妊娠母猪与育肥猪对日粮中能量和营养物质消化率的比较

研究为利用联立方程法,比较妊娠母猪与育肥猪对3种日粮(玉米、豆粕和麦麸混合日粮)的消化能和全肠道消化率。试验选取18头体质量相近(240.0±23.2)kg的(长×大)妊娠母猪,随机分成3组,每组6头;18头体质量(108.0±12.5)kg的(杜×长×大)育肥猪,随机分成3组,每组6头。19 d的适应期后,收粪5 d。计算妊娠母猪与育肥猪的消化能、能量消化率、营养物质消化率、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)。试验结果表明:妊娠母猪的消化能、能量消化率、营养物质消化率和ADF均显著高于育肥猪(P0.05)。     

母猪对高纤维饲料和禾谷类饲料的利用

母猪利用高纤维饲料,主要是在能量需要量较低的妊娠期。在妊娠日粮中,采用高水平的纤维饲料如苜蓿干草或苜蓿草粉、粉碎的稿秆或次麦粉,母猪的能量摄入量降低,因而母猪的增重和有时仔猪初生重下降。这些饲料的能量和粗纤维含量,对受胎率和产仔数没有影响。泌乳期日粮要避免高纤维饲料,因为它们对母猪的体重变化及仔猪的生长和成活力均起不良作用。妊娠期饲料供给量往往限制在自由采食量的50％左右,在妊娠日粮中添加大容积饲料,使母猪有饱感,更加安静,而营养物质的摄入量并未超过。为预防便秘和乳房炎子宫炎无乳综合症,在分娩前后有时也考虑利用纤维日粮。一些研究表明,高纤维大容积饲料对母猪的营养价值较生长猪高。本文着重综述母猪对高纤维饲料细胞壁成分和能量的利用,饲料的食入量、消化利用率,能量代谢和净利用方面的差异,以及对繁殖性能影响的研究结果。此外,还考虑母猪对禾谷类饲料能量的消化利用问题。     

日粮纤维对猪生产性能影响的研究

自1906年Scheunert首次报道猪能消化纤维素以来,人们对粗纤维在猪日粮中的作用进行了大量研究。日粮纤维在保障猪身体健康和提高其生产性能方面起着关键作用。本文主要就日粮纤维在仔猪、生长育肥猪、母猪生产中的影响作一综述,为今后日粮纤维的研究提供一定的参考。     

高纤维日粮饲喂妊娠母猪的效果

妊娠母猪非常适宜饲喂高纤维日粮。妊娠母猪能采食比其食用浓缩饲料要大,因此妊娠母猪可以采食低营养浓度的高纤维日粮。此外,与生长育肥猪自由采食不同,妊娠母猪能从高纤维日粮中获取更多的能量。     

高纤维日粮饲喂妊娠母猪的效果

妊娠母猪非常适宜饲喂高纤维日粮。妊娠母猪能采食比其食用浓缩饲料要大,因此妊娠母猪可以采食低营养浓度的高纤维日粮。此外,与生长育肥猪自由采食不同,妊娠母猪能从高纤维日粮中获取更多的能量。     

日粮添加纤维料(苜蓿粉)对饲养于冷、温或热环境下生长猪的影响

引言日粮含有纤维饲料会降低日粮能量的消化率和猪利用消化能合成组织的效率。在自由采食情况下,猪的消化能随意摄入量也往往因日粮添加纤维料长降低,因而,随着日粮纤维水平的升高,猪的生而速度和效率降低。由于纤维饲料中在消化和代谢过程中作为热量热增量)而散失的消化能含量高于淀粉或脂肪饲料、故纤维日粮的营养价值可能受猪所处的环境温     

日粮纤维对猪肠道微生物的影响

日粮中纤维水平能够影响动物的消化功能、生产性能等,同时日粮中添加纤维能够显著影响肠道微生物菌群的结构。本文综述了猪肠道微生物结构特征及日粮中添加纤维对仔猪、生长猪、母猪肠道微生物的影响,为今后探究日粮纤维在猪饲料上的应用提供参考。     

饲料加工对饲料原料或猪日粮营养价值的影响(待续)

