覆盖率,这是保障区域供水安全和实现林水协调管理的基本途径。