传统的猪用玉米豆粕型日粮通常为粉末状,大多数情况下除了粉碎和混合外并未使用其他加工工艺。然而,由于猪日粮中能量的成本较高,高纤维原料如大豆皮、可溶性干玉米酒槽和小麦麦麸的使用增加了。由于猪消化纤维的能力低,日粮中纤维含量高会导致能量和营养消化率降低,进而对猪的生长性能和胴体组成造成负面影响。饲料加工技术如粉碎工序的变化、膨化、挤压、制粒,用酶或化学处理可以用来溶解植物细胞壁中部分纤维素和半纤维素,进而增加营养的利用率。这对能量的利用率、猪生长性能和胴体组成可能有积极的影响,但不同的饲料加工方式对猪日粮和饲料成分中营养价值的影响并不完全被人们了解。已证实减小谷物的粒径通常可增加能量的消化率,主要是因为增加了淀粉的消化率。原料或日粮的挤压或膨化也可以增加能量的消化率,高纤维日粮似乎比低纤维日粮增加的多。化学处理并不能始终如一地改善所有能量或营养素的消化率,但一些不同的酶可增加磷、钙或能量的消化率。利用饲料技术来增加猪饲料日粮中营养价值有多个影响因素。     

饲料加工对饲料原料或猪日粮营养价值的影响(续)

传统的猪用玉米豆粕型日粮通常为粉末状,大多数情况下除了粉碎和混合外并未使用其他加工工艺。然而,由于猪日粮中能量的成本较高,高纤维原料如大豆皮、可溶性干玉米酒槽和小麦麦麸的使用增加了。由于猪消化纤维的能力低,日粮中纤维含量高会导致能量和营养消化率降低,进而对猪的生长性能和胴体组成造成负面影响。饲料加工技术如粉碎工序的变化、膨化、挤压、制粒,用酶或化学处理可以用来溶解植物细胞壁中部分纤维素和半纤维素,进而增加营养的利用率。这对能量的利用率、猪生长性能和胴体组成可能有积极的影响,但不同的饲料加工方式对猪日粮和饲料成分中营养价值的影响并不完全被人们了解。已证实减小谷物的粒径通常可增加能量的消化率,主要是因为增加了淀粉的消化率。原料或日粮的挤压或膨化也可以增加能量的消化率,高纤维日粮似乎比低纤维日粮增加的多。化学处理并不能始终如一地改善所有能量或营养素的消化率,但一些不同的酶可增加磷、钙或能量的消化率。利用饲料技术来增加猪饲料日粮中营养价值有多个影响因素。     

营养因素对猪繁殖性能的影响

日粮中能量、蛋白质、矿物元素以及维生素等营养水平会影响母猪的繁殖性能。当猪的日粮营养水平过低时,可使成年公猪精液的品质明显降低;当日粮中能量水平过高时,可导致母猪体内脂肪沉积过多,卵巢周围脂浸润,阻碍卵泡的正常发育,影响受精和着床。母猪繁殖性能也决定了种猪生产效益的高低。     

Comparative total tract digestibility of dietary energy and nutrients in growing pigs and adult sows

Seventy-seven diets were fed to 61-kg growing pigs at a feeding level close to their ad libitum intake and to nonlactating, nonpregnant sows slightly above their maintenance energy level (2.4 kg/d). The main objectives of this study were to compare the total tract digestibility of dietary energy or nutrients of the 77 diets in growing pigs and adult sows and to analyze the effect of diet chemical composition on total tract digestibility in both groups of pigs. Diets were formulated to represent a range of chemical compositions as large as those found in most practical situations. The DE and ME values and total tract digestible nutrient contents of diets were measured for each group of animals; each diet was measured in four to five animals per group, and collection of urine and feces lasted 10 d. The results were used to establish equations for predicting DE and ME values, total tract digestible nutrient contents, and total tract digestibility coefficients of energy from chemical characteristics for each group of animals. The results show that the total tract digestibility of energy or nutrients was higher (P < 0.01) in adult sows than in growing pigs; the total tract digestibility coefficients of energy, crude protein, ether extract, and NDF averaged 85.2, 85.1, 37.1, and 64.4%, respectively, for sows and 82.1, 80.3, 31.6, and 56.3%, respectively, for growing pigs. The ME/DE ratio was lower (P < 0.01) in sows (94.8%) than in growing pigs (96.5%), as a result of higher urinary energy losses in sows. The difference in DE values (on average, 0.6 MJ/kg of DM) between adult sows and growing pigs was not constant (P < 0.01) but increased with dietary fiber content (3.3, 8.6, and 10.1 kJ for each gram of NDF, ADF, and crude fiber increase in the diet, respectively), which suggests that the origin of the difference between the two physiological stages is mainly due to a higher rate of degradation of dietary fiber in the hindgut of sows. The DE and ME values could be accurately predicted from total tract digestible nutrients or from chemical characteristics for each physiological stage. Equations for predicting urinary energy loss from urinary N are also proposed. From a practical point of view, it is suggested to use two energy values for pig feeds: one applicable to growing-finishing pigs and one to adult sows. Equations for predicting DE in adult sows from energy values obtained in growing pigs are proposed.     

The fermentative capacity of growing pigs and adult sows fed diets with contrasting type and level of dietary fibre

Adult sows have a more developed gastro-intestinal system than young growing pigs resulting in a superior capacity to digest fibrous components. The main objective of this study was to describe the capacity of sows and growing pigs to digest the fibre components in concentrated low dietary fibre (DF) diet and two high DF diets similar in DF but with contrasting DF solubility. Six sows and four growing pigs were fitted with a simple T-cannula at the terminal ileum. Each balance experiment consisted of a 7-day initial period followed by a 3-day collection of faeces and a 2 or 3-day collection of ileal digesta for growing pigs and adult sows, respectively. When feeding diets with high proportions of soluble non-starch polysaccharides (NSP), the difference in fermentation capacity between growing pigs and adult sows was small. The adult sows showed a higher fermentative capacity, evidenced by a higher fermentation and a higher methane production, when high fibre diet with high amount of insoluble fibre was fed.     

Re-examination of the metabolizable energy contents of various rations containing different types and levels of bacterially fermentable substrates in digestibility experiments with growing pigs

Introduction   Feedstuffs with elevated contents of bacterially fermentable substrates (BFS: GFE 1987) offered to pigs have intermediate metabolizable energy (ME) contents compared with feedstuffs mainly composed of starch or hardly fermentable fibre (H adorn et al. 1996a,b). Consequently, BFS-elevated feeds could be used as major components enabling pig fattening rations to obtain the ME values required for feed calculation from tabulated values (DLG 1991) or equations based on nutrient composition (GFE 1996). The main field of application for BFS-elevated feeds is, however, still the feeding of adult, non-lactating sows, with the majority of investigations on fermentation characteristics also being conducted with sows. In fattening pigs a higher accuracy of estimated ME contents is required than in non-lactating sows. Furthermore, the ME values of feeds with elevated BFS contents might be systematically different in sows and fattening pigs because a still incomplete evolution of the fermentative capacity of the hindgut of growing pigs cannot be totally excluded (J entsch et al. 1990). The efficiency of hindgut bacterial protein synthesis might also be different from that being assumed from sow data (e.g. K irchgessner et al. 1989, 1994).
The objective of the present study was to determine the actual ME and BFS contents of rations varying widely in type and level of BFS in three experiments with growing pigs. By comparing these values with those calculated from equations or from tabulated values a re-examination of the currently applied feed evaluation system should be carried out. Furthermore, interactions of BFS with dietary protein reduction were investigated, since in low-protein rations fermentation efficiency might be limited by a lack of nitrogen in the hindgut (M osenthin 1987).     

Impact of four fiber-rich supplements on nutrient digestibility,colostrum production,and farrowing performance in sows

This study aimed to investigate the impact of dietary fiber (DF) sources on sow and litter performance, and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of gross energy (GE) and nutrients. A total of 48 sows were stratified for body weight at mating and randomly assigned to one of four DF sources (mixed fiber [MF], palm kernel expellers [PKE], sugar beet pulp [SBP], or soy hulls [SH]) and fed the diet from mating until farrowing. Within DF treatments, sows were supplemented with one of two extra energy sources (glycerol or sugar dissolved in water), whereas a third group (control) received water from day 108 of gestation until farrowing. The number of total born, live-born, and stillborn pigs; birth time and birth weight of the pigs; farrowing duration; and farrowing assistance (FA) were recorded. Live-born pigs were weighed again at 12 and 24 h after birth to record weight gain, which was used to estimate intake and yield of colostrum. Blood samples were collected once daily from day −3 relative to farrowing until day 1 after farrowing in sows and once from selected pigs right after birth. Fecal samples were collected on day 114 of gestation and colostrum at 0, 12, 24, and 36 h after onset of farrowing. Intake of soluble and insoluble nonstarch polysaccharides (NSP) was greater for SBP (P < 0.001) and PKE (P < 0.001) supplemented sows, respectively, when compared with other groups. Farrowing duration and stillbirth rate were not affected by DF sources, but PKE and SH supplemented sows had greater FA than SBP and MF supplemented sows (P < 0.001). Extra energy supplement did not improve the farrowing performance. Concentration (P = 0.02) and output (P = 0.04) of dry matter in colostrum, and ATTD of GE (P < 0.001) and crude protein (CP; P < 0.001) were lower for PKE supplemented sows than in sows from the remaining groups. Intake of insoluble NSP correlated negatively with ATTD of GE (P < 0.001) and CP (P < 0.001). Concentrations of glucose (P < 0.001), lactate (P < 0.001), CO₂ (P < 0.001), and HCO₃ (P < 0.001) in sows blood were increased with time progress relative to farrowing. Newborn pigs from PKE supplemented sows had greater concentration of lactate (P = 0.02) and lower blood pH (P = 0.02) than the remaining treatments. In conclusion, PKE supplement reduced ATTD of GE and CP, and concentration and output of dry matter in colostrum but increased FA. Results of this experiment indicated that the use of PKE as a fiber source for late gestating sows should be avoided.     

Physiological function and application of dietary fiber in pig nutrition:A review

Dietary fiber (DF), divided into soluble dietary fiber (SDF) and insoluble dietary fiber (IDF), has attracted increasing attention in the field of pig nutrition. Although DF reduces nutrient digestibility and inhibits energy deposition in most cases, fiber-rich feeds have been widely used in pig diets. This is not only because of lower feed costs, but also from the continuous discovery about the nutritional value of DF, mainly including the improvement of piglet intestinal health and sow reproductive performance. The addition timing has also been further considered, which potentially enables the nutritional value of DF to be accurately used in applicable pig models. Furthermore, fiber degrading enzymes have been shown to alleviate the anti-nutritional effects of DF and have ensured the improvement effect of fiber on intestinal health in young piglet models. However, the regulatory effect of fiber on pork quality is still unclear, which requires consideration of the wide range of fiber sources and the complexity of the basic diet composition, as well as the impact of pig breeds. Taken together, future research needs to gain more insight into the combined effects of SDF and IDF, processing methods, and addition timing to improve the nutritional value of DF, and further explore the physiological functions and regulatory mechanisms of DF fermentation products short-chain fatty acids in pigs.     

Effects of dietary additions of fat and triamcinolone for sows during late gestation on subsequent pig performance

Three trials involving 118 sows were conducted to evaluate the effects of fat and triamcinolone additions in the diets of late-term gravid sows on pre- and postweaning performance of pigs. Beginning an average of 9 d prepartum, sows were fed daily 1.8 kg of a fortified, corn-soybean meal diet [6 Mcal of metabolizable energy (ME) and 290 g of protein/sow] that was supplemented with 4 Mcal of ME/sow in the form of starch, soybean oil or soybean oil plus 70 mg/sow of triamcinolone, a synthetic glucocorticoid. During a 28-d lactation, sows were self-fed a standard 14% protein, corn-soybean meal diet. The addition of soybean oil to the diet of sows during late gestation did not (P greater than .10) influence the weights of survivability of pigs at birth, 14 or 28 d of age, but increased (P less than .05) the carcass fat content of the pigs at birth. The dietary addition of triamcinolone to the sow's prepartum diet increased (P less than .10) pig weights at birth and 14 d, and tended to increase pig weights at 28 d compared with those of pigs from sows fed soybean oil only. Prepartal administration of triamcinolone depressed (P less than .05) carcass protein content and adrenal weights in pigs at birth or 28 d of age. From weaning (d 28) to 56 d of age, pigs from sows fed soybean oil before parturition, particularly those from sows fed triamcinolone, tended to consume less feed and gained slower and less efficiently than pigs from sows fed starch, although the differences were not significant.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Influence of exogenous growth hormone and gestational diet on sow blood and milk characteristics and on baby pig blood, body composition and performance

Sows (14) and gilts (6) were used in a 2 X 2 factorial experiment to evaluate the effect of diet and highly purified porcine growth hormone (pGH) on sow metabolic status and baby pig survival parameters. Injections were 10 mg/d pGH (GH) or sham control (SH). Diets consisted of a glucose-fat energy source (GF) or control (C). Treatments were administered the last 21 d before parturition (P). Serum GH concentrations were significantly elevated on d -19 P and d -4 P in sows receiving GH injections. Significantly elevated serum glucose and insulin concentrations were concomitantly observed in GH-treated sows, suggesting that the animals had developed a state of insulin resistance. Serum free fatty acids (FFA) were greater (P less than .01) on d -19 P for sows fed the GF diet. Fasted pigs from GH-C dams had greater (P less than .06) mean serum glucose concentrations than pigs from SH-C, SH-GF or GH-GF dams. Pigs from GH-injected sows had more (P less than .01) total body lipids at birth and tended to have increased mean FFA concentrations when compared to SH pigs. However, birth weight, number born live, number born dead, number that died and survival to 21 d were not affected by dam's injection or dietary treatment. Growth hormone injections resulted in a diabetogenic state in gestating sows and led to improved traits related to baby pig blood glucose homeostasis, including increased blood glucose, increased body lipids and a tendency toward increased liver glycogen concentrations. Injection X diet interactions indicate that dietary energy source should be regarded in future growth hormone experiments.     

日粮膳食纤维与猪肠道健康调控

日粮纤维目前基本认定为第七大营养素,在猪体内中虽然消化率不高,甚至会影响其他营养素消化吸收,但能发酵产生短链脂肪酸,具有改善肠道微生物环境、调控母猪生理行为、调控猪肠道健康等作用。文章综述了日粮纤维在猪体内的营养特性和对肠道的调控作用,为日粮纤维在猪生产中的应用提供参考。     

母猪膳食纤维营养需要

膳食纤维被称为“第七营养素”，在维持人类和家畜的健康中发挥着重要作用。但人们对膳食纤维在母猪营养中所起作用的认知还存在差异和不足。因此文章就膳食纤维的定义、界定膳食纤维的指标、母猪膳食纤维的推荐水平以及纤维原料对应母猪能值的计算公式进行综述，旨在为膳食纤维在母猪营养研究和应用方面提供参考和思路。     

Effects of adding fat to the sow lactation diet on lactation and rebreeding performance

One-hundred-three multiparous sows were randomly assigned to one of two lactation diets containing either no supplemental animal fat (C) or 10% added fat (F) during two seasons, summer (S) and winter (W), in a 2 X 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Sows were placed on their respective dietary treatments 1 wk prior to farrowing and were fed these diets ad libitum throughout the 28-d lactation period. Weekly feed intake and total feed intake were not affected by diet or season, while weekly metabolizable energy (ME) intake tended to be higher during week 1 and 3, and was higher (P less than .04) during wk 2 for sows fed diet F. Sow weight loss from farrowing to 21 d of lactation and to weaning (28 d) were unaffected by diet or season. Average pig birth weight was .15 kg higher (P less than .01) for pigs born during S compared with those born in W. Sows receiving diet F had heavier litters at 21 d (P less than .01) and heavier average pig 21-d weights (P less than .01). This was primarily due to the 13.1% increase (P less than .04) in estimated milk yield and the higher fat concentration (P less than .001) of milk consumed by the pigs nursing sows fed diet F. Interval between weaning and rebreeding was shortened by 5.9 d (P less than .01) for sows during W than during S, and tended to be lower for sows fed diet F (7.3 d) compared with that of sows fed diet C (9.7 d).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